IGNITION SYSTEM in automobile for presentation
- 1. IGNITION SYSTEM PRESENTED BY: Aakash Kumar Sasmal (24MEM5R01) Anamika Anil C (24MEM5R03) Anupam Sharma (24MEM5R04)
- 2. INTRODUCTION • The ignition system is that part of electrical system which carries electrical current to spark plug where spark is necessary to ignite the fuel- air mixture. • From traditional mechanical systems to advanced electronic ignitions, the evolution of ignition systems has significantly enhanced engine efficiency, performance, and emissions control. Fig 1: IGNITION SYSTEM
- 3. REQUIREMENTS OF IGNITION SYSTEM • Regular and timed spark: Synchronized with cylinder-piston position. • Strong spark: Sufficient to ignite air-fuel mixture. • Sufficient spark duration: To establish burning. • Resilience: Produce spark even with electrode shunts. • Energy efficiency: Minimal power consumption.
- 4. • Durability: Service life equal to the engine. • Maintainability: Easy to service. • Radio interference-free: No radio noise. • Compactness: Light and small. • Adaptability: Suitable for mass production REQUIREMENTS OF IGNITION SYSTEM
- 5. WORKING OF IGNITION SYSTEM • The ignition system in an internal combustion engine is designed to generate a high-voltage electrical spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine's cylinders at the correct time. • This spark ignites the mixture, causing a controlled explosion that drives the pistons and ultimately powers the vehicle. • The working principle of the ignition system involves several steps, from turning the key to creating the spark.
- 6. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqQE0xkCJ8c WORKING OF IGNITION SYSTEM
- 7. TURNING THE KEY OR PRESSING THE IGNITION BUTTON • When the driver turns the key or presses the start button, it closes a circuit that sends power from the car battery to the ignition system. • This signals the system to start generating the necessary high voltage for spark creation.
- 8. LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT • The ignition system starts with a low voltage from the car's 12-volt battery. • This current travels to the ignition coil, which serves as a transformer
- 9. IGNITION COIL: VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION • The ignition coil is the heart of the ignition system and is responsible for transforming the low voltage from the battery into a much higher voltage (up to 40,000 volts or more). • This is necessary to create a spark capable of jumping the gap at the spark plug.
- 10. Primary Winding: When the current from the battery flows through the primary winding of the ignition coil, it creates a magnetic field. Secondary Winding: When the primary circuit is broken (by an ignition control module or points in older systems), the magnetic field collapses, inducing a very high voltage in the secondary winding of the coil. IGNITION COIL: VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION
- 11. DISTRIBUTOR (FOR OLDER SYSTEMS) • In older vehicles with mechanical ignition systems, the distributor directs the high-voltage current from the ignition coil to the correct spark plug at the right time. • This is controlled by a rotating arm (rotor) inside the distributor, which connects to each spark plug in sequence. • In modern systems (Distributor-less Ignition Systems or Coil-on-Plug), the distributor is replaced by individual ignition coils that fire directly for each cylinder.
- 12. IGNITION TIMING • Ignition timing is critical for engine performance. • The ignition system must generate a spark at the precise moment when the air-fuel mixture is fully compressed inside the cylinder. • In most engines, the spark occurs just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke (known as Top Dead Center or TDC). • Timing is adjusted based on engine speed, load, and temperature to ensure optimal combustion and prevent knocking (premature detonation of the fuel).
- 13. SPARK PLUG: SPARK GENERATION • The high-voltage current travels through high-tension cables (or directly from coil packs in modern systems) to the spark plug. • The voltage jumps the gap between the center electrode and the ground electrode of the spark plug. • This jump produces a spark that ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber.
- 14. COMBUSTION AND POWER STROKE • The air-fuel mixture ignites, causing a controlled explosion that forces the piston down, generating the power that moves the vehicle.
- 15. MODERN IGNITION SYSTEMS •Electronic Control: Modern vehicles use an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) to control the ignition timing based on sensor input (such as crankshaft position, engine temperature, and throttle position). The ECU calculates the optimal moment to fire each spark plug for maximum efficiency and power. •Coil-on-Plug Systems: In modern engines, each spark plug has its own coil mounted directly on top of it, eliminating the need for high-tension cables or distributors. These coil-on-plug (COP) systems offer more reliable spark delivery and improved engine performance.
- 17. Fig 1: Labelled diagram of ignition system
- 18. BATTERY Function • The battery provides electrical energy for the ignition system. • Stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. • In 12V automotive systems, it powers the ignition coil. • Ensures consistent ignition and smooth engine performance. Fig 2: Battery
- 19. Fig 3: Battery
- 20. IGNITION COIL • An ignition coil is a crucial component in internal combustion engines. • Its primary function is to transform the low voltage from the battery into a high voltage that is necessary to create the spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. Fig 4: Ignition COIL
- 21. WORKING PRINCIPLE • Primary Winding: This winding is connected to the battery and receives a low voltage current. • Secondary Winding: This winding has many more turns than the primary winding and is wound around a soft iron core. • Interrupter: A mechanical or electronic switch that periodically interrupts the current flow in the primary winding. Fig 5: An inside look at an ignition coil.
- 22. WORKING PRINCIPLE • Electromagnetic Induction: When the current in the primary winding is interrupted, a rapidly changing magnetic field is created around the core. • High Voltage Generation: This changing magnetic field induces a high voltage in the secondary winding due to the large number of turns.
- 23. TYPES OF IGNITION COILS Conventional Coils: These coils are often used in older vehicles and have a mechanical interrupter. Electronic Coils: These coils use electronic circuitry to control the current flow in the primary winding, resulting in better performance and reliability. Individual Coil Ignition (ICI): In this system, each cylinder has its own ignition coil, improving performance and reducing emission
- 24. FACTORS AFFECTING IGNITION COIL PERFORMANCE Coil Quality: The quality of the materials used in the coil can affect its performance and longevity. Ignition System Components: The overall health of the ignition system, including the spark plugs, wires, and distributor, can impact the ignition coil's performance. Engine Conditions: Factors like engine temperature, fuel quality, and air-fuel ratio can influence the ignition coil's operation.
- 25. IGNITION SWITCH • An ignition switch is a crucial component in a vehicle's electrical system. • It acts as a control centre, regulating the flow of electricity to various components, particularly the ignition system. Fig 6: Ignition switch
- 26. FUNCTIONS OF AN IGNITION SWITCH Power On/Off: The primary function is to turn the vehicle's electrical system on or off. Ignition Circuit Activation: When the switch is turned to the "On" position, it completes the circuit to the ignition coil, initiating the ignition process. Accessory Circuit Activation: Some ignition switches also control accessory circuits, such as headlights, radio, and power windows. Security Features: In modern vehicles, the ignition switch may be integrated with security systems like immobilizers to prevent unauthorized starting.
- 27. TYPES OF IGNITION SWITCHES • Electronic Switches: These use electronic components and may require a key fob or smart key for activation • Mechanical Switches: These are the traditional type, using a mechanical key to turn on and off. Fig 7: Mechanical Ignition switch
- 28. COMMON IGNITION SWITCH PROBLEMS • Worn Contacts: Over time, the contacts within the switch can become worn or corroded, leading to poor electrical connection. • Faulty Solenoid: In electronic switches, the solenoid may malfunction, preventing the switch from turning on or off properly. • Security System Issues: Problems with the vehicle's security system can sometimes affect the ignition switch's operation.
- 29. DISTRIBUTOR A distributor is a mechanical or electronic device used in internal combustion engines to distribute the high-voltage current from the ignition coil to the spark plugs in the correct firing order. Fig 8`: Distributor
- 30. KEY FUNCTIONS • Sequencing: Ensures that each spark plug receives the high voltage at the appropriate time, corresponding to the engine's firing order. • Rotor Rotation: A rotating component within the distributor, typically driven by the camshaft, directs the high voltage to the correct spark plug terminal. • Contact Points: In mechanical distributors, contact points provide a path for the high voltage to flow from the coil to the rotor. • Vacuum Advance: Some distributors have a vacuum advance mechanism that adjusts the ignition timing based on engine load and speed.
- 31. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTORS Mechanical Distributors: These are the traditional type, using contact points and a mechanical rotor. Electronic Distributors: These use electronic components to control the ignition timing and eliminate the need for contact points.
- 32. Fig 8: Electronic Distributor Fig 8: Mechanical Distributor
- 33. COMMON DISTRIBUTOR PROBLEMS Worn Contact Points: In mechanical distributors, the contact points can wear out over time, leading to poor electrical connection. Rotor Wear: The rotor can become worn or damaged, affecting the distribution of the high voltage. Vacuum Advance Issues: The vacuum advance mechanism may malfunction, causing incorrect ignition timing.
- 34. SPARK PLUG • A spark plug is a crucial component in internal combustion engines. • Its primary function is to create the spark that ignites the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber, initiating the power stroke. Fig 8: Spark plug
- 35. COMPONENTS OF A SPARK PLUG • Electrode: A metal tip that carries the high voltage and creates the spark. • Ground Electrode: A metal electrode that completes the electrical circuit. Fig 9: Components of a typical spark plug.
- 36. • Insulator: A ceramic material that prevents the spark from arcing to the engine block. • Seal: A gasket that prevents combustion gases from leaking into the engine COMPONENTS OF A SPARK PLUG
- 37. TYPES OF SPARK PLUGS • Spark Plugs: These are the most common type, used in a variety of engines. • Platinum Spark Plugs: Have a platinum or platinum-iridium electrode, which is more durable and provides a longer service life. Fig 9: Bosch 8104 OE Fine Wire Double Platinum Spark Plug
- 38. • Iridium Spark Plugs: Similar to platinum spark plugs, but with an even finer electrode, resulting in a stronger spark. TYPES OF SPARK PLUGS Fig 9: Bosch Iridium Spark Plug
- 39. • Copper Core Spark Plugs: Used in some older engines, have a copper core electrode. Fig 9: Copper Core Spark Plugs TYPES OF SPARK PLUGS
- 40. COMMON SPARK PLUG PROBLEMS • Fouling: Carbon buildup on the electrodes, preventing the spark from forming. • Pre-ignition: The spark occurs too early, causing engine pinging or detonation. • Misfiring: The spark plug fails to ignite the fuel-air mixture, resulting in engine misfires. • Erosion: The electrodes wear down over time, affecting the spark's intensity.
- 42. BATTERY OR COIL IGNITION SYSTEM 6 or 12 V battery Ammeter Ignition switch Auto-transformer (step up transformer) Contact breaker Capacitor Distributor rotor Distributor contact points Spark plugs MAIN COMPONENTS
- 43. Fig 2: Battery ignition system
- 44. PRIMARY CIRCUIT •It consists of 6 or 12 V battery, ammeter, ignition switch, Primary winding has 200-300 turns of 20 SWG (Sharps Wire Gauge) gauge wire, contact breaker, capacitor.
- 45. SECONDARY CIRCUIT • It consists of secondary winding. • Secondary winding consists of about 21000 turns of 40 (SWG) gauge wire. • Bottom end of which is connected to bottom end of primary and top end of secondary winding is connected to center of distributor rotor. • Distributor rotors rotate and make contacts with contact points and are connected to spark plugs which are fitted in cylinder heads(engine earth).
- 46. WORKING PRINCIPLE • When the ignition switch is closed and engine in cranked, as soon as the contact breaker closes, a low voltage current will flow through the primary winding. • It is also to be noted that the contact beaker cam opens and closes the circuit 4- times (for 4 cylinders) in one revolution. • When the contact breaker opens the contact, the magnetic field begins to collapse. Because of this collapsing magnetic field, current will be induced in the secondary winding. And because of more turns (@ 21000 turns) of secondary, voltage goes unto 28000-30000 volts.
- 47. MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM Rotating Magnets Primary Winding Secondary Winding Fixed Armature Condenser Breaker-points or Contact Breaker Distributor Ignition Switch Spark Plug
- 48. Fig 3: Magneto Ignition System
- 49. WORKING PRINCIPLE • In this case magneto will produce and supply the required current to the primary winding. • In this case as shown, we can have rotating magneto with fixed coil or rotating coil with fixed magneto for producing and supplying current to primary, remaining arrangement is same as that of a battery ignition system.
- 51. ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM • In an internal combustion engine, the electronic ignition system is used to ignite air-fuel. • Basically, this provides heat in form of spark for ignition. This system works inside the engine for creating a spark in the spark plug. • In this the low voltage is step-up to high voltage by electro magnatic induction effect is controlled by Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
- 52. PARTS OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM Electronic Ignition System consists of following main Parts: • Battery • Ignition Switch • Electronic Control Unit • Ignition Coil • Ignition Distributor • Spark Plug
- 53. Fig: Electronic ignition system
- 54. NEED FOR ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM • There are certain limitations with the high-speed engine as it is less efficient, because of that the electronic ignition system is introduced which fulfills all the requirements for an efficient engine. • In multi cylinder engine controlled spark timing is necessary for high speed which is easily obtained by electronic ignition system.
- 55. APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM • It is mostly used in modern day vehicles and hypercars. • It is mostly used in Audi, Mahindra XUV, KTM bikes, Ducati, and many more.
- 56. ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM • These are low maintenance systems as compared to others like Battery Ignition System, and Magneto Ignition System. • It has no moving parts because it is controlled by the electronic control unit(ECV). • Emission is less as compared to other means. • It increases the efficiency of the engine and also it is fuel-efficient. • It is more accurate as compared to the magneto system. • The vehicles having this system have a long life and also reliable.
- 57. DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM The main disadvantage of Electronic Ignition System is that this system is very expensive because it uses • Electronic Control Unit (ECU) • Coil-on-Plug Systems (COP) So everyone cannot afford the vehicles having an Electronic Ignition System.
- 58. FEATURE MECHANICAL IGNITION SYSTEM ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM Basic Components Contact breaker points, distributor, condenser Transistorized circuit, capacitors, sensors, electronic control unit (ECU) Ignition Control Manually adjusted or mechanically controlled Controlled electronically via sensors and ECU Accuracy Less accurate due to mechanical wear and tear More accurate and consistent timing MECHANICAL vs ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM
- 59. FEATURE MECHANICAL IGNITION SYSTEM ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM Maintenance Requires frequent maintenance (breaker point wear, distributor cap) Low maintenance; no mechanical parts to wear out Fuel Efficiency Less efficient due to inconsistent spark More efficient, leading to improved fuel economy Cost Initially cheaper but requires more frequent replacements Higher initial cost but more cost- effective in the long run MECHANICAL vs ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM
- 60. FEATURE MECHANICAL IGNITION SYSTEM ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM Durability Prone to wear and requires regular servicing Long-lasting and more durable Timing Adjustment Needs periodic adjustment (mechanically adjusted) Automatically adjusted based on engine conditions Spark Energy Lower spark energy, which can lead to inefficient combustion Higher and more consistent spark energy, leading to better combustion MECHANICAL vs ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM
- 61. REFERENCES • Joseph Heitner, Automotive Mechanics, CBS publications, Second edition, 2015. • Automobile engineering, Dr. Kirpal Singh • Ignition systems in automobiles, Rickramjeet Singh • https://www.howacarworks.com/basics/how-the-ignition-system-works
- 62. THANK YOU