Some Observations on Common Patterns in Information Technology
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This document provides an overview of common patterns seen in information technology. It discusses features and collections of features, encoding data through markup languages and key-value pairs, using standards to reduce complexity, and making data open and accessible through networking and service-oriented architectures. Common applications mentioned include field data collection, geodatabases, spatial data infrastructures, and web mapping services.
![PatternsinInformationTechnology
10
Single features and collections: in GML
• FeatureCollection: a collection of GML Features, having own properties and an
optional list of Spatial Reference System Definitions. [1]
• GML feature collections are themselves valid GML features. [2]
<complexType name="AbstractFeatureCollectionType" abstract="true">
<complexContent>
<extension base="gml:AbstractFeatureType">
<sequence>
<element ref="gml:featureMember" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
<element ref="gml:featureMembers" minOccurs="0"/>
</sequence>
</extension>
</complexContent>
</complexType>>
<element name="AbstractFeatureCollection"
type="gml:AbstractFeatureCollectionType" abstract="true"
substitutionGroup="gml:AbstractFeature" />
[1] http://www.w3.org/Mobile/posdep/GMLIntroduction.html
[2] OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) Encoding Standard, v 3.2.1, http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?
artifact_id=20509](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ictpatterns20140623-140702151415-phpapp02/85/Some-Observations-on-Common-Patterns-in-Information-Technology-10-320.jpg)
![PatternsinInformationTechnology
24
EU Digital Agenda and Open Data
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/blog/eu-open-data-portal-here [2014-06-21]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ictpatterns20140623-140702151415-phpapp02/85/Some-Observations-on-Common-Patterns-in-Information-Technology-24-320.jpg)
![PatternsinInformationTechnology
27
Organisations and their dependencies
Establish
definition of
and terms of
engagement
in *SDI
ISO
TC 211 TC 204
JTC-1
National
Standards
Organizations
Provide
expertise &
candidate stds.
Review &
approve
stds.
Adopter/
Implementer
Community
Adopter/
Implementer
Community
OpenGIS
Consortium
(OGC)
World Wide
Web Consortium
(W3C)
Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF)
Facilitation Bodies
• GSDI
• ANZLIC
• PCGIAP
• FGDC
• PC-IDEA
• INSPIRE
• GeoConnections
• CODI/UNECA
• AGI
• …
W3C: HTTP, PNG, RDF, SOAP/XMLP
(Web Services Activity), XML, Xlink,
Xpath, Xpointer, XSL/XSLT, XML Schema
OGC: Web Map Server,
Web Feature Server,
GML, Web Coverage
Server, Style Layer
Descriptor, Catalog
Service
ISO: Ref Model, Terminology, Conformance
testing, Profiles, Spatial Schema, Temporal
Schema, Feature Cataloguing Methodology,
Spatial Ref by Coords and Ids, Quality,
Metadata, WMS, GML, LBS, Registration of
Geo-information Items
Metadata Profile,
Data Content
Standards, etc.
Class A
liaison
XML Protocol (XMLP),
XML Signature, I18N
Class C Liaison:
XML, I18N
Modified after: http://www.fgdc.gov/library/presentations/documents/2003-
presentations/GIS_Standards_Rockies1003.ppt [2013-05-31]
• ISPRS
• ICA
•…
• ASPRS
• DGPF
• local
chapters
•…](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ictpatterns20140623-140702151415-phpapp02/85/Some-Observations-on-Common-Patterns-in-Information-Technology-27-320.jpg)
![PatternsinInformationTechnology
30
Networking
• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). URIs can be:
– Locations / adresses: Uniform Resource Locator (URL) , [RFC2396]
– Names: Uniform Resource Name (URN) [RFC 1737, RFC 2141, RFC 3061]
– IP-Adresses (IPv4, IPv6)
<gml:Point srsname=“urn:adv:crs:ETRS89_UTM32“>
<gml:coordinates>369949.671 5615301.383</gml:coordinates>
</gml:Point>
http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ictpatterns20140623-140702151415-phpapp02/85/Some-Observations-on-Common-Patterns-in-Information-Technology-30-320.jpg)
Some Observations on Common Patterns in Information Technology
- 1. PatternsinInformationTechnology 1 Some Observations on Common Patterns in Information Technology Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Behr, Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences ICTES 2014, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kelaniya#mediaviewer/File:Unikelruki.jpg
- 2. PatternsinInformationTechnology 2 Outline • Introduction • Features and collections of them, and their Identity • Encoding – Markup Languages, Structuring vocabularies by namespaces – Key value pairs – Separating information chunks • Standards • Openess • Networking and Service Orientation
- 3. PatternsinInformationTechnology 3 • Field data collection • Surveying • Photogrammetry • Remote sensing • Mobile Apps • Geodatabeses • Spatial Data Infrastructures • Data Harmonization • Service oriented Architectures • Web Mapping • OGC WebServices • Architectures • Reports & Presentations • 3D, 4D, …
- 8. PatternsinInformationTechnology 8 Features • real world: consisting of entities / phenomena (latin: ens: a being) • Feature = an abstraction of real world phenomena (ISO 19101)‖ • geographic feature: associated with a location relative to the Earth. • The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property may be thought of as a {name, type, value} triple. Real worldt Model Entity feature Identity properties behaviour attributes geometry styling properties meta properties Technical viewpoint, abstraction, generalization relationships
- 10. PatternsinInformationTechnology 10 Single features and collections: in GML • FeatureCollection: a collection of GML Features, having own properties and an optional list of Spatial Reference System Definitions. [1] • GML feature collections are themselves valid GML features. [2] <complexType name="AbstractFeatureCollectionType" abstract="true"> <complexContent> <extension base="gml:AbstractFeatureType"> <sequence> <element ref="gml:featureMember" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> <element ref="gml:featureMembers" minOccurs="0"/> </sequence> </extension> </complexContent> </complexType>> <element name="AbstractFeatureCollection" type="gml:AbstractFeatureCollectionType" abstract="true" substitutionGroup="gml:AbstractFeature" /> [1] http://www.w3.org/Mobile/posdep/GMLIntroduction.html [2] OpenGIS Geography Markup Language (GML) Encoding Standard, v 3.2.1, http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/? artifact_id=20509
- 11. PatternsinInformationTechnology 11 Single features and collections: in Java
- 12. PatternsinInformationTechnology 12 Real worldt Model Entity feature Identity properties behaviour attributes geometry styling properties meta properties Technical viewpoint, abstraction, generalization relationships Identity of features • Each feature must be identifiable. • Need of identification systems – perhaps many • Identification also needed in networking (discussed later)
- 13. PatternsinInformationTechnology 13 Identity of features <gml:featureMember> <AX_Flurstueck gml:id="DEBWL0010001UiIg"> <gml:identifier codeSpace="http://www.adv-online.de/">urn:adv:oid:DEBWL0010001UiIg</gml:identifier> <zeigtAufExternes> <AA_Fachdatenverbindung> <art>urn:bw:fdv:1000</art> <fachdatenobjekt> <AA_Fachdatenobjekt><name>0680199400016V</name></AA_Fachdatenobjekt> … <position> <gml:Surface srsName="urn:adv:crs:DE_DHDN_3GK3_BW100" gml:id="Y33"> … <gml:Curve gml:id="Y34"> <gml:segments> <gml:LineStringSegment> <gml:posList>515748.750 5454798.050 515758.590 5454780.310</gml:posList> </gml:LineStringSegment> </gml:segments> … </gml:polygonPatches> </gml:Surface> </position> <gemarkung> <AX_Gemarkung_Schluessel> <land>08</land> <gemarkungsnummer>680</gemarkungsnummer> </AX_Gemarkung_Schluessel> … <flurstueckskennzeichen>08068000300592____00</flurstueckskennzeichen> <amtlicheFlaeche uom="urn:adv:uom:m2">290.00</amtlicheFlaeche>cou
- 15. PatternsinInformationTechnology 15 Encoding Data Principle of MarkUp • Markup Language • Definition of structural elements for data • Strict syntax End-TagElement contentStart tag with attribute Element name Attribute name Attribute value <person city="Karlsruhe">Franz-Josef Behr</person> eXtensible
- 16. PatternsinInformationTechnology 16 Encoding Data Markup Languages: XML After:http://wwbota.free.fr/Samples/parsing.htm • You can have your won Markup Language • It‘s understandable for human beings and for computer programs
- 17. PatternsinInformationTechnology 17 <georss:where> <gml:Point> <gml:pos>48.947534 8.482132</gml:pos> </gml:Point> </georss:where> <georss:where> <gml:Point> <gml:pos>48.947534 8.482132</gml:pos> </gml:Point> </georss:where> <georss:point>48.947534 8.482132</georss:point><georss:point>48.947534 8.482132</georss:point> <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <kml> <Placemark> <name>48° 56' 51.120623'' N, 8° 28' 55.675049' E</name> <description></description> <Point> <coordinates>8.482132, 48.947534, 0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </kml> <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <kml> <Placemark> <name>48° 56' 51.120623'' N, 8° 28' 55.675049' E</name> <description></description> <Point> <coordinates>8.482132, 48.947534, 0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </kml> <geo:Point> <geo:lat>48.947534</geo:lat> <geo:long>8.482132</geo:long> </geo:Point> <geo:Point> <geo:lat>48.947534</geo:lat> <geo:long>8.482132</geo:long> </geo:Point> Ambiguity of names in different XML DialectsAmbiguity of names in different XML Dialects W3C Geo KML GeoRSS (GML) GeoRSS (simple)
- 18. PatternsinInformationTechnology 18 Solution: Structuring vocabularies by namespaces In programming languages (here: Java) In XML In Database technology: context for database names Source: ISO 19101, ISO 19115
- 19. PatternsinInformationTechnology 19 Key value pairs https://www.car2go.com/api/v2.1/vehicles? loc=stuttgart&oauth_consumer_key=car2gowebsite&format=json&callbac k=jQuery17108792290978299311_1369324710467&_=1369324710759 In URLs to identify resources in JSON
- 21. PatternsinInformationTechnology 21 Separators have to be defined: Decimal separator (.)Decimal separator (.) coordinate separator (,)coordinate separator (,) tuple separator (space)tuple separator (space)
- 23. PatternsinInformationTechnology 23 Open agenda is now implemented by the UK Government and delivering huge cost savings for government £409 million in the first half of this year Read on: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-bodies-must-comply-with-open-standards- principles
- 24. PatternsinInformationTechnology 24 EU Digital Agenda and Open Data Source: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/blog/eu-open-data-portal-here [2014-06-21]
- 25. PatternsinInformationTechnology 25 Source Data Standards Open Openess • Data must be complete. • Data must be primary. • Data must be timely. • Data must be accessible. • Data must be machine-processable. • Access must be non-discriminatory. • Data formats must be non-proprietary. • Data must be under an open license or license free. • Data must have permanence and be findable over time. • Usage costs must be affordable (de minimis).
- 27. PatternsinInformationTechnology 27 Organisations and their dependencies Establish definition of and terms of engagement in *SDI ISO TC 211 TC 204 JTC-1 National Standards Organizations Provide expertise & candidate stds. Review & approve stds. Adopter/ Implementer Community Adopter/ Implementer Community OpenGIS Consortium (OGC) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Facilitation Bodies • GSDI • ANZLIC • PCGIAP • FGDC • PC-IDEA • INSPIRE • GeoConnections • CODI/UNECA • AGI • … W3C: HTTP, PNG, RDF, SOAP/XMLP (Web Services Activity), XML, Xlink, Xpath, Xpointer, XSL/XSLT, XML Schema OGC: Web Map Server, Web Feature Server, GML, Web Coverage Server, Style Layer Descriptor, Catalog Service ISO: Ref Model, Terminology, Conformance testing, Profiles, Spatial Schema, Temporal Schema, Feature Cataloguing Methodology, Spatial Ref by Coords and Ids, Quality, Metadata, WMS, GML, LBS, Registration of Geo-information Items Metadata Profile, Data Content Standards, etc. Class A liaison XML Protocol (XMLP), XML Signature, I18N Class C Liaison: XML, I18N Modified after: http://www.fgdc.gov/library/presentations/documents/2003- presentations/GIS_Standards_Rockies1003.ppt [2013-05-31] • ISPRS • ICA •… • ASPRS • DGPF • local chapters •…
- 29. PatternsinInformationTechnology 29 Networking and Service Orientation Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png GIS = High Complexity = Empowering a Few Web Services: Simplicity = Empowering a Billion
- 30. PatternsinInformationTechnology 30 Networking • Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). URIs can be: – Locations / adresses: Uniform Resource Locator (URL) , [RFC2396] – Names: Uniform Resource Name (URN) [RFC 1737, RFC 2141, RFC 3061] – IP-Adresses (IPv4, IPv6) <gml:Point srsname=“urn:adv:crs:ETRS89_UTM32“> <gml:coordinates>369949.671 5615301.383</gml:coordinates> </gml:Point> http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI
- 31. PatternsinInformationTechnology 31 Web Gis Architecture Internet HTTP Webserver HTTP CGI protocol Document root Static resources Server side programs Dynamic Generation of resources Client "User Agent" PNG, JPG, … XML / SVG DBMS Server Data preparation, analysis SQL Presentation Tier Data Tier Communication Tier, Web Tier Application Tier, Business Logic Tier Application Server IP address / Server Name / Host nameIP address DNS Server 80 HTTP-Client HTTP-Client HTTP-Client Local GIS 80 Communication TierCommunication Tier Application TierApplication Tier Data TierData Tier Presentation TierPresentation Tier
- 32. PatternsinInformationTechnology 32 Internet HTTP Webserver HTTP CGI protocol Document root Static resources Server side programs Dynamic Generation of resources Client "User Agent" PNG, JPG, … XML / SVG DBMS Server Data preparation, analysis SQL Presentation Tier Data Tier Communication Tier, Web Tier Application Tier, Business Logic Tier Application Server IP address / Server Name / Host nameIP address DNS Server 80 HTTP-Client HTTP-Client HTTP-Client Local GIS 80 Architecture: The protocols HTTP RFC 2616 HTTP RFC 2616 CGI RFC 3875 CGI RFC 3875 SQL ISO/IEC 9075 SQL ISO/IEC 9075 XML w3.org/XML/ XML w3.org/XML/ Content-Type RFC 2045 Content-Type RFC 2045 URI RFC 1630 URI RFC 1630
- 33. PatternsinInformationTechnology 33 Publish-Find-Bind-Pattern Client Web Service Offer Service Registry Catalogue publish „bind“ = "cosuming" the service Find = "discover" OGC GetCapabilities, WSDL OGC Web Catalogue Service, UDDI, Discovery Service Service Comsumer, OpenLayers View Services, Download Services, …
- 34. PatternsinInformationTechnology 34 Summary / Outlook • Several observable patterns in ICT were shown. • Try to figure out ALWAYS the design pattern in information technology applicable for YOUR filed of work. • Take care of standards. • Be open regarding data, services, collaboration – be interoperable.
Editor's Notes
- #27: to enableInteroperability