Operating Systems
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Chapter 6 discusses operating systems (OS), which manage hardware and software resources on computers, and provide services like process and memory management, device management, and networking. Modern OS enable multitasking and employ virtual memory management to optimize memory usage, while supporting various file systems and networking protocols. Additionally, graphical user interfaces are highlighted as integral to user interaction with OS, evolving over time with significant updates in major versions.
Operating Systems
- 1. I.T. for Management Chapter 6 Operating Systems
- 2. Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer. An operating system rationally processes electronic devices in response to approved commands. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking, and managing file systems.
- 3. Operating Systems Most operating systems have a command line interpreter as a basic user interface, but they may also provide a graphical user interface (GUI) for ease of operation. The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software.
- 4. Operating Systems Services Process management Memory management Disk and file systems Networking Security Internal security External security Graphical user interfaces Device drivers
- 5. Operating Systems Process management Every program running on a computer, be it background services or applications, is a process. As long as a von Neumann architecture is used to build computers, only one process per CPU can be run at a time. Older microcomputer OS such as MS-DOS did not attempt to bypass this limit, with the exception of interrupt processing, and only one process could be run under them (although DOS itself featured TSR as a very partial and not too easy to use solution). ……Cont
- 6. Operating Systems Mainframe operating systems have had multitasking capabilities since the early 1960s. Modern operating systems enable concurrent execution of many processes at once via multitasking even with one CPU. Process management is an operating system's way of dealing with running multiple processes ……………..Cont
- 7. Operating Systems • Since most computers contain one processor with one core, multitasking is done by simply switching processes quickly. Depending on the operating system, as more processes run, either each time slice will become smaller or there will be a longer delay before each process is given a chance to run.
- 8. Operating Systems Memory management Current computer architectures arrange the computer's memory in a hierarchical manner, starting from the fastest registers, CPU cache, random access memory and disk storage. An operating system's memory manager coordinates the use of these various types of memory by tracking which one is available, which is to be allocated or deallocated and how to move data between them.
- 9. Operating Systems Memory management This activity, usually referred to as virtual memory management, increases the amount of memory available for each process by making the disk storage seem like main memory. There is a speed penalty associated with using disks or other slower storage as memory – if running processes require significantly more RAM than is available, the system may start thrashing. ….cont
- 10. Operating Systems This can happen either because one process requires a large amount of RAM or because two or more processes compete for a larger amount of memory than is available. This then leads to constant transfer of each process's data to slower storage. Another important part of memory management is managing virtual addresses. If multiple processes are in memory at once, they must be prevented from interfering with each other's memory (unless there is an explicit request to utilise shared memory).
- 11. Operating Systems This is achieved by having separate address spaces. Each process sees the whole virtual address space, typically from address 0 up to the maximum size of virtual memory, as uniquely assigned to it. The operating system maintains a page table that match virtual addresses to physical addresses. These memory allocations are tracked so that when a process terminates, all memory used by that process can be made available for other processes.
- 12. Operating Systems • Device management Disk and file systems All operating systems include support for a variety of file systems. Modern file systems are comprised of a hierarchy of directories. While the idea is conceptually similar across all general-purpose file systems, some differences in implementation exist. Two noticeable examples of this are the character used to separate directories, and case sensitivity.
- 13. Operating Systems Unix demarcates its path components with a slash, a convention followed by operating systems that emulated it or at least its concept of hierarchical directories, such as Linux, Amiga OS and Mac OS X. MS-DOS also emulated this feature, but had already also adopted the CP/M convention of using slashes for additional options to commands, so instead used the backslash as its component separator.
- 14. Operating Systems Microsoft Windows continues with this convention; Japanese editions of Windows use ¥, and Korean editions use . Versions of Mac OS prior to OS X use a colon for a path separator. RISC OS uses a period. Unix and Unix-like operating allow for any character in file names other than the slash, and thus names are case sensitive. Microsoft Windows file names are not case sensitive.
- 15. Operating Systems File systems are journaled or non-journaled. A journaled file system is a safer alternative under the circumstances of a system crash. If a system comes to an abrupt stop in a system crash scenario, the non-journaled system will need to undergo an examination from the system check utilities, whereas the journaled file systems recovery is automatic.
- 16. Operating Systems • Networking • Most current operating systems are capable of using the TCP/IP networking protocols. This means that one system can appear on a network of the other and share resources such as files, printers, and scanners using either wired or wireless connections. • Many operating systems also support one or more vendor-specific legacy networking protocols as well, for example, SNA on IBM systems, DECnet on systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, and Microsoft-specific protocols on Windows. Specific protocols for specific tasks may also be supported such as NFS for file access.
- 17. Operating Systems Graphical user interfaces Today, most modern operating systems contain Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs, pronounced goo- eez). A few older operating systems tightly integrated the GUI to the kernel—for example, the original implementations of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. More modern operating systems are modular, separating the graphics subsystem from the kernel (as is now done in Linux, and Mac OS X, and to a limited extent Windows). Many operating systems allow the user to install or create any user interface they desire.
- 18. Operating Systems Graphical user interfaces: The X Window System in conjunction with GNOME or KDE is a commonly found setup on most Unix and Unix derivative (BSD, Linux, Minix) systems. Graphical user interfaces tend to change and evolve over time. For example, Windows has modified its user interface almost every time a new major version of Windows is released, and the Mac OS GUI changed dramatically with the introduction of Mac OS X in 2001.
- 19. Operating Systems • Programming Language Compilers & interpreters • Languages are classified into various generations • The earliest language were near machine code • An assembler is a form of compiler which converts from English like notation to machine readable binary form • Languages like COBOL were therefore evolved to meet the need of business community early days
- 20. Operating Systems End of Chapter 6