2. Introduction
• Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the
thyroid gland produces excess thyroid
hormones (T3 and T4), leading to an
overactive metabolism.
3. Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
• The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located
in the neck that plays a key role in regulating
metabolism, heart rate, and body
temperature.
4. Hormones Involved
• The thyroid mainly secretes thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3), which affect nearly
every tissue in the body.
5. Graves’ Disease Overview
• Graves’ disease is the most common cause of
hyperthyroidism and is an autoimmune
disorder where antibodies stimulate the
thyroid to produce excess hormones.
6. Pathophysiology of Graves' Disease
• Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs)
mimic TSH and bind to the TSH receptor,
leading to uncontrolled thyroid hormone
production.
7. Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism
• Besides Graves’ disease, causes include toxic
multinodular goiter, thyroiditis, and excessive
iodine intake.
8. Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
• Common symptoms include weight loss, heat
intolerance, anxiety, tremors, palpitations,
insomnia, and menstrual irregularities.
9. Ophthalmopathy in Graves’
Disease
• About 30% of Graves' patients develop eye
problems like bulging eyes (exophthalmos),
dryness, and vision changes.
10. Diagnostic Tests
• Diagnosis involves blood tests (TSH, T3, T4),
radioactive iodine uptake test, and thyroid
scan to evaluate hormone levels and thyroid
activity.
14. Beta-blockers for Symptom Control
• Drugs like propranolol are used to relieve
symptoms such as rapid heart rate and
tremors but do not affect hormone levels.
15. Prognosis and Management
• With proper treatment, most patients can
control symptoms and lead normal lives;
lifelong monitoring may be necessary.
