Identifying karst and manure management
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This study used LiDAR data to identify 57 karst sinkholes in a county in New York that require manure application setbacks according to new guidelines. The study mapped 19,335 acres of crop fields with soil types or shallow bedrock zones that need spring manure application restrictions. However, 4,822 acres were identified as "false positives" that have targeted soil types but evidence of thick glacial till, so may not need the strict application rules. The maps produced can help farmers comply with new manure management guidelines to prevent well contamination from surface water reaching karst features in the study area.
Identifying karst and manure management
- 1. Paul L. Richards M. Todd Walter The College at Brockport Dept. of Biol. & Env. Engineering 350 New campus Drive Cornell University Brockport, NY 14420 Ithaca, NY Identifying Karst and Manure Management Setbacks using LIDaR
- 2. THE PROBLEM: Well Contamination Events
- 3. B. Any liquid manure with less than 12% solids applied from January 1 through April 15 of each year must be incorporated the same calendar day as it is applied in fields with: 1) Surface depressions (either mapped or observed by a AEM planner) that contain shallow soils (Aurora, Benson, Newstead, Rubblel and, or Wassaic), rock outcrops, and/or shallow bedrock; and/or 2) Any other area mapped with Aurora, Benson, Newstead ,Rubbleland or Wassaic soil types; and/or 3) Contributing drainage areas to karst features (i.e., sinkholes, swallets, depressions, the shallow soils listed above, rock outcrops, and/or shallow bedrock). Czymmek and others (2011) NEW MANURE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES (applicable to Genesee County )
- 4. 2) Sinkholes and swallets must be protected with a vegetated buffer 30 feet wide and a manure application setback of 100 feet at all times. NEW MANURE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES (applicable to Genessee County )
- 5. WHAT ABOUT OTHER COUNTIES ? New York Soil Series, Variants, and Miscellaneous units that are less than 40 inches deep to carbonate bedrock (e.g. limestone, dolomite): Benson Galway Kings Falls Ogdensberg Chaumont Gouveneur Madalin Variant Ruse Chippeny Groton Variant Matoon Summerville Hippeny Guff Neckrock Sun Variant Farmington Guffin Nehasne Wassaic Galoo Joliet Newstead Wilpoint Likely to be the same rules but different soils See Appendix A of Czimmek et al (2004 ) http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/publications/files/Groundwater.pdf
- 7. BACKGROUND Fairchild et al (1909) Palmer (multiple papers) Rhinehart Thesis (2005) Voortman and Simons Thesis (2009) KARST
- 8. Palmer (1981) GSA Bulletin V. 103 p.1-21 Karst Formation
- 9. + Post Glacial Modification by burial or scour + Presence of some “Pop-up” Ridges
- 10. Identify sinkholes -> Buffer them in accordance to the guidelines -> Evaluate watershed divides Map “targeted soils” that need spring manure restrictions Identify targeted soils that may be “False Positives” ; soils that are shallow, but where there is compelling geological evidence that they are in fact thickly-soiled. OBJECTIVES Prepare shapefiles and maps that CCAs can use to farm in accordance to the guidelines.
- 11. STUDY AREA
- 12. METHODOLOGY Identify sinkholes from hill-shaded LIDAR Intersect crop fields with targeted soil, rubble land and elevated bedrock zones to identify sensitive areas From this collection, intersect sensitive cropland with glacial faces And borehole data indicative of thick glacial sediments.
- 13. Wells were used to independently determine depth to bedrock.
- 14. METHODOLOGY Utilize digital terrain modeling techniques to evaluate divides associated with sinkholes Field check the maps by walking some of these fields and searching for evidence of shallow bedrock
- 15. RESULTS 57 sinkholes found
- 16. Many sinkholes occur along fracture zones or near escarpments visible from the LiDAR data
- 17. Drumlin / Flute covered highlands and melt water channels IDENTIFYING GLACIAL FACES / FEATURESRESULTS Meltwater channels where sediment was stripped away to bedrock
- 18. RESULTS Glacial Mega-flutes and Drumlins
- 20. RESULTS Banded Moraine Deposits
- 21. RESULTS Scoured bedrock ridges / highlands
- 22. RESULTS End moraine deposits
- 23. RESULTS False positives. Targeted soils occuring on thick till sequences
- 24. Map Products
- 27. CONCLUSIONS - There are 57 sinkholes sites that need buffering. - 19,335 acres of crop fields need spring restrictions. - 4,822 acres of cropfields were deemed in this study to have evidence for thick till, but fail the manure guidelines by either presence of targeted soil or elevated bedrock zone.
- 28. This work was funded by a USDA Conservation Innovation Grant Provided by NRCS-NY