ICDL 2016-Final-DT-11 Article1
- 1. 1 ||Information management and knowledge for development in Public Policy: Importance of information resource centre (IRC) in public organization compliance with RTI -Bangladesh perspective|| By M. Abu Sayeed Deputy Director Economic Relations Division Ministry of Finance Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 Tel: 911-9541(office) Cell: 01914-960801;01726-551056. Email: csasayeed@gmail.com website:www.erd.gov.bd (ok) : ABSTRACT: Information system of an office management is a dynamic constituent and pulsating component because of its indispensability in creative functions to make a work environment effective. Every government policy making office in Bangladesh must have an information resource centre(IRC) or an information repository for using current information in time for national economic planing for six economicdevelopment sectors and day to day professionally sound work.This repository can preserve knowledge and information resources for sharing which is indispensable to discharging works . This can also be a central discussion point for related information and a spot of exchange of views that make communication for clear understanding. Accepting to make an effective decision is very significant for development issues in every aspect. Economic Development of a country has close affairs in this connection. The paper discusses importance and significance of information repository in policy making office for receiving current and relevant information within their reach. It argues information system for development by sharing knowledge, and make suggestions for establishing functional central information system for public specially policy making offices in Bangladesh. It emphasizes implication of information to meet economic development. A IRC is proposed for every policy making office with sufficient information professionals and high value. This is also worthwhile to implement Right to Information Act (RTI)-2009 in public offices ensuring transparency and accountability with its technical and professional work plan and activities. which is one of the vital challenges of public service. Descriptors :<Knowledge and Development> <Information> < knowledge> <Information importance < policy making issues> <IRC><Information repository> <Economic development> <RTI Act> <Accountability>
- 2. 2 Introduction: Bangladesh is recently crossed the threshold of a middle income country(MIC). There has been created a window of economic opportunity in Bangladesh which can be expressed as demographic dividend. A huge shift in age structure of the population of Bangladesh with more population in working ages than in dependent ages. UNFPA stated that, a country with both increasing numbers of young people and declining fertility has the potential to reap a demographic dividend (The Independent,2015). Fortunately Bangladesh is now standing at that doorstep. A Huge number of Bangladeshi human resources abroad, tremendous development of some major agricultural product and exporting garment industries activities gave the country a remarkable amount of foreign exchange reserve. Foreign investment is increasing though it requires much more attention for sustainable economic growth. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals(MGDs) is appreciated by the rest of the world that of any other countries in the globe. The preparation for Sustainable Development goals (SDGs) is underway and the county is ready to sustain its MIC’s position. The size of the national budget of 2016-2017 is Tk 3.41 trillion, higher than ever before, 15.5 percent larger than the last fiscal year(bdNews24.com,02-06-2016). Purchase power of common people has been increased in last decade which is being amplified gradually. Despite some social troubles economy of Bangladesh has been rising to achieve goals and increasing development indicators in the world economic outlook. The new budget is initial budget and 29 percent higher than the revised outlay. Bangladesh has the target to reach its economy corresponding to developed country by 2041. To make an equitable society in the country the government has plan to address labour force participation, labour efficiency, capital accumulation, economic transforming mega project, Private Sector Investments, Total Factor Productivity (TFP), Aggregate Demand, Labour Market Expansion and Safe Migration, Equitable Distribution of Income, Environment-friendly Development and Macroeconomic Stability(Bangladesh. Finance Minister. Budget speech-2016). To sustain economic development and attempt to keep pace with global economic trend current and update information and sharing of knowledge is unavoidable. At the same rationale assortment and compilation of various information relating to economic development and gathering knowledge, establishing a knowledge hub in policy making organization including important public offices is inevitable. Information can not be congregated over night to meet immediate crisis. An organization need to be get ready for making effective decision by collecting necessary information beforehand for use at the right time. A system for current information flow to the planners and thinkers is prudent for need based development performance and plans preparation. To ensure Right to Information for peoples of Bangladesh, the Government introduced Right to Information(RTI) Act-2009 seven years back . A proposed hub in a policy making office may
- 3. 3 carry out the responsibilities answering to public willing to know the records of an office as per main objectives of RTI-2009(Bangladesh. Ministry of LJP Affairs-2009) 1. What is public policy: Public policy means policy that taken by the government body for well being of peoples of a country . This policies, rules , orders, memorandum, everything is made for welfare and constructive directives for the public and their greater interestof the country.Bangladesh is not beyond that policy. Public policy is the means by which a government maintains order or addresses the needs of its citizens through actions defined by its constitution. If this definition sounds vague or confusing, it's likely because a public policy is generally not a tangible thing but rather is a term used to describe a collection of laws, mandates, or regulations established through a political process.( study.com .2016) On the other hand, it is declared State objectives relating to the health, morals, and well being of the citizenry. In the interest of public policy, legislatures and courts seek to nullify any action, contract, or trust that goes counter to these objectives even if there is no Statute that expressly declares it void (www.businessdictionary) Politicians supposed to take constituents’ best interest and bureaucrats supposed to place them for economic document based on the interest of the country’s sector development strategy. Current and chronological information, data, documents, reports, etc. are required to prepare development plan and policies in this regard. So a central IRC or repository for information management is prerequisite to have a useful knowledge sharing to make development activities more meaningful. 2. People’s concerned to make policies: First law makers. Then bureaucrats and their associates. These people work for good policy of a country and community so that people can aware of their basic rights and can avail those rights for their social and economic development. A person must have a place to protest and to have protection from the state suffers from any catastrophe and predicament. Basically government high officials and law makers together work to make policies in this connection. Policies are prepared in relation to international economic and political issues too. Countrymen have right to know those issues for their awareness. Economic development plans and decision make this issue related to well being of mass people of the country. 3. Information need ofpolicy makers:It says information is the essential ingredient in making decision. Whatever the decision is it requires a lot of information to consult. Old reports, new reports, circulars, speeches,old instances, survey,etc. a lot of indigenous and international relevant documents are very much compulsory to consult before making a good, accurate and effective decision.Because a decision to prepare a rule or an order is not a matter of fun. On a decision, fate of group of peoples usually depends upon.It relates a person’s social interest, educational right,service benefit, employment interest, or any other administrative or financial
- 4. 4 benefit that ensure rights of a person without hampering others. This effectsto economic development and social status of a person straight. Common people may not aware of the background of a decision but they are the chief beneficiary of a national decision and policy of a country for their economic development and self standing. In scarcity of necessary minimum documents of a relative matter there might be a major mistake takes place in having an important decision . 4. Why policy affect people: A country or a community or a society can not run without discipline. To ensure discipline in a society there must have some rules and regulations to obey. Without that a matters a country, a community, a society, an association, even a family can not continue living in cooperation with others. Cooperation is a must to make relations and honour others’ interest for everybody’s survival. So particular rules and regulations and their implementation is obvious to keep a society disciplined. And for this reason decisions must be documented for implementation of a policy . To prepare these documents decision makers and policy makers compulsorily require to consult related information and documents to produce a better output. Question is how to get these information in time? Answer is there must be an Information Resource Centre(IRC)as a centralinformation repository in each policy making organization for getting desired information easy, fast and in time. Since a policy is made for a community a good policy is desirable by the policy makers. That is possible in consultation with good policies alike, instances, relevant documents. Or else it may not be a production up to the mark and may detriment community interest which is not desirable 5. Synchronizing dots 2,3,4 above and make information usable: Information collected from generated sources. Then to select, identify, classify, synthesize and make them ready for end users. This end users are supposed to use information from the proposed Hub without any hassle. If this system does not work information seekers have to face various difficulties to get right information or document at the right time that may interrupt usual work and misuse time which is not expected in decision making process. 6. What is development?:Economic development refers to growth accompanied by qualitative changes in the structure of production and employment, generally referred to as structural change (Kuznets, 1996) development particularly relates human development that facilitates human living up to a particular standard of having necessary food, heath and sanitation, basic education , housing and clothe. Availability of earning source,right to technical and higher education in equal competition to meet basic need for a citizen of a country.
- 5. 5 PROPOSED Central IRC/Library/ Knowledge Hub Fig: The proposed information flow inside organization for development planning Most information /documents direct to Hub Including purchased documents Human development is relating to human rights. Human right express the bold idea that all people have claims to social arrangements that protect them for the worst abuses and deprivations and secure the freedom for a life of dignity; and human development in turn, is a process of enhancing human capabilities to expand choices and opportunities so that each person can lead a life of respect and value . When both advance together they reinforce one another (UNDP report- Branch Section Section Head of Organization Section Section Section Information (primary)generating organization/ Agencies information Packaging& repackaging Generation of Secondary and Tertiary Information Wing All types of Govt. circulars, rules-regulations, notices, etc.(as primary info) for day to day business Research and publication Unit
- 6. 6 2000) Bangladesh also follows those basics as per constitution and plans in line with the development parameter . Internationally, as per UNDP report 1996, the development meant “‘human development’, that “ measured by life expectancy, adult literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as people’s average income which is a necessary condition of their freedom of choice. In a broader sense the notion of human development incorporates al aspects of individuals’ well-being, from their health status to their economic and political freedom.”( Human Development Report 1996). In connection with the economic development Bangladesh is very much concerned about development of related aspects in true sense. 7. Information for designing smart policy:To sort out an effectualprogramme for a promising but less organized society like Bangladesh a smart development policy for each sector is a must To design a smart but compatible to the country basic, cumulative and organized statistics of data is precondition.A well organized knowledge source and information management structure need to be established to have a smart policy. Snowballing data and information for economic as well as industrial development information are needed to be handled professionally. When engineers responsible for construction work, physicians for health, fashion designer for costumes , similarly nation should make responsible information professionals to make sure availability of information in respective sectors. Before that , it is essential to engage qualified information professionals with sufficient wages and honour to guarantee desired information services for the nation. Proper employment and hierarchical arrangement of information professional only may ensure services. 8. Present state of information usage:There is an enormous flow of information in to most secretatariates of Ministries,Divisions and other policy making offices. A large number of domestic and internatonal information resources received every year by those organizations. Many ornanizations have a small or medium size library or documentation centre to organize those document too. Unfortunate is, those libraries are not well employed, they are not well furnished and well equipped either. As a result library professionals work in those organizations are not in a position to organiz their documents as per professional point of view. On the other hand most of the information resources are rceived by the head of organizations’ offcie and are not sent to libraries for processing immediately after received . These have been sent after a long time and sometimes many information resources or documents have not been sent to library. Present systen does not allow libraries to rceive all out side information resources, reports, documents , etc. diurectly. As a result libraries of organiations do not process all types of relavent documents for all userg and emloyees of the organization. Irony is, when some documents are not found anywhere users or employees rush to library first to find out.Sometimes it is possible to
- 7. 7 provide sometimes not. As if everything is supposed to available in library. It is the responsibility of the library professionals concerned. Its true, the responsibility lies with professionals concerned. But when a library runs by one or two person without sufficient logistics, furniture , eauipment, even the building, is not in a position to sit inside in most cases, how come a good service is to be provided. All those things are sign of carelessness .And this carelessness does not hamper seeking information from different nation and international sources. Of course it costs sometimes higher than ever and spends time much to get an uniqe indivudual information resources which could have have been collected by less cost if systems worked. On the other hand in policy issues information seekers are in a hurry.So in most caes they do not receive information as right as they need to. They have to depend on those resources finding no other alternative at that moment. It could have not been happend if there was a usual access to information flow by users of the organizations i.e policy makers. 9. Prominence of collecting information resources in Government offices: In public offices in the country free information resources or documents, reports, annuals, etc. are usually received by the head of the organization’s office. Because of its nature most of those documents are sent to respective decision processing offices down to the head of the organization. A small quantity of published documents received by the concerned library. Documentation centre or the proposed knowledge hub.As a result the library or the proposed central information resource centre remains unaware about enormous flow of published and unpublished official and unofficial documents and information resources relating to development activities. Purchased documents in most cases received by the library, documentation centre or the proposed IRC. Proposal to cultivate IRC as a central information resources is to arrange receiving all publications and sharing documents by the IRC or knowledge hub. Enhance the proposed centres with information professionals so that documents and information are kept ready for use in time. Note that it is not possible by other professionals or non professionals staffs. Information professional staff augmentation and patronization in this regard should be an important issue to foster information services to serve national purpose . As, it is obvious that for socioeconomic development plan formulation as well as development activities information management can not be ignored nourishing IRC that is essential to serve the same purpose. 10. Proposed Hub and Right to Information: The RTI Act-2009 provide evidence the intention of the Government of Bangladesh to make herself accountable and transparent to the peoples of the country. In this regard the proposed Hub is an unique idea to materialize RTI service in every office in addition to work as knowledge hub.. Presently there is no separate unit in a public office to serve peoples as per RTI Act 2009 to implement its main objective. There is a survey recently made by a group that says, existing officials are so busy.
- 8. 8 They are not in a position to serve information seekers as their additional job. Fraction of a survey report published in the Daily Star-14 Aug.2016 that cited “We have lots of work to do at office. If you people add to our burden by asking for unnecessary information, where shall we go.” (Shamsul Bari and Ruhi Naz.2016) One of the officials of the Hub may engaged as a designated officer as per RTI Act-2009 to deliver information to queries by common people so that regular work of an employee does no The flow chart below shows the present information receiving pattern in plan formulation process. small portion IRC/Documentation Centre/Library/ knowledge Hub Fig: Free Documents Receiving pattern of Ministries,Divisions, Directorates responsible for policy making data generation and formulation 11. t hamper. As per RTI-2009 cataloguing and indexing of documents are supposed to do in all public or policy making offices to keep documents ready for providing information services. The Act says, “In order to ensure right to information under this Act, every authority shall prepare catalogue and index of all information and preserve it in an appropriate manner” (Bangladesh.RTI-2009).The newly proposed well equipped knowledge Hub can easily perform those work that may increase the productivity of an office. Information inn relevant aspect can be collected and processed in an systematic way for appropriate use. publications/ Documents directly received from dfferent organizations Section Head of the organization’s Office Section Section Received and Despatch Letters/proposals received from different organizations Section
- 9. 9 Fig: RTI compliance information service 11. Description ofthe diagram: In the proposed process information flow may be described as under. Primary information would be collected and received directly by the IRC or knowledge hub from the generating authorities . The sections, branches ,wings and other working units would seek information, publication, documents, etc. from the IRC. IRC may directly disseminate information to the head of the organization too. significantly the IRC would package and repackage information for making them available for use. The Research and publication unit would work under IRC’s disposal. All types of circulars, rules and regulations, notices, memorandum, etc would be sent to IRC from their primary sources.In addition the head of office would ensure a copy of these type of documents are sent to IRC for preservation. The research and publication unit would work for development of working environment and effort to improve quality. The research unit would also work for human development and assess necessity of required manpower based on organization’s need and activities. An annual research journal and a half yearly news letter may be published through the IRC to foster employees innovation and thought provoking ideas in to a shape. 12. Information: Data that is accurate and timely, specific and organized for a purpose,) presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty Information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or an outcome. For example, if a manager is told his/her company’s net decreased in The Proposed Hub including Designated Officer for RTI compliance Information seekers- NGOs Information seekers- Government Offices(GO) Information seekers-Other than Go and NGO
- 10. 10 the past month, he/she may use this information as a reason to cut financial spending for the next month. A piece of information is considered valueless if, after receiving it, things remain unchanged. 13. knowledge :knowledge is full of Information. Philosophically its an analysis of information and data and thoughts of facts and events. Human faculty resulting from interpreted information; understanding that germinates from combination of data,information, experience, and individual interpretation. Variously defined as, "Things that are held to be true in a given context and that drive us to action if there were no impediments" (Andre Boudreau). "Capacity to act" (KarlSweiby,2001). 14. Knowledge and use ofinformation: knowledge is knowing how to use information to make decision(Mott and Leeming-2000). We are familiar with so many data in each sector. Every day we face a lot of data as well. But why do we use a data for what purpose and objective that we have to think of. On the other hand when we think of something we need to have a physical shape to share ideas. For sharing ideas we need to have some data and information of a particular area. After compilation, analysis, and logical arrangement of data and information we share our ideas in an orderly manner that gives us power to take a decision. An expert of any discipline makes up system based on knowledge that contains the facts and rules provided by other human expert (Mott and Julian-2000).After sharing information and knowledge that becomes a new knowledge for further experiment. All those thing associated with preservation of information for sharing in a particular place which is the proposed Hub in the article. Without that research and development for new ideas and innovation can not be materialized. Knowledge stored in different forms in a knowledge hub or information resources centre,like fact , rules , etc. For example, number of peoples under poverty level in a particular is a fact . Responsibility of a local government to identify poor peoples and help them as per development planning is a rule . Facts and rules give momentum to an economic and social development by decision makers. All those activities require correct and arranged information and data. For this arrangement information professionals and information resource centre are indispensable. Knowledge and Information are important for policy makers to make anything valuable, effective, useful and constructive to society. In terms of economic and social development ,cultural modernization up gradation of knowledge from lower to high status is a natural process.Because knowledge is associated with modern assumptions, values and ways of knowing; knowledge which is not associated with modern individualistic, technologically oriented culture of change has been viewed as low status and largely excluded from the nation’s classroom. Disseminating knowledge in a powerful sorting process separates multiform of cultural knowledge into high and low status category(Goetsch.1999). High status category of knowledge is essential for decision makers and policy and development employees.
- 11. 11 15. Knowledge for Development :Knowledge is necessary for any development. Problem and lack of information is related with the issue. New technologies are used in the ways that help the poor depends on how well society addresses knowledge gaps and information problems(WRD-1998/99.p.4). Research institutions and research uits in organizations acna bridge the knowledge gaps ande can easily address the information problems.On the other hand government and policy making authority can narrow the knowledge gaps collecting information from generating agencies.By the second half of the 20th century world food supply was more than keeping up with population growth because of bridging knowledge gaps and solution of information challenges. Transfer of knowledge in agriculture, transportation. Mechanization gave a new momentum in development.The early steps in the green revolution mostly involved narrowing knowledge gaps.The gaps was narrowed largely through the research and development efforts of government and nonprofit organizations as the private organizations did not see enough profit to make their effort worthwhile. 16. This can be concluded from the statement that knowledge for research and development needs an environment to make a platform for economic and social development . Since policy making offices are responsible for development policy preparation for a country founding of a knowledge Hub can not be ignored and it is proved to be essential. 17. Importance of information repository ofa Ministry/Division: Importance relates necessity. So it is obvious to consider requirement. What are those? An information repository in a Division may: a. -support to obtain information in time narrowing knowledge gaps and information challenges; b. -diminish uncertainty in using relevant information; c. -allow getting much information at a time that may face information scarcity; d. -use as a repository of personal profile of office staff; e. -reduce work load of generaladministration of the office ; f. -accelerate dissemination of relevant information, notice, circular, etc. through a central hub; g. -preserve archival documents for future use; h. -preserve and disseminate hard and soft copy of local and international pertinent documents; i. -easy access to appropriate information for disposal of files in time;
- 12. 12 j. -access to information in various discipline as and when necessary,because all information ---are usually arranged in an orderly manner that helps to retrieve fast; k. -cross check Information and use for reference; l. -use information free from hassle since all are kept in one place; etc.; and m. -certify transparency,ensure accountability by providing information as per RTI Act 2009. 18. How to materialize the idea.:Let us think of the present norms of taking a decision. What do we do? Against a claim or having a finished product of something number of information and documentary evidence are required. All time all documents for a particular item are not kept ready to disposal a file or to prepare some documents. Initiating office concerned has to collect relevant documents from different sources that usually take time. This is a kind of stress and trouble to finalize its job. In most cases when it has not been possible to find out a relevant document immediately the request passes to the present information repository. Sometimes it is available, sometimes not. When the repository is well equipped by manpower and equipment, to find a document is usual. When the centralrepository is not well equipped desired documents may or may not be available .Practicalexperiences are – some professional skilled manpower work in such a position that is found less important in administrative arena . Many of them preserve documents for future use by personal interest , and situation does not support them to do so smoothly . some do not take personal interest and in that case documents have not been made available. How a document disseminates?-Information resource generating organization usually sends a document to head of other organization, they usually do not care about IRC or library. The head uses the documents as he think of. After using those documents the head can not trace it again for future use. If the head needs it again he/she moves to the repository first, as if it is preserved in it. But unfortunate is that, without personal interest the information or knowledge professional do not know the fate of that document or information resource. In this situation the head has to move to the generating authority for a particular document. Irony is- usually no document from generating authority comes to central repository of an office directly. The scenery cane be figured out as under:
- 13. 13 Fig: SYNCHRONIZING INFORMATION FOR KNOWLEDGE Re-assessing ,synchronizingdata and informationinto knowledge forend users Knowledge Assessmentfor Development Generationof Information Processing of information and sharingof knowledge Sharingof knowledge Disseminationof knowledge Collection of Information for knowledge development Cultivationof knowledge Central Informaton Repository and knowledge Hub Preparationof National Plan for sectordevelopment Collection of data, information and knowledge for national plan fromKH
- 14. 14 18. What happened at present system :Generation of a document sends to head of an office not to central repository . The head sends it to relevant decision initiating office for processing . The initiating office works with it in association with files. It moves up and down. Once the decision taken, file is usually kept closed. After some months or years when this documents need to have further action , in most cases that relevant documents has not been found out. Then they first move to the centralrepository, then to the generating authority. As a result no research activity takes place based on IRC’s documents and preservation does not possible in a systematic order. In some cases there are an exceptions. 19. Conclusion and Recommendations: Every policy making office (Ministry/Division) should have a well established Information Resource Centre-IRC, ( Library/ Documentation centre) All types of domestic and foreign Publications should be received by the IRC direct from generating sources by a set order. Information/Documents available in IRC must have an orderly borrowing system that requires to follow by borrowers for keeping the system al right . Each IRC must have a information/ library professional chief with high national pay scale next to grade -I and its work pattern would be , like a wing of a Division. Other professional and non-professional staffs to be recruited as many as necessary based on professional working capacity. Necessary modern equipment must be provided to the IRC by the authority concerned. Required separate budget must be available for IRC exclusive effort Internet connectivity must be ensured Training for professional manpower must be guaranteed with up grading provision for establishing institutional memory. Salary for the professional manpower must be attractive so, they usually can not think of leaving job There must be provision for scale up and position promotion professional staffs like other staffs in the ministry and divisions
- 15. 15 20. References: Bangladesh.Budget speech(2016). Budget Speech 2016-17,addess by Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, Minister for Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Marching towards Growth, Development, and Equitable Society: presented in the National assembly, Dhaka, 2 June 2016 Bangladesh.Ministryof Law, Justice and Parliamenatry Affairs(2009). Right to Information Act, 2009 Act. No. XX of 2009.Dhaka,Bangladesh Government Press,29 Oct. 2009.(no.5/1,5/2,5/3) Bangladesh.Ministryof Law, Justice and Parliamenatry Affairs(2009). Right to Information Act, 2009 Act. No. XX of 2009.Dhaka,Bangladesh Government Press,29 Oct. 2009.(no.6/1 ) Businessdictionary.com (2016) .http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ knowledge.html #ixzz47ZcsyGgp BusinessDictionary.com(2016) .http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/public-policy.html? nl=bdtod Boudreau ,Andre(2016).http://www.businessdictionary.com Goetsch, Lori A.1999. Information Technology planning.ed, by Lori A. Goetsch.New York, Haworth Press, 1999.p.186. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.html#ixzz47ZexlENv) http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/knowledge.html Mott, Julian and Leeming,Anne.2000. Information and communication technology for advanced level,2nded.London, Hodder and Stoghton,2000.p1, Mott, Julian and Leeming,Anne.2000. Information and communication technology for advanced level,2nded.London, Hodder and Stoghton,2000.p43. Muhith presents Tk 3.41 trillion Bangladesh budget for 2016-17 .BdNews24.com: <http://bdnews24.com/economy /2016/06/02/ muhith-presents-tk-3.41-trillion-bangladesh-budget- for-2016-17-fiscal-year> Sweiby ,Karl Sveiby KE, 2001, ‘A Knowledge-based Theory of the Firm To guide Strategy Formulation’, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2001 The Independent,2015. Editorial:Demographic dividend: reality and possibility for Bangladesh,Dhaka, the Independent,22 Aug. 2015<http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/12596> Study.com, 2016.http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-public-policy-definition-types-process-exa United NationsDevelopment Program(1996):Huuman development report:New York,1996. p.1 United NationsDevelopment Program(2000):Huuman development report:New York,1996. p.1 (OK)
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