Implementation of a Simulation Model Using the Systems Dynamics: Case Study from Study of Mass to Digital Manufacturing

Carolina Araújo . Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 7, ( Part -2) July 2016, pp.43-51
www.ijera.com 43 | P a g e
Implementation of a Simulation Model Using the Systems
Dynamics: Case Study from Study of Mass to Digital
Manufacturing
Carolina Araújo1
, Fernando Vázquez Ramos2
1,2
(Master Program in Architecture, University São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil).
ABSTRACT
With computer technology reaching the construction industry, much has changed in the way that these are
idealized and designed. Currently, with the increasing availability of tools for the development of the models and
parametric models intended for digital manufacturing, the insertion of these characteristics as design tool allows
the designer to test solutions on various factors that permeate the design process, especially as regards the
constructive points. The experience of the parameterisation dynamics and the dynamics of digital manufacturing
from the design of the project allows the development of complex geometries, since the control their properties
the analyses of structural variables of environmental comfort and aesthetics. The growth of the complexity of the
projects and the capacity of computing resources, has arisen the need to use a more systemic approach, as well as
have emerged the simulation programs based on dynamic systems, a digital simulation methodology in order to
understand complex forms, which is part of the concept of systemic thought for the resolution of problems. The
objective is in this Article is to identify and analyse the aspects of potential simulation based on dynamic
systems and demonstrate a practical case drawn up in Dynamo software.
Keywords: Automated Production, Dynamo Software, Manufacturing Process, Parametric Model, System
Dynamics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Digital manufacturing, as well as any
software that allows the parameterisation has shown
innovative results, combining efficiency, speed and
precision to the design process. The potential that
these new technologies bring to the production and
management of projects extends the dimensional
processing of forms, collaborating in spatial
understanding and in the development of models that
can be prototyped. [1]. The dynamics of calibration
and the dynamics of digital manufacturing allow
projects which are versatile and of different
applications, since once the parametric data is set,
the shaping change becomes much more agile.
To introduce the concepts of calibration
(aspects of design translated into numbers), digital
manufacturing (production of elements which can be
constructed as a result of digital processes), and
systems dynamics (analysis of complex systems and
dynamic), the objective is to present the operation of
a simulation of a model using the systems dynamics
in the Dynamo software, contemplating the study of
masses, analyses, and the process of digital
manufacturing.
II. METHOD OF APPLICATION
This article presents part of the data of a
broader research on design processes whose
methodology is sustained by the two fundamental
pillars. First in a theoretical discussion about the
dynamics of the parameterisation, dynamics of
digital manufacturing, and the dynamics of systems,
introducing the graphical interface of programming
Dynamo, software that allows you to customise
certain model in order to facilitate the analysis of
conceptual solutions and the behaviour of elements
and parametric data.
Concomitantly, an empirical approach
that portrays the dynamics of model simulation, the
demonstration of a case study since the process of
conceptualization of the project up to its finalisation.
This process is divided into two steps, the creative
process, which covers the conceptualisation and
modelling in the Revit software, and the process
of digital manufacturing, which extends from the
study of masses to finishing in the Dynamo
software. The analysis of the experience of systems
dynamics, in the developed model, previously
enabled a greater understanding of the possibilities
in the development of complex geometries.
III. DYNAMIC CALIBRATION
The current stage of parametricism is
related with the steady advance of digital
programming technologies, sophisticated parametric
techniques and parametric modelling. Parametricism
emerges from creative exploration of systems for
parametric drawing, in order to articulate processes
of increasingly complex projects. Works toward
complexity organised (governed by rules) that
assimilates parametric jobs to natural systems, where
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

all forms are the result of forces that interact by
means of rules. As well as the natural systems, the
parametric compositions are integrated and cannot
easily be broken down into subsystems independent.
[2]
The characteristics of parametricism are
due to the advance in the systems architecture,
scripts, processes, software design, new techniques
of parametric modelling, new possibilities of
building materials and techniques. In figures 1 and 2
we observe forms guided by parametric data.
The parameters are the aspects of the
project translated into numbers which are connected
to the geometrical entities of the digital model.
Designing with parameters requires the
establishment of the series of parametric principles
and the creation of a model that includes geometric
elements defined by its mutable variables, acting as
an interconnected information system. [3]
Fig.1Evolutionary Computation, Jens Mehlan,
Christoph Opperer, Jorg Hugo, 2006. Source:
Architectural Design, 2009, p. 73. [4].
Fig.2 Code [9], Patrik Schumacher Studio, 2014.
Available at:
<Http://drl.aaschool.ac.uk/portfolio/code-9/>.
The parametric description of forms is an
extremely versatile representation of curves and
complex surfaces. The values of the parameters can
be modified and thus changing the shape of the
curve, without their fundamental description
expressed by data provided is amended. [5].
The highest value of the parameter is
the ''ability to define, determine and reconfigure the
geometric relationships''. [6]. In highly complex
forms, the parametricism is paramount for the
holistic control and for the dynamic processes of the
form.
The dynamic processes intervene in the
concept in a dynamic way, where the adjective
''dynamic'' refers not only to a flexible way that
can be modified over time, but also to the creative
process, that is, continuous flows are part of
programmatic formulation, the phases of the design
and its construction. [7].
The shape is generated by the manipulation
of commands, within rules established by the user.
In this process geometry and parameters dialogue
and the shape is edited, transformed, decomposed or
fragmented. However, there are different ways to
shape in the virtual environment, either free shaping
or the one resulting from parameters. There are,
therefore, modelling tools for complex shapes and
tools that generate shapes from ideas or data
sequence translated by the parameters; both define
the transformational behaviour of the shape.
In the analysis of these techniques Oxman
and Liu in 2004 [8], and also Dennis Dollens in
2002 [9], show that the computer, in some cases, has
become a co-protagonist of conception and
idealization of the project, almost a co-designer, a
collaborator in the definition of the shape. [10].
According to Oxman [7], the combination
of interactivity with generated, processed and
manipulated variables derived from
parameterisation, generate shapes with a large
degree of accuracy, in the scope of the project.
Thus, the digital model has parameters for
the modelling from surfaces, extrusion, surfaces of
revolution, solid modelling, modelling of free-form,
among others, which are mathematical
representations of three-dimensional geometry, from
a simple 2D line, circle, arc or curve, to more
complex surface or solid 3D free shapes. Because of
their flexibility and accuracy, the models can be
used since the design until the manufacture of rapid
prototyping processes. [10].
IV. DYNAMICS OF DIGITAL
MANUFACTURING
The technological innovation that the areas
of design and construction industry have achieved in
recent decades is due in large part to the rapid
development of the computing industry, which has
introduced new techniques, established new
challenges and created new tools in the routine of
architects. Thus, it has become possible to use digital
geometrical models directly for the production of
physical artefacts, from scale models and prototypes
in actual size until finished parts for civil
construction. [11].
In the area of architecture, engineering and
construction, the three-dimensional processing has
nowadays become the standard process in several
procedures, making rapid prototyping and digital
manufacturing a major ally in the new challenges of

the design process. One of the main benefits of ever
greater development of its use is the option to have
visualisation as great collaborator of spatial
understanding, as well as complementing and path
for the confection of rapidly prototyped models. This
new possibility has caused a huge impact from the
beginning of the design process until its
construction, contributing to changes in the form of
design and in its production, automating tasks and
introducing new technologies. [11].
The technology of digital manufacturing is
reconfiguring the relationship between design and
the production of shapes, creating an inter-
relationship between what can be designed and what
can be built. Digital processes are opening new
territories in the exploration of concepts, forms and
tectonic of these forms, articulating the morphology
and topology focused on emergent properties and
their adjustments. This enables the designer to
produce and run very complex shapes that, not long
ago, could not be designed and built using the
traditional means. [10].
An example of that in their use in rapid
prototyping, which are being gradually incorporated
not only to the possibility of building free shapes or
seeking ways, but also to the possibility to generate
shapes allied with the concepts of dynamic systems
and pre-manufacturing.
Thus, interdependencies between elements
and the definition of behaviour of these elements
during the formal transformations are established.
An example of digital manufacturing process can be
seen in figures 3 and 4, the Metropol Parasol project
(2004-2011), Sevilla - Spain, by Jürgen Mayer H.
Architects. The project comprises 3,000 pieces of
wood, the largest wooden structure in the world,
which conforms six mushroom-shaped parasols.
Fig.3 Metropol Parasol, Jürgen Mayer H. Architects
(2004-2011). Available at:
<Http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/projetos
/11.130/4066>. Access in: 08 Apr. 2016.
Fig.4 Metropol Parasol, Jürgen Mayer H. Architects
(2004-2011). Available at:
<Http://estruturasdemadeira.blogspot.com.br/2011/0
2/metropol-parasols-sevilla-espanha.html>. Access
in: 08 Apr. 2016.
The methods for the automated production
of digitally tooled parts can be categorized according
to their purpose, according to the number of
dimensions with which they work, and also
according to the way they produce the objects.
Regarding its purpose, they can be intended for the
production of prototypes, i.e. assessment
models, known as prototyping methods
(prototyping). The production of final products, such
as building elements to be directly employed in the
construction, are referred to as fabrication systems or
manufacturing. [12].
Professor Regiane Trevisan Pupo [13]
describes step by step the digital manufacturing
processes of a building element, from its conception
until its use in the construction site, from a digital
model:
 The design of the architectural form;
 Construction of a building element;
 Preparation of the model to which parametric
data shall be set;
 Analyses;
 Finishing;
 The building elements ready to be used in the
construction;
 Location of building elements;
 Wrap Up.
Among the techniques and methods used in
the design process, three terminologies portray how
digital tools of control in shape generation, but with
different concepts and characteristics: the parametric
model, building information model and the digital
manufacturing. The BIM platform presupposes the
parametric model in its functionality, but not all
parametric models assume the BIM platform. BIM
systems comprise a set of programmes and
computational applications that include analysis,
structure, mechanical, automation and building

control and management systems and subsystems,
amongst others. After an object and shape oriented
programming, the systems could be integrated into a
digital 3D model. BIM is a platform for digital
manufacturing building, however, that does not
always happen. It is possible to manufacture the
elements through rapid prototyping without
necessarily the object have been designed using
BIM. Although they are associated with issues of
high performance and productivity during the
preparation of the project, it can be said that the
project has a parametric strong action in the
generation of shape; on the other hand, BIM can be
associated with techniques of rapid prototyping,
propitiating the digital manufacturing of
components. [10].
The difference between the new production
methods based on digital models and the old
methods of mass production is that the new
production methods are not intended to produce
identical copies of the same product. On the
contrary, they are sufficiently adaptable systems to
produce a large spectrum of different shapes,
i.e. mass customization, i.e. standardized
production. [12].
V. DYNAMIC SYSTEM
The methodology System Dynamics is used
to analyse complex and dynamic systems. Created in
1961 by Professor Jay W. Forrester, from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology - MIT, it was
firstly applied in engineering, but it is currently a
tool for the analysis of administrative, social,
economic, physical, chemical, biological and
ecological systems. [14].
Nowadays, there are several software
programmes based on System Dynamics in the
market. The great advantage of those software,
compared to the ones based on other methodologies,
is their flexibility and comprehensiveness. The
software based on System Dynamics allow, for
example, to model a process of industrial
production, linked to the financial accounting
system, and if necessary the market in which the
company would be inserted or even the
socioeconomic system. All that in a model generally
impossible to be solved through mathematical
analysis, though possible to be built without
requiring advanced knowledge in mathematics from
the user. [15].
Modelling is a creative and individual
process, fruit of a systemic way of seeing the world
in which there are multiple forms of simulating the
same model, which depends on the software
employed, tools and parametric data supplied.
System Dynamics was the methodology that
substantiate the development of software such as
Dynamo, Stella, Vensin and Ithing. Such software
enable metamorphoses on objects and between
objects, dynamic joints between parts of objects and
the implementation of forces either external or
internal to the object. [10].
The application of a force variable as an
initial condition becomes the cause of both the
movement and the specific inflections of the shape.
The dynamic simulation takes into consideration the
effects of forces in the movement of an object or a
system of objects, especially the force not originated
in the system itself: physical properties of objects,
such as mass, elasticity, statics and kinetic friction
are defined; gravity or wind forces are applied;
collision and detection of obstacles forces and
computerized dynamic simulations are specified.
Therefore, the shape may be subject to a continuous
evolution, by the use of animation and force
simulation techniques, which can represent the flows
of people or of traffic, weather phenomena or any
other type of force. [10].
VI. GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMING
INTERFACE OF DYNAMO SOFTWARE
Autodesk’s Dynamo software provides a
visual programming interface that allows you to
customise certain model in order to facilitate the
analysis of conceptual solutions and the behaviour of
elements and parametric data.
The visual programming software
Dynamo is a concept that offers users the means for
the construction of programmatic relations using a
graphical interface. Instead of typing a given “code"
from scratch, the user can combine custom relations
by connecting nodes together to produce a specific
custom algorithm. This means that the user can
obtain shapes from computational concepts, without
the need to writing the code. (Fig. 5 and 6). [16].
Dynamo is a plug-in for Autodesk Vasari
and Revit that allows the design process, custom
automation through a node-based visual
programming interface. Once the software is
programmed to precisely calculate complex systems,
capacities of data manipulation, relational and
geometric control structures (that are not possible in
a conventional modelling interface) are given. In
addition, it is possible to leverage the pre-established
shapes and the work flows of computational design
within the context of a BIM environment. [16].

Fig.5 Node-based visual programming interface in
Dynamo. Available in:
<Https://bim.edu.pl/en/szkolenia/revit-
projektowanie-parametryczne-dynamo/>.
Access on: 08 Apr. 2016
Fig.6 Interactive interface of Dynamo with Revit.
Available in:
<Https://bim.edu.pl/en/szkolenia/revit-
projektowanie-parametryczne-dynamo/>.
Access on: 08 Apr. 2016
Some of the characteristics allowed by Dynamo:
 Visual Programming allied to Revit and Vasari
software;
 Usage of geometry extracted from the Revit;
 Dynamo geometry: nodes, wires, points,
vectors, lines, solids, parameters;
 Management of the parameters of the Revit
building model;
 Analysis of constraints, structural analysis;
 Options for conceptual parametric pre-
established shapes;
 Parametric flexibility;
 Adaptive component;
 Automating tasks;
 Custom nodes, custom functionality to reuse
them;
 Interoperable workflows for documentation,
manufacturing, coordination, simulation and
analysis;
 Import and export documentation data, analyses
and manufacture in Excel spreadsheets;
 Control structures to the creation, positioning
and visualization of geometry.
The connections of the scripts that
determine the programming sequence (wires) of
Dynamo link nodes to create relationships and
establish a programme flow, like electrical wires that
carry impulses of information from one object to
another. The wires connecting the output of a node
to the entry of another node, are represented as
dashes when dragged, and solid lines when
connected successfully. The nodes can represent
elements of the Revit in the form of reference points
or operations such as math functions with inputs and
outputs. Each node gets data, codes, parameters that
connect together with the wires to form a visual
program. [16]. However, we believe that the visual
and interactive interface of the software is graphic as
to simplify the operating system software, a visual
invention to ease the understanding of the
programming system friendly interface.
The ports are rectangular areas, receptors
for the wires. The information flows through the
ports, which are prone to receive a certain type of
data, for example, a node you can connect with XYZ
inputs and outputs, which are the coordinate points
in space, or connect with the reference points, which
are the elements of the Revit. (Fig.7). [16].
Fig.7 Example of nodes, wires and ports in the
Dynamo software.
Source: Dynamo: Visual programming for Design,
p. 12. [16].
Figure 8 depicts a metal lattice, being an
adaptive component, which was developed from
three curves and the XYZ matrix. We determine the
spatial position of each curve node, and provide the
data of each node, so we obtain the lattice in
function of the geometry of the curves.
Fig.8 Example of an adaptive lattice in Dynamo
software

Source: Dynamo: Visual programming for design,
p. 25. [16].
In the manipulations panel of the software
it is also possible to obtain data from analyses of
constraints, such as the example in Figure 9, the
analysis of the model built from data as the position
of the sun, date and place. With the solar simulation,
we verified that the Dynamo software provides data
the size of each amount and panel. The panel sizes
vary in order to fit the project and the results of the
analyses are extracted as an Excel spreadsheet.
Fig.9 Example of solar analysis in Dynamo
software.
Source: Dynamo: Visual programming for design,
p. 39. [16].
VII. DYNAMICS OF THE
SIMULATION OF A MODEL,
PRACTICAL CASE
The case study presented here demonstrates
the processes of architectural drawings with the BIM
method, the results of a 3D view, the notion of
computational tools and their ability to use such
tools in a complex and curvaceous geometry in the
Revit software.
The model is a multifunctional complex,
chosen from exploratory nature and qualitative
approach, which aims to understand the perception
and the behaviour of a model simulation, combined
with the application of digital manufacturing
developed in the Dynamo software.
As aforementioned, the methods address
since the process of conceptualization of the project
up to its finalisation. The process was divided into
two steps which were crossed in several moments,
making possible the understanding of shape and
their more accurate solutions:
 Creative process: conceptualization and
modelling in the Revit software;
 Digital manufacturing process: study of masses,
finalized in Dynamo;
As demonstrated in Figure 10, during the
creative process, in Revit Architecture, it was
possible to develop the modelling of the
architectural design, modelling of structures in steel
deck and steel frame, modelling of hydraulic
elements, modelling of components, the
representation of views in blueprints, cuts, elevations
and perspectives, the documentation of tables, and
the possibilities for drawing regarding the formal
aspects in an organic language.
Each component modelled on Revit has
been added or modified according to the needs of the
project. All the components have been defined with
parameters, determining its characteristics,
restrictions and behaviour in any view on the file.
Thus, a floor, for example, can be visualised on
different views with every information and
characteristic entered therein, such as: coatings,
thickness and levels, amongst others.
In the drawing box of the software, in plant,
two-dimensional view, various types of shapes and
volumes of the model were outlined; for the final
result of the towers we explored the mass tool in
which we designed the curved perimeter of volume
in the basement, copied this same perimeter in the
crowning floor and, when copying, supplied
parameters and the degree of rotation for all floors,
thus allowing twisted volumes.
Fig.10 Case Study, creative process in Revit.
Source: The authors.
The way to design with Revit rather
facilitated the work, generating details in the
application of the modelling. The software allowed
that the generation of quantitative in tables and
documents were made automatically, as well as the
tables of private and common areas, and tables of
frames.
Through the experience of the simulation
we obtained a virtual reality of space, which is
defined by the systems dynamics, creating a 3D

interactive environment that can be experienced by
those who manipulate it.
The characteristic of storing information
and every step of the project defines the relationship
between the design of the project and its final result,
for the file contains the entire lifespan of the project
and the building built in a virtual environment. This
not only requires the understanding of the concepts
of constructive elements, but also the limitations and
possibilities of those elements conducted virtually.
The usage of Dynamo software alongside
with Revit for the development of the digital
manufacturing process made it possible to organize
those processes on the computer, the model for the
spatial representations and to the final assembly of
the integrated model, in order to allow the
manufacturing process contemplating: concept,
analyses, structure, floors, panels and finalisation.
In the conceptualization stage, volumetry
was developed from a closed curve drawn on the
mass environment of Revit. Subsequently the
creation of geometry in the Dynamo, specifying the
parameters as the height of the top, the displacement
of the top in relation to the X or Y axis, rotation of
basis in relation to the Z axis and rotation of the top
in relation to the Z axis, allowed the automatic
creation of mass in the Revit, making it also possible
to be manipulated in the Dynamo. (Fig.11).
Fig. 11 Step of conceptualization of the case study.
In the analyses of constraints and geo-
referencing stage, we specified information such as
date, time and positioning of the sun, which allowed
the analysis of sunshine on a given area of the mass,
thus extracting every data into Excel. The
calculation was done based on direction of the sun
and the scalar product of the mass surface normal at
various points. (Fig.12).
Fig.12 Stage of constraints analyses of the case
study. Source: The authors.
In the stage of model structure elaboration,
the modelling began in Revit, from the defined
structural mesh on steel frame and steel deck and the
positioning of the pillars that were used as reference
for the positioning of the beams. After inserting the
beams, we placed the slabs. All of the wooden
beams and the elements that compose the slab were
modelled, completing the structural model of the
building.
In Dynamo, the mass created was imported
to the project, thus enabling the automatic creation
of levels using the Dyno Browser solution in order
to generate the mass floors. The creation of the mass
floors was automatically generated in Revit from the
created levels, which served as basic geometry for
the determination of the height of the columns. Due
to the organic shape of mass we developed a
“bridging” method of it in Dynamo for elaboration
of the structure. Thus, the columns of circular
section were also generated automatically, and
finally the adjustment of the columns in Revit.
(Fig.13).
Fig.13 Stage of the structure elaboration of the case
study.
In the stage of the floors elaboration, they
were automatically generated in Revit, taking mass
floors as a basis, making it possible to edit them in
several aspects, such as finishing, structural
materials and total thickness, for instance. This way,
it also possible to assess different behaviours of
coating materials, manipulating its variables and
tolerance. (Fig.14).

Fig.14 Stage of mass floor elaboration of the case
study.
In the stage of the panels elaboration, from
the selection of the mass faces, the panels were
automatically generated in Revit. Once we set the
laminated tempered glass for the facades, it also
allowed us to study the profiles of the metallic joints
that support the windows, which auto fit according
to volume and parametric data. (Fig.16).
Fig.16 Stage of panels elaboration of the case study.
The model is thus composed in its totality,
collaborating in understanding spatial and project
management, which extends the tri-dimensional
processing. The simulation of the model is a system
adaptable enough to produce a large spectrum of
different shapes and mass customisation, and the
digital model is able to develop the production of
physical artefacts, from scale models and actual size
prototypes until finalised parts for civil construction,
due to the documentation, information and data
which can be extracted from the template. (Fig.17).
Fig.17 Finalization of the case study. Source: The
authors.
VIII. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The application of a simulation model using
system dynamics allowed more flexibility and scope
as an alternative to understand the processes of
digital manufacturing.
The virtual environment allowed us to
simulate and integrate shapes and aspects of physical
space, involve the inter-relations of the proposed
project with the capabilities of the software, as well
as identify compositional strategy, their
programmatic aspects and their structural design.
In seeking this integrity, spatial
organization in the software provided exploring
dynamic joints; besides, parametric modelling
techniques, alongside with the involvement of
computational tools, have become essential for the
development of the case study.
IX. CONCLUSION
The systemic thought is a valuable
instrument for the understanding of the complexity
of the shapes and the simulation based on System
Dynamics enables the emergence of capabilities as a
systemic view, employment of information as a
work tool, visualization of strategies and formal
compositions, creative capacity and project design.
The experience of system dynamics asks a
series of imponderables factors which intervenes to
modelling, such as extracting new models,
behaviour, parameters, references, a series of
elements that contribute to our perception and
identify the special features or differences in
simulations of space.
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Implementation of a Simulation Model Using the Systems Dynamics: Case Study from Study of Mass to Digital Manufacturing

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Implementation of a Simulation Model Using the Systems Dynamics: Case Study from Study of Mass to Digital Manufacturing