Hydrosphere 1: Ocean Notes
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This document provides an overview of key aspects of Earth's oceans and hydrosphere. It discusses the distribution and major basins of the oceans, as well as the chemistry of seawater including dissolved gases, salts, and how temperature and depth affect properties. Ocean currents, upwelling, and global conveyor belt are described. Methods of ocean exploration like sonar and submersibles are also summarized. The document outlines marine zones, ecosystems, and food webs within oceans.
Hydrosphere 1: Ocean Notes
- 1. Hydrosphere 1: Earth’s Oceans ppt. by Robin D. Seamon 1
- 2. D I S T R I B U T I O N • 70 % of Earth’s surface is water • 4 bya water vapor condensed into shallows • 1 big ocean, 5 major basins • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic • Southern 2VIDEO How Big is the Ocean? (5:30)
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- 4. C H E M I S T R Y • Water is a solvent- it dissolves solutes of solids, liquids & gases • Solute- substance that dissolves • Solution- mixture of solvent and solute http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_ solution.html 4
- 5. C H E M I S T R Y GASES • ATOMOSPHERE: 2 gases: Nitrogen, Oxygen • OCEANS: Dissolved gases: Nitrogen, Oxygen, carbon dioxide N O CO2 2 2 ATMOSPHERE 5
- 6. • Dissolved gases enter at rivers, streams, volcanic eruptions, decay, living organisms & through the water cycle http://www.iceagenow.com/Ocean_Warming.htm 6
- 7. Effects of Temperature: • Colder water dissolve gases better • Warmer water cannot hold as many gases (remember global warming?) http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapt er5/lesson6 7
- 8. • Carbon sink: ecosystem that absorbs more carbon than it lets out- • oceans can hold carbon in the form of CO2 for thousands of years 8
- 9. Ocean chemistry is currently changing at an unprecedented rate. 9
- 10. SOLIDS • Sea salts: 3.5% mass of oceans • Elements- • Chlorine (Cl) • Sodium (Na) • Potassium (K) • Calcium (Ca) • Magnesium (Mg) • Sulfur (S) 10
- 11. • Salt: halite = 85% dissolved solids in ocean • Salinity: measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a liquid WHY IS THE OCEAN SALTY? halite 11
- 12. SALT ENTERS THE OCEAN: • Chemical weathering of minerals from land into oceans • Volcanic eruptions • Chemical reactions between new sea floor & ocean water WATER IS CONSTANTLY BEING EVAPORATED, BUT SALTS REMAIN 3.6% 12
- 13. C H E M I S T R Y V A R I E S Latitude & climate affect concentration of salts- • Warm oceans evaporate more water, leaving saltier water • Arctic areas where sea water freezes & pushes out the salt, concentrates the salt in that area • Rainy parts of the globe receive more precipitation, diluting salt water • Slow moving water is saltier • Areas where freshwaters empty into the ocean are less salty (brackish) 13
- 16. Density= mass divided by volume Influencing factors: 1. Salinity (more salt = more dense) 2. Temperature ( cold water = more dense) *polar regions D E N S I T Y 16
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- 19. T E M P E R A T U R E • Varies with depth & location • Affected by solar energy http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/temp3.htm DEPTH 19
- 20. Can sea water freeze? • Sea water can only freeze when it condenses such that it pushes out the salts first to make solid H O (28.4˚F) • floating ice insulates water below it, preventing it all from freezing 2 http://www.acecrc.sipex.aq/access/page/index.html%3Fpage=78.html http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/oceanography/L ecuturesOceanogr/LecOceanStructure/LecStructure.html SALT WATER 20
- 21. LOCATION- Oceans are warmer near equatorial latitudes SURFACE WATER: 21
- 22. TIME OF YEAR- seasons • When the Northern Hemisphere faces away from the sun for Winter months, those oceans are cooler • When N. Hemisphere points towards the sun for Summer, those oceans are hotter http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/01/20/3116529.htm 22 SUMMER in N Hemisphere WINTER in N Hemisphere
- 24. DEPTH: Oceans get colder as you go deeper 1. Surface zone- top up to 300m, warmer and so less dense= difficult mixing with cooler waters below 2. Thermocline- 300-700m, temperature drops faster here with depth; colder water is more dense; holds more dissolved gases, slower currents 3. Deep zone- 700m +, cold, slowest currents TEMPERATURE ZONES 24
- 26. G L O B A L T H E R M O S T A T Oceans create climate Ocean water and air temperature are always trying to reach equilibrium (same temp)… … But it never happens due to earth’s tilt & revolution AIR Temp WATER Temp AIR CHANGES TEMPERATURE FASTER THAN WATER26
- 27. • During summer months, ocean water absorbs solar energy from the atmosphere, trying to reach equilibrium with the hot air • Before equilibrium can be reached, seasons change- air cools for autumn WARM WaterCOLD Water COLD AirWARM Air Solar Energy SUMMER WINTER 27
- 28. • When air changes to cooler, winter temperatures, oceans start to release their stored warmth to now calibrate with the cooler air temperatures: WARM OCEAN BREEZES IN THE WINTER… • The opposite is true for Summer months: Air heats up, now oceans must absorb solar radiation to try and reach warmer equilibrium with the hot summer air: COOLER OCEAN BREEZES IN THE SUMMER… 28 nice vacation spot! nice vacation spot!
- 29. O C E A N C U R R E N T S Current: movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern http://paraglidinginfo.com/2014/03/03/how-the-sun-water-and-mountains-affect-wind-patterns/ 29
- 30. Surface current: horizontal movements near surface, caused by wind • Global winds • Coriolis effect: earth rotates, making water arc instead of move in a straight line • Continental deflections: currents can’t go through continents! Deep currents movement of currents deep below the surface • Form where density increases 30
- 31. Temperature & currents: CONVECTION- warm goes up, cold goes down Thermohaline- temperature and salt affect density & controls movement • warm currents start at equator, move toward poles • Cold currents move from poles to warm areas 31 VIDEO: Making waves: the power of concentration gradients (5min)
- 32. G L O B A L C O N V E Y O R B E L T http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/oceans.html 32
- 33. Upwelling- movement of deep, cold, nutrient- rich water to the surface 33 The Importance of Upwelling 1 min)
- 34. AN EXAMPLE: El Nino local wind patterns (along South America) move local surface currents & so are replaced by deep cold water from below • Cold, nutrient rich water from deep ocean rises to surface to replace warm surface water: Iron, Nitrates • El Nino • La Nina • NOAA buoys study & predict 34VIDEO: El Nino (4:30)
- 35. • Color is determined by which light waves are reflected into our eyes • Blue wavelengths are slow • Composition of organic materials or pollution can give ocean different hues C O L O R = H E A L T H http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/22/the-end-of-the-line/ Turqouise = phytoplankton 35
- 36. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? • Phytoplankton: microscopic plants that start the food chain reflect green light; water is greenish • They need nutrients, so presence or absence of them tells the health of the ocean “Red Tide” dinoflagellates (Harmful Algal blooms) 36 HAB
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- 38. M A P P I N G T H E F L O O R • Sonar- sound navigation & ranging • 1970’s satellites • 1978: SeaSat network of satellites measuring ocean direction & speed of currents • GeoSat measures changes in ocean depth http://science.nasa.gov/missions/seasat-1/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosat 38
- 39. • 1977 Alvin- manned flight; discovered hydrothermal vents & ecosystem • Deep Flight Alvin http://physiologizing.blogspot.com/2013/03/who-turned-up- heat.html Deep Flight http://seamonscience.pbworks.com/w/page/27891770/FrontPage 39
- 40. Jason III & Medea 2012 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/jason/jason.html 40
- 41. Continental shelf: gently sloping section of the continental margin between the shoreline and the slope PICTURE Continental slope: 200m-4,000m; steeply inclined section of the continental margin between the shelf and rise PICTURE Continental rise: base of slope; piles of sediment drop off PICTURE Abyssal plain: 4,000m + mud & decay PICTURE41
- 43. Mid-oceanic ridge: divergent boundaries; plates pull apart; lava bubbles up to make ridges PICTURE Rift valley: flat areas in rift zones PICTURE Ocean trenches: cracks in ocean basin; ocean plate slides under PICTURE Sea mounts: mountains under the ocean, formed on thin hot-spots in crust PICTURE 43
- 44. http://2010.polarhusky.com/logistics/oceans/geology/ 44BACK VIDEO: The Deep Sea; Exploring the Zones (6min)
- 45. L I F E 1. plankton float near the surface, microscopic food for organisms 1. Phytoplankton: autotrophs 2. Zooplankton: heterotrophs 2. nekton: swim freely (fish, mammals, etc) 3. benthos: live on or near ocean floor (crabs, sponges, starfish, worms, seaweed, clams) 45VIDEO: The secret life of plankton (6 min)
- 46. Food Chain: shows how Energy flows from one organism to another Food Web: shows feeding relationships 1. aquatic 2. terrestrial • Interconnected: carbon from trees & debris support aquatic life • amphibians live in both • food for land animals 46 VIDEO: A guide to the energy of the Earth (4:40)
- 48. M A R I N E Z O N E S Water depth Amount of sunlight 1. Intertidal zone: ocean meets land • exposed to air part of the day • waves, beaches 2. Neritic zone: deeper; floor slopes • warm water, sunlight • (corals, sea turtles, fish, dolphins, plankton, seaweed) 48
- 49. 3. Oceanic zone: sea floor drops sharply • Deep water of open ocean • Plankton on surface, fish, whales, shark 4. Benthic zone: ocean floor • No sunlight at deepest parts; cold • Adaptations for low temp & no light- • chemosynthesis begins food chain • Bacteria, worms, sea urchins 49
- 51. M A R I N E E C O S Y S T E M S 1. Intertidal areas: near shore • Mudflats- worms, crabs, shorebirds • Sandy beaches- worms, crabs, clams, plankton • Rocky shores- live underwater & exposed to air http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_shot_of_a_mud_flat_i n_an_unconsolidated_shore_in_Alaska.jpg 51 MUDFLATS
- 52. http://mmm-yoso.typepad.com/mmmyoso/lanai/ 52 SANDY BEACH ROCKY SHORE VIDEO: Intertidal Biome (7 min)
- 53. 2. Coral reefs: warm, shallow neritic zone • Corals- living polyps form colonies over calcium remains of ancestors • Second most diverse habitat (2nd to RF) • (algae, brightly colored fish, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins) http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/23/coral-reef-report-dying-danger 53 http://darwinsreef.pbworks. com/w/page/66265215/Cor al%20Polyp VIDEO: What are Coral Reefs and what’s their purpose? (5min)
- 54. 3. Estuaries: where freshwater from river meets ocean water • Rich in minerals • Productive ecosystems • Prone to pollution & runoff • (Plankton, dolphin, manatee, seal, fish, plants, migratory birds, invertebrates) http://thetechjournal.com/science/vast-freshwater-reserves-discovered.xhtml http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/estuary.html 54VIDEO: Estuarine Ecology (4:30)
- 55. 4. Mangrove swamps: swamps along the coast of tropical areas • Protect coastlines from erosion & damage from storms • Breeding & feeding grounds for birds & other animals http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove 55 VIDEO: Into the mangrove Forest (6min)
- 56. 5. Sargasso Sea- mid Atlantic • Floating rafts of algae sargassum http://waittfoundation.org/sargasso-sea-protection/ http://blog.mailasail.com/eddienic/40 56 VIDEO: Big Changes in the Sargasso Sea (3min)
- 57. 6. Polar ice: Arctic and Southern Oceans • Rich in nutrients; plankton • (Fish, birds, Beluga whales, penguins) http://vishnu.whoi.edu/services/communications/oceanusmag.050826/v43n2/wiebe .html 57
- 58. 7. Pacific Garbage Patch http://sites.psu.edu/civicissuesalaina/2013/02/26/ocean-roomba- and-an-unexpected-pollutant/ http://pixgood.com/pacific-garbage-patch- aerial-view.html 58 VIDEO: The nurdles quest for ocean domination 5 min
- 59. FOOD • Multi-billion dollar industry • Fish, shrimp, oysters, crabs, mussels • 75 million tons of fish/yr • Overfishing • Nets & trawlers damage wildlife (bycatch) • Fish farms O C E A N R E S O U R C E S http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing 400 tons of mackerel 59 VIDEO: Overfishing (2:30)
- 60. Seaweed: • kelp thickener for ice cream, Jell-O; • Protein- Asian staple http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/jan/22/future-of-food-john-vidal 60
- 61. NONLIVING RESOURCES 1. Oil & natural gas – under layers of impermeable rock DRILL NONRENEWABLE • Used up faster than can be replaced naturally http://eatsleepplaybeaufort.com/city-of-beaufort-passes-resolution-opposing-offshore-drilling/ 61
- 62. 2. Freshwater Desalination – removing salt water from water; expensive; Saudi Arabia • Evaporation – Heat Method: Burn/heat fossil fuels to evaporate & collect water vapor http://www.ecomena.org/tag/water/ 62
- 65. • Freeze method- freeze ocean water to remove salt http://www.desalination.com/wdr/49/27/freeze-desalination-look-ahead 65 Oil barrier Ice Salt water
- 66. • Reverse osmosis filtration pressure causes water to go through semi-permeable membrane: water can go through but salt & impurities cannot http://sdhydroponics.com/resources/articles/gardening/how-to-install-a-reverse- osmosis-system http://tacticalintelligence.net/blog/lifestraw- personal-water-filter-review.htm 66
- 67. 3. Sea floor minerals: mineral nodules- ocean floor • Manganese (to make steel) • Iron, copper, nickel, Phosphates • Nodules form from dissolved substances in sea water that stick to solid objects (rocks) • 15% ocean floor covered in nodules • Deep; difficult & costly mining http://www.21stcentech.com/headlines-21st- century-tech-march-22-2013/ http://eatingjellyfish.com/?tag=manganese-nodules 67
- 68. 4. Tidal or Wave Energy: Energy from movement • Water during high tide rushes through narrow coastal passageway • Water’s force can turn turbines to generate E *RENEWABLE clean, inexpensive http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/wave-energy2.htm 68
- 69. P O L L U T I O N Non-point pollution pollution from many sources • Oil/gas leaked from cars • Personal water craft leak • Pesticides, herbicides from golf courses, farmland, home lawns http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/04nonpointsource.html 69
- 70. Point-source pollution pollution comes from a specific site (Leaking oil tanker, Factory, Wastewater treatment plan) VIDEO: Ganges River pollutionhttp://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2011/finalwebsite/solutions/enviro nment/pollution_nonpoint.shtml 70
- 71. 1. Trash dumping- • 1980’s scientists alarmed at type of trash washing on beachs; bandages, vials of HIV blood, syringes • EPA investigated: 3 million tons of medical waste/yr has to now go into landfills • Dumping in deeper ocean still common http://asklizweston.com/are-you-ready-for-a-zero-waste-lifestyle/ 71
- 72. 2. Plastic- • Plastic never decomposes • Pacific garbage pack- kills wildlife http://www.energydigital.com/greentech/1982/Plastic- in-the-Ocean:-What039s-the-Solution 72
- 73. 3. Sludge dumping- part of treated raw sewage • By 1990 US had discharged 38 trillion liters of treated sludge into coastal waters • Pollutes beaches; kills marine life • Banned, but still practicedhttp://mugsysrapsheet.com/2013/03/ 73
- 74. 4. Oil spills- tankers transport oil can spill http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and- chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez- oil-spill/how-toxic-oil.html http://www.adn.com/slideshow/photos-exxon-valdez-oil-spill-archive • 1990 double hulled tankers required by the Oil pollution Act (response to March 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska) • Compliance has been slow 74
- 75. • Gulf Coast spill April 2010 (3.2 million barrels of oil into the Gulf) BP Oil http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?751/gulf-of- mexico-oil-spill-causes-and-effects-gallery http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjec ts/o/oil_spills/gulf_of_mexico_2010/index.html 75 VIDEO: Timeline of Gulf Oil Disaster (4min)
- 76. CITIZEN POWER • 1980’s citizens organized beach cleanups • Semi-annual Adopt-a-Beach program http://greatlakes.org/SAAB 76
- 77. 1972 Clean Water Act put EPA in charge of issuing of permits for trash dumping into oceans 1972 US Marine Protection Research & Sanctuaries Act prohibits dumping any harmful material into marine environments 77
- 78. RESOURCES • NC 8th grade Holt Science & Technology: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 2005. 78