ikd312-07-ddl
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The document discusses the use of Data Definition Language (DDL) to define and modify database tables through commands like CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, and ALTER TABLE. It describes different data types that can be used as table columns like VARCHAR, INTEGER, DATE, and constraints like PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and NOT NULL. DDL is used to specify the structure and schema of database tables and relationships between tables.
![Tipe Data
CHAR(n)
VARCHAR(n)
Oracle: VARCHAR2(n)
INTEGER
SQLite: INT
NUMBER(n[,d])
NUM(n[,d])
DECIMAL
Kalkulus Relasional 11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ikd312-07-ddl-111209013839-phpapp02/85/ikd312-07-ddl-11-320.jpg)
ikd312-07-ddl
- 1. Data Definition Language 24 November 2011
- 2. Bonus Time! Tampilkan gaji minimum, gaji maksimum, jumlah gaji, dan rata-rata gaji untuk MIN(SALAR MAX(SALA SUM(SALA AVG(SALAR Y) RY) RY) Y) setiap jenis pekerjaan. 4200 12008 9000 12008 28800 12008 5760 12008 SELECT MIN(salary), MAX(salary), SUM(salary), 8300 8300 8300 8300 5800 8200 36400 7280 AVG(salary) 11000 11000 11000 11000 FROM employees 4400 4400 4400 4400 17000 17000 34000 17000 GROUP BY job_id; 2500 4200 64300 3215 6900 9000 39600 7920 19 rows retrieved 12008 12008 12008 12008 2500 3100 13900 2780 only 1 if GROUP BY clause 10500 13000 14000 13000 61000 13000 12200 13000 10000 10000 10000 10000 ommitted 24000 6100 24000 11500 24000 250500 24000 8350 6000 6000 6000 6000 2100 3600 55700 2785 6500 6500 6500 6500
- 3. Bonus Time! Tampilkan jumlah orang yang memiliki jenis pekerjaan yang sama. COUNT(JOB_ID) JOB_ID SELECT COUNT(job_id), 1 AC_ACCOUNT 1 AC_MGR job_id 1 AD_ASST FROM employees 1 2 AD_PRES AD_VP GROUP BY job_id; 5 FI_ACCOUNT 1 FI_MGR 19 rows retrieved, sesuai jenis 1 5 HR_REP IT_PROG 1 MK_MAN pekerjaan yang ada dalam 1 1 MK_REP PR_REP tabel Employees 5 1 PU_CLERK PU_MAN 5 SA_MAN (field JOB_ID) 30 20 SA_REP SH_CLERK 20 ST_CLERK Kalkulus Relasional 3 5 ST_MAN
- 4. Bonus Time! Buat kueri yang menampilkan selisih antara gaji maksimum dengan gaji minimum. Beri label “Perbedaan Gaji”. SELECT MAX(salary) - MIN(salary) AS "Perbedaan gaji" FROM employees; Perbedaan gaji 21900 Kalkulus Relasional 4
- 5. Tabel Movie mID Title Year Director 101 Gone with the Wind 1939 Victor Fleming 102 Star Wars 1977 George Lucas 103 The Sound of Music 1965 Robert Wise 104 E.T. 1982 Steven Spielberg 105 Titanic 1997 James Cameron 106 Show White 1937 107 Avatar 2009 James Cameron 108 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1982 Steven Spielberg Kalkulus Relasional 5
- 6. Tabel Reviewer rID Name 201 Sarah Martinez 202 Daniel Lewis 203 Brittany Harris 204 Mike Anderson 205 Chris Jackson 206 Elizabeth Thomas 207 James Cameron 208 Ashley White Kalkulus Relasional 6
- 7. rID mID Stars RatingDate 201 101 2 2011-01-22 Tabel Rating 201 101 4 2011-01-27 202 106 4 203 103 2 2011-01-20 203 108 4 2011-01-12 201 108 2 2011-01-30 204 101 3 2011-01-09 205 103 3 2011-01-27 205 104 2 2011-01-22 205 108 4 206 107 3 2011-01-15 206 106 5 2011-01-19 207 107 5 2011-01-20 208 104 3 2011-01-02 Kalkulus Relasional 7
- 8. Where do They Come From? Kenapa terbagi ke dalam tiga tabel? Kenapa masing-masing tabel memiliki jumlah kolom tertentu? Kenapa urutan kolomnya seperti itu? Kalkulus Relasional 8
- 9. Data Integrity dan Consistency Bagaimana jika ada judul film yang berubah? Bagaimana jika ada data reviewer yang dihapus? Bagaimana jika ada reviewer yang iseng mereview film yang tidak pernah ada? Kalkulus Relasional 9
- 10. Data Definition, Constraints, and Schema Changes Used to CREATE, DROP, and ALTER the descriptions of the tables (relations) of a database Constraint-ku ada lima, macam-macam jenisnya PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY UNIQUE NOT NULL CHECK Slide 8-10
- 11. Tipe Data CHAR(n) VARCHAR(n) Oracle: VARCHAR2(n) INTEGER SQLite: INT NUMBER(n[,d]) NUM(n[,d]) DECIMAL Kalkulus Relasional 11
- 12. Tipe Data DATE TIME TIMESTAMP ISO Format 'YYYY/MM/DD' Easily sortable 20/10/1984, 28/06/1980, 29/02/1980, 30/11/1982 1980/02/29, 1980/06/28, 1982/11/30, 1984/10/20 No ambiguity 12/11/1980: Dec or Nov? Kalkulus Relasional 12
- 13. CHAR vs VARCHAR Fixed length Lebih cepat diakses Boros space Variable length Lebih hemat ruang Lebih lambat diakses (diatasi dengan INDEX) Kalkulus Relasional 13
- 14. CREATE TABLE Specifies a new base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each of its attributes and their data types (INTEGER, FLOAT, DECIMAL(i,j), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)) A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9) ); Slide 8-14
- 15. CREATE TABLE In SQL2, can use the CREATE TABLE command for specifying the primary key attributes, secondary keys, and referential integrity constraints (foreign keys). Key attributes can be specified via the PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE phrases CREATE TABLE DEPT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER), UNIQUE (DNAME), FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP ); Slide 8-15
- 16. Bonus Time: Tabel Movie mID Title Year Director 101 Gone with the Wind 1939 Victor Fleming 102 Star Wars 1977 George Lucas 103 The Sound of Music 1965 Robert Wise 104 E.T. 1982 Steven Spielberg 105 Titanic 1997 James Cameron 106 Show White 1937 107 Avatar 2009 James Cameron 108 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1982 Steven Spielberg Kalkulus Relasional 16
- 17. Bonus Time: CREATE TABLE Movie CREATE TABLE Movie ( mID INT, title VARCHAR(20), year NUMBER(4), director VARCHAR(20) ); Kalkulus Relasional 17
- 18. Tabel Reviewer rID Name 201 Sarah Martinez 202 Daniel Lewis 203 Brittany Harris 204 Mike Anderson 205 Chris Jackson 206 Elizabeth Thomas 207 James Cameron 208 Ashley White Kalkulus Relasional 18
- 19. rID mID Stars RatingDate 201 101 2 2011-01-22 Tabel Rating 201 101 4 2011-01-27 202 106 4 203 103 2 2011-01-20 203 108 4 2011-01-12 201 108 2 2011-01-30 204 101 3 2011-01-09 205 103 3 2011-01-27 205 104 2 2011-01-22 205 108 4 206 107 3 2011-01-15 206 106 5 2011-01-19 207 107 5 2011-01-20 208 104 3 2011-01-02 Kalkulus Relasional 19
- 20. DROP TABLE Used to remove a relation (base table) and its definition The relation can no longer be used in queries, updates, or any other commands since its description no longer exists Example: DROP TABLE DEPENDENT; Slide 8-20
- 21. ALTER TABLE Used to add an attribute to one of the base relations The new attribute will have NULLs in all the tuples of the relation right after the command is executed; hence, the NOT NULL constraint is not allowed for such an attribute Example: ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD JOB VARCHAR(12); The database users must still enter a value for the new attribute JOB for each EMPLOYEE tuple. This can be done using the UPDATE command. Slide 8-21
- 22. REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY OPTIONS We can specify RESTRICT, CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT on referential integrity constraints (foreign keys) CREATE TABLE DEPT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9), MGRSTARTDATE CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (DNUMBER), UNIQUE (DNAME), FOREIGN KEY (MGRSSN) REFERENCES EMP ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE ); Slide 8-22
- 23. REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY OPTIONS (continued) CREATE TABLE EMP ( ENAME VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, ESSN CHAR(9), BDATE DATE, DNO INTEGER DEFAULT 1, SUPERSSN CHAR(9), PRIMARY KEY (ESSN), FOREIGN KEY (DNO) REFERENCES DEPT ON DELETE SET DEFAULT ON UPDATE CASCADE, FOREIGN KEY (SUPERSSN) REFERENCES EMP ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE ); Slide 8-23
- 24. Additional Data Types in SQL2 and SQL-99 Has DATE, TIME, and TIMESTAMP data types DATE: Made up of year-month-day in the format yyyy-mm-dd TIME: Made up of hour:minute:second in the format hh:mm:ss TIME(i): Made up of hour:minute:second plus i additional digits specifying fractions of a second format is hh:mm:ss:ii...i TIMESTAMP: Has both DATE and TIME components Slide 8-24
- 25. Additional Data Types in SQL2 and SQL-99 (cont.) INTERVAL: Specifies a relative value rather than an absolute value Can be DAY/TIME intervals or YEAR/MONTH intervals Can be positive or negative when added to or subtracted from an absolute value, the result is an absolute value Slide 8-25
- 26. Pustaka Elmasri dan Navathe, "Foundation of Database System" http://tjerdastangkas.blogspot.com/search/label/ikd312 Kalkulus Relasional 26
- 27. Kamis, 24 November 2011