Hydro p-s

Hydro Power

Presented by :
Prof. Javed Taili

Power Stations based on source
energy
 Fuels :-
– Solid fuels Coals Thermal power
station
– Liquid fuels Diesel Diesel power
station
– Gaseous fuels Gas Biogas plant
 Water :- Hydro power station
 Nuclear power :- Atomic power station
 Wind power :- Wind mills
 Solar power
 Tidal power

Advantages of Hydro power
 Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free
 A clean source of renewable energy
 Has the capacity to provide base and peak-load
 Has the capacity to follow demand fluctuations almost
instantly
 Offers a quick response to failings in power grids
 No waste or pollution produced
 Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power

Disadvantages of Hydro power

 The dams are very expensive to build
 Building a large dam will flood a very large area
upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live
there
 Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on
residents and the environment may be unacceptable
 Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected,
which can have an impact on plant life.

How Hydropower Works!
 Hydrologic cycle

How Hydropower Works! (ctd…)
 Water from the
reservoir flows due to
gravity to drive the
turbine.
 Turbine is connected to
a generator.
 Power generated is
transmitted over power
lines.

Potential
 THEORETICAL- The maximum potential that exists.
 TECHNICAL- It takes into account the cost involved
in exploiting a source (including the environmental
and engineering restrictions)
 ECONOMIC- Calculated after detailed
environmental, geological, and other economic
constraints.

UNDP estimates
 Theoretical potential is about 40,500 TWh per year.
 The technical potential is about 14,300 TWh per year.
 The economic potential is about 8100 TWh per year.
 The world installed hydro capacity currently stands at 694
GW.
 In the 1980s the percentage of contribution by
hydroelectric power was about 8 to 9%.
 Currently the percentage of contribution by hydroelectric
power is close to 20% of the total energy generation.

The Indian Scenario
 The potential is about 84000 MW at 60% load
factor spread across six major basins in the
country.
 Pumped storage sites have been found recently
which leads to a further addition of a maximum of
94000 MW.
 The possible installed capacity is around 150000
MW (Based on the report submitted by CEA to
the Ministry of Power)

India’s Basin wise potential
Rivers Potential at 60%LF (MW) Probable installed capacity (MW)

Indus 19988 33832

Ganga 10715 20711

Central Indian rivers 2740 4152

West flowing 6149 9430

East flowing 9532 14511

Brahmaputra 34920 66065

Total 84044 148701

Technology

Hydropower
Technology

Pumped
Impoundment Diversion
Storage

Dam Types

 Arch
 Gravity
 Buttress

Arch Dams

 Arch shape gives strength
 Less material (cheaper)
 Narrow sites
 Need strong foundation

Concrete Gravity Dams

 Weight holds dam in
place that increase
stability
 Resist sliding and
crushing
 Lots of concrete
(expensive)

Buttress Dams

 Face is held up by a
series of supports
 Flat or curved face
 Water tight dam

Pumped Storage
 During Storage, water
pumped from lower
reservoir to higher one.
 Water released back to
lower reservoir to
generate electricity.

Pumped Storage
 Operation : Two pools of
Water
 Upper pool – impoundment
 Lower pool – natural lake,
river or storage reservoir
 Advantages :
– Production of peak
power
– Can be built anywhere The Raccoon Mountain project
with reliable supply of
water

Sizes of Hydropower Plants

 Definitionsmay vary.
 Large plants : capacity >30 MW
 Small Plants : capacity b/w 100 kW to 30 MW
 Micro Plants : capacity up to 100 kW

Micro Hydropower Systems
 Many creeks and rivers are permanent, i.e., they never dry
up, and these are the most suitable for micro-hydro power
production
 Micro hydro turbine could be a waterwheel
 Newer turbines : Pelton wheel (most common)
 Others : Turgo, Crossflow and various axial flow turbines

Generating Technologies
 Types of Hydro Turbines:
– Impulse turbines
 Pelton Wheel
 Cross Flow Turbines
– Reaction turbines
 Propeller Turbines : Bulb turbine, Straflo, Tube Turbine,

Kaplan Turbine
 Francis Turbines
 Kinetic Turbines

Impulse Turbines
 Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and
discharges to atmospheric pressure.
 The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.
 No suction downside, water flows out through turbine
housing after hitting.
 High head, low flow applications.
 Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow

Pelton Wheels
 Nozzles direct forceful
streams of water against a
series of spoon-shaped
buckets mounted around
the edge of a wheel.
 Each bucket reverses the
flow of water and this
impulse spins the turbine.

Pelton Wheels (continued…)
 Suited for high head, low
flow sites.
 The largest units can be
up to 200 MW.
 Can operate with heads as
small as 15 meters and as
high as 1,800 meters.

Cross Flow Turbines
 drum-shaped
 elongated, rectangular-
section nozzle directed
against curved vanes on a
cylindrically shaped
runner
 “squirrel cage” blower
 water flows through the
blades twice

Cross Flow Turbines (continued…)

 Firstpass : water flows from the outside of the
blades to the inside
 Second pass : from the inside back out
 Larger water flows and lower heads than the
Pelton.

Reaction Turbines

 Combined action of pressure and moving water.
 Runner placed directly in the water stream
flowing over the blades rather than striking each
individually.
 lower head and higher flows than compared with
the impulse turbines.

Propeller Hydropower Turbine
 Runner with three to six blades.
 Water contacts all of the blades
constantly.
 Through the pipe, the pressure
is constant
 Pitch of the blades - fixed or
adjustable
 Scroll case, wicket gates, and a
draft tube
 Types: Bulb turbine, Straflo,
Tube turbine, Kaplan

Bulb Turbine
 The turbine and
generator are a sealed
unit placed directly in
the water stream.

Others…
 Straflo : The generator is attached directly to the
perimeter of the turbine.
 Tube Turbine : The penstock bends just before or after the
runner, allowing a straight line connection to the generator
 Kaplan : Both the blades and the wicket gates are
adjustable, allowing for a wider range of operation

Kaplan Turbine
 The inlet is a scroll-shaped
tube that wraps around the
turbine's wicket gate.
 Water is directed tangentially,
through the wicket gate, and
spirals on to a propeller shaped
runner, causing it to spin.
 The outlet is a specially shaped
draft tube that helps decelerate
the water and recover kinetic
energy.

Francis Turbines
 The inlet is spiral shaped.
 Guide vanes direct the water
tangentially to the runner.
 This radial flow acts on the
runner vanes, causing the
runner to spin.
 The guide vanes (or wicket
gate) may be adjustable to
allow efficient turbine
operation for a range of water
flow conditions.

Francis Turbines (continued…)
 Best suited for sites with
high flows and low to
medium head.
 Efficiency of 90%.
 expensive to design,
manufacture and install,
but operate for decades.

Kinetic Energy Turbines
 Also called free-flow turbines.
 Kinetic energy of flowing water used rather than potential
from the head.
 Operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or
ocean currents.
 Do not require the diversion of water.
 Kinetic systems do not require large civil works.
 Can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and
channels.

Hydroelectric Power Plants in India

Baspa II Binwa

Continued …

Gaj Nathpa Jakri

Continued…

Rangit Sardar Sarovar

Positive impacts
 Environmental impacts of Hydro
• No operational greenhouse gas emissions
• Savings (kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity):
– Coal 1000 kg
– Oil 800 kg
– Gas 400 kg
• No SO2 or NOX
 Non-environmental impacts
– flood control, irrigation, transportation, fisheries and
– tourism.

Negative impacts
 The loss of land under the reservoir.
 Interference with the transport of sediment by the dam.
 Problems associated with the reservoir.
– Climatic
– seismic effects.

Loss of land
 A large area is taken up in the form of a reservoir in case
of large dams
 This leads to reduction in fertile rich soil in the flood
plains, forests and even mineral deposits
 Power per area ratio is evaluated to quantify this impact
Usually ratios lesser than 5 KW per hectare implies that
the plant needs more land area than competing renewable
resources

Interference with Sediment transport

RIVER Kg/m3
Yellow River 37.6
Colorado 16.6
Amur 2.3
Nile 1.6
 Rivers carry a lot of sediments.
 Creation of a dam results in the deposition of sediments on
the bottom of the reservoir.
 Land erosion on the edges of the reservoir due to
deforestation also leads to deposition of sediments.

Climatic and Seismic effects
 It is believed that large reservoirs induce have the
potential to induce earthquakes.

 In tropics, existence of man-made lakes decreases the
convective activity and reduces cloud cover. In temperate
regions, fog forms over the lake and along the shores
when the temperature falls to zero and thus increases
humidity in the nearby area.

Some major/minor induced earthquakes
DAM NAME COUNTRY HEIGHT (m) VOLUME OF MAGNITUDE
RESERVOIR
(m3)
KOYNA INDIA 103 2780 6.5

KREMASTA GREECE 165 4650 6.3

HSINFENGKIANG CHINA 105 10500 6.1

BENMORE NEW 118 2100 5.0
ZEALAND
MONTEYNARD FRANCE 155 240 4.9

Other problems
 Many fishes require flowing water for reproduction and
cannot adapt to stagnant resulting in the reduction in its
population.
 Heating of the reservoirs may lead to decrease in the
dissolved oxygen levels.
 Other water-borne diseases like malaria, river-blindness
become prevalent.

Methods to alleviate the negative impact

 Creation of ecological reserves.
 Limiting dam construction to allow substantial free
flowing water.
 Building sluice gates and passes that help prevent fishes
getting trapped.

Local HP Economics
 Development, operating, and maintenance costs, and electricity
generation
 First check if site is developed or not.
 If a dam does not exist, several things to consider are: land/land
rights, structures and improvements, equipment, reservoirs, dams,
waterways, roads, railroads, and bridges.
 Development costs include recreation, preserving historical and
archeological sites, maintaining water quality, protecting fish and
wildlife.

Construction Costs

 Hydro costs are highly site specific
 Dams are very expensive
 Civil works form two-thirds of total cost
– Varies 25 to 80%
 Large Western schemes: $ 1200/kW
 Developing nations: $ 800 to $ 2000/kW
 Compare with CCGT: $ 600 to $800/kW

Production Costs

 Compared with fossil-fuelled plant
– No fuel costs
– Low O&M cost
– Long lifetime

Sardar Sarovar Dam
 Project planning started as
early as 1946.
 Project still under
construction with a part of
the dam in operation.
 A concrete gravity dam,
1210 meters (3970 feet) in
length and with a maximum
height of 163 meters

 The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 0.95 M.
ha.m. (7.7 MAF) while live storage capacity is 0.58
M.ha.m. (4.75 MAF).
 The total project cost was estimated at Rs. 49 billion at
1987 price levels.
 There are two power houses project- 1200 MW River Bed
Power House and 250 MW Canal Head Power House.
Power benefits are shared among Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16
respectively.

Environmental Protection measures
 About 14000 ha of land has been afforested to compensate
for the submergence of 4523 ha of land.

 Formation of co-operatives, extensive training to the
fisherman, providing infrastructure such as fish landing
sites, cold storage and transportation etc.

 Surveillance & Control of Water related diseases and
communicable diseases.

Rehabilitation & Resettlement
 Individual benefits like grant of minimum 2 ha. of land for
agricultural purpose of the size equal to the area of land
acquired.

 Civil and other amenities such as approach road, internal
roads, primary school building, health, centre, Panchayat
ghar, Seeds store, Children's park, Village pond, Drinking
water wells, platform for community meetings, Street
light electrification, Religious place, Crematorium ground
etc. are provided at resettled site.

Hydro p-s

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