Hypothalamic regulation of visceral and brain functions
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The hypothalamus is a diencephalic structure located ventrally in the brain. It was first described by William His in 1893 and its connections to the posterior pituitary were described by Ramon y Cajal in 1894. It weighs around 4 grams and contains clustered nuclei with diffuse connections to other brain regions that allow it to integrate autonomic and endocrine functions with behavior such as regulating blood pressure, body temperature, energy metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses. The hypothalamus is divided into anterior, middle, and posterior regions containing various nuclei and plays an important role in visceral functions, brain functions, and generating circadian rhythms.
Hypothalamic regulation of visceral and brain functions
- 1. Vijay kumar
- 2. William His first uses the term hypothalamus in 1893. Ramon y cajal described connection b/w hypothalamus and posterior pituitory (hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract) in 1894.
- 3. Diencephalic structure present ventrally in he brain. Separated from thalamus by hypothalamic sulcus and medial border is illdefined which separates hypothalamus from subthalamus. 4 grams in weight. Contains clustered set of nuclei which has diffuse connections with cortex, basal forebrain, limbic structures, brain stem nuclei.
- 4. Hypothalamus acts as integrator of autonomic & endocrine functions with behavior. It was called as head ganglion of autonomic nervous system. Regulation of five basic physiologic needs. - Blood pressure , ECF osmolality - Body temperature - Energy metabolism - Reproduction - Responses to stress
- 5. Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel
- 6. Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel
- 7. Review of medical physiology- W.F.Ganong
- 8. Divided into 3 regions: Anterior region: preoptic region - Supra chiasmatic nucleus - Preoptic nucleus Middle region : -Dorsomedial nucleus - Ventromedial nucleus - Paraventricular nucleus - Supraoptic nucleus - Arcuate nucleus Posterior region: - Mamillary bodies - Tuberomammillary nucleus.
- 9. Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th edition
- 10. Visceral functions: - Integration of neuroendocrine reflexes. - Gastric motility and gut secretion. - Central autonomic player. - Cardiovascular & respiratory regulation - HPA axis and stress modulation. - Energy metabolism and thermo regulation. - Role in reproductive function. - ECF osmolality - circadian & ultradian rhythm generation to regulate above above functions.
- 11. Brain functions: - Sleep & wakefullness - hypothalmo-cerebellar –hypothalamic circuits role in somato-visceromotor integration. - Integrator for emotional & autonomic functions - Role in memory: Mammillary nucleus as an entity of Papez circuit. - Role in reward and motivation.
- 14. Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel
- 15. Principles of neuroscience –Eric kandel
- 17. Hetherington & Ranson’s work in 1940’s BK Anand & Brobeck’s work in 1950’s Dual centric model of feeding proposed by stellar in 1954 Role of different neuropeptides in feeding was discovered during 1996-1998 by various reseachers.
- 20. Medical physiology-Guyton 11th edition
- 21. Medical physiology-Guyton 11th edition
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- 25. CNS pathways that integrate the clock signal from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with other cues to produce the circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005
- 26. Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005
- 27. Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005
- 28. Neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that these connections may be involved in feeding, cardiovascular,osmotic, respiratory, micturition, immune, emotion, and other nonsomatic regulation. Jing-Ning Zhua et al 2006
- 30. Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th edition
- 31. Principles of neural science by Eric kandel Fundamental neuroscience by squire 2nd edition Applied physiology-Samson wright’s -13th edition Clifford B. Saper et al, TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.28 No.3 March 2005 B.K.Anand et al ,Journal of applied physiology vol-192, 1967 Charles W. Bourque, Nature reviews neuroscience volume 9 , july 2008
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- 33. Thank you