Implementation of hummingbird cryptographic algorithm for low cost rfid tags using labview
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The document presents the implementation of the Hummingbird cryptographic algorithm, designed for low-cost RFID tags, using LabVIEW software. This lightweight encryption scheme addresses security issues related to RFID systems by enabling privacy-preserving identification and mutual authentication through a combination of block and stream ciphers. The Hummingbird algorithm is shown to be resistant to various common attacks, ensuring effective data protection in RFID applications.
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 383
3. SECURITY ANALYSIS OF HUMMINGBIRD
Hummingbird is considered as a finite state machine because
it’s a hybrid mode of block and stream cipher where the value
of LFSR does not depend on the internal states.Hummingbird
algorithm is resistant to the following attacks they are
Birthday attacks,Differential cryptanalysis,Linear
cryptanalysis,Structural attacks,Algebraic attack and cube
attacks.
4. HUMMINGBIRD MUTUAL
AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL
The hummingbird mutual authentication protocol is mainly for
establishing the trust relationship between the RFID tags and
the reader,consider RFID system consists of a reader and N
RFID tags,where a unique 256-bit key with each tag is shared
by the reader.The following three phases are included in the
hummingbird mutual authentication protocol.
i)Phase 1:Privacy Preserving Tag Identification:
In this phase the reader will determine the correct key shared
with a tag it is communicating with without exposing the tag’s
identity to the adversaries by performing a private
identification procedure[12].
ii)Phase 2: Mutual Authentication between a Reader and a
Tag:
In this phase the reader and the tag authenticate with each
other.
iii)Phase 3:Command Execution:
In this phase the command issued and authenticated by the
reader is received and executed only by the encryption RFID
tag.
4.1.Output
CONCLUSIONS
This Hummingbird cryptographic algorithm is implemented
using the LABVIEW software,where the encryption and
decryption blocks are also designed and the output is
generated.The hummingbird 2 algorithm is compared in the
future.
REFERENCES
[1]. R. Anderson, E. Biham, and L. Knudsen, “Serpent: A
Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard", available at
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/ serpent .pdf.
[2]. E. Biham, “Cryptanalysis of Multiple Modes of
Operation", J. Cryptology 11(1), pp. 45-58, 1998.
[3]. E. Biham, “Cryptanalysis of Triple Modes of Operation",
J. Cryptology 12(3), pp. 161-184, 1999.
[4]. E. Biham and L. R. Knudsen, “Cryptanalysis of the ANSI
X9.52 CBCM Mode", J. Cryptology 15(1), pp. 47-59, 2002.
[5]. E. Biham and A. Shamir, Differential Cryptanalysis of the
Data Encryption Standard, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993.
[6]. A. Bogdanov, L. R. Knudsen, G. Leander, C. Paar, A.
Poschmann, M. J. B. Robshaw, Y. Seurin, and C. Vikkelsoe,
“PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher", The 9th
International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and
Embedded Systems - CHES 2007, LNCS 4727, P. Paillier and
I.Verbauwhede (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp.
450-466, 2007.
[7]. I. Dinur and A. Shamir, “Cube Attacks on Tweakable
Black Box Polynomials", Advances in Cryptology -](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/implementationofhummingbirdcryptographicalgorithmforlowcostrfidtagsusinglabview-160811124910/85/Implementation-of-hummingbird-cryptographic-algorithm-for-low-cost-rfid-tags-using-labview-3-320.jpg)
![IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 384
EUROCRYPT 2009, LNCS 5479,A. Joux (ed.), Berlin,
Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 278-299, 2009.
[8]. EPCglobal, Inc., http://www.epcglobalinc.org/, 2005.
[9]. M. Feldhofer, S. Dominikus, and J.Wolkerstorfer, “Strong
Authentication for RFID Systems Using the AES Algorithm",
The 6th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware
and Embedded Systems- CHES 2004, LNCS 3156, M. Joye
and J.-J. Quisquater (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag,
pp.357-370, 2004.
[10]. M. Feldhofer, J. Wolkerstorfer, and V. Rijmen, “AES
Implementation on a Grain of Sand", IEE Proceedings
Information Security, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 13-20, 2005.
[11]. P. HÄamÄalÄainen, T. Alho, M. HÄannikÄainen, and
T. D. HÄamÄalÄainen,”Design and Implementation of Low-
Area and Low-Power AES Encryption Hardware Core", The
9th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design:
Architectures, Methods and Tools - DSD 2006, pp. 577-583,
IEEE Computer Society, 2006.
[12]. International Organization for Standardization, ISO/IEC
9782-2: Information Technology { Security Techniques {
Entity Authentication Mechanisms Part 2: Entity
Authentication using Symmetric Techniques, 1993.
[13]. T. Jakobsen and L. Knudsen, “The Interpolation Attack
on Block Ciphers", The 4th Annual Fast Software Encryption
Workshop - FSE 1997, LNCS 1267, E. Biham (ed.), Berlin,
Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 28-40, 1997.
[14]. X. Lai, “Higher Order Derivatives and Differential
Cryptanalysis", Proceedings of Symposium on
Communication, Coding and Cryptography, in honor of James
L. Massey on the occasion of his 60th birthday, 1994.
[15]. G. Leander, C. Paar, A. Poschmann, and K. Schramm,
“New Lightweight DES Variants", The 14th Annual Fast
Software Encryption Workshop - FSE 2007, LNCS 4593, A.
Biryukov (ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 196-
210, 2007.
[16]. G. Leander and A. Poschmann, “On the Classi¯cation of
4 Bit S-Boxes", The 1st International Work-shop on the
Arithmetic of Finite Fields - WAIFI 2007, LNCS 4547, C.
Carlet and B. Sunar (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag,
pp. 159-176, 2007.
[17]. M. Matsui, “Linear Cryptanalysis Method for DES
Cipher", Advances in Cryptology - EURO-CRYPT'93, LNCS
765, T. Helleseth (ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp.
386-397, 1993.
[18]. C. Rolfes, A. Poschmann, G. Leander, and C. Paar,
“Ultra-Lightweight Implementations for Smart Devices-
Security for 1000 Gate Equivalents", The 8th Smart Card
Research and Advanced Application IFIP Conference -
CARDIS 2008, LNCS 5189, G. Grimaud and F.-X. Standaert
(eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 89-103, 2008.
[19]. D.Wagner, “Cryptanalysis of Some Recently-Proposed
Multiple Modes of Operation", The 5th Annual Fast Software
Encryption Workshop - FSE 1998, LNCS 1372, S. Vaudenay
(ed.), Berlin, Germany](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/implementationofhummingbirdcryptographicalgorithmforlowcostrfidtagsusinglabview-160811124910/85/Implementation-of-hummingbird-cryptographic-algorithm-for-low-cost-rfid-tags-using-labview-4-320.jpg)
Implementation of hummingbird cryptographic algorithm for low cost rfid tags using labview
- 1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 381 IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMMINGBIRD CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHM FOR LOW COST RFID TAGS USING LABVIEW Suresh.N1 , Arun prasad.J2 , Raj pritha.P.V.G3 1, 2 Assistant professor, 3 M.E, Prathyusha institute of technology and management, Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India suresh.aeme@gmail.com, Jarunprasad06@gmail.com, rajprithame@gmail.com Abstract Hummingbird is a novel Ultra-light weight cryptographic encryption scheme used for RFID applications of privacy-preserving identification and mutual authentication protocols, motivated by the well known enigma machine. Hummingbird is expected to meet the stringent response time and power consumption requirements which can provide the designed security with a small block size.This algorithm is shown as it is resistant to the most common attacks like linear and differential cryptanalysis.Some properties for integrating this algorithm into a privacy identification and mutual authentification protocol is investicated.This is implemented using the LABVIEW software. Keywords: privacy-preserving identification,mutual authentication protocols,lightweight cryptography scheme. -----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Automatic object identification is now possible by a technology called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).RFID tag is a small transponder in a RFID system,used to label each object.Radio frequency queries can be received and responded using tranciever,called RFID reader.RFID is a tiny integrated circuit which is used for storing,processing informations for identification and also radio antenna for wireless data transmissions.Animal identification,Point-of-sales,inventory management are the applications for low-cost and low-power tags. This lowcost RFID systems for object identification without any physical contact, RFID tags and RFID reader communication also have a number of security problems.Its easy for an adversary to obtain sensitive information,since ther is no mutual authentication in today’s RFID systems.By linking two different sightings of the same RFID tag an adversary can easily trace a person carrying a tagged item.Unprotected wireless communication will have many issues between FRID tags and readers. 2. HUMMINGBIRD ENCRYPTION Inorder to overcome this security issues a new algorithm called Hummingbird algorithm have been designed as mutual authentication algorithm.which is a combination of both block cipher and stream cipher,this is designed with a small block size and expected to meet stringent response time and power consumption. This consists of 16-bit block size,256-bit key size and 80-bit internal state where the key size provides security for various RFID applications. 2.1. Encryption and Decryption The structure of the Hummingbird algorithm consists of four 16-bit block ciphersEK1,EK2,EK3 and EK4,four 16-bit internal state registers RS1,RS2,RS3 and RS4,and a 16-stage LFSR.The secret key is 256-bit which is divided into four 64- bit subkeys k1, k2,k3 and k4,they can be used in four block ciphers.In the encryption process a 16-bit plaintext PTi is executed by modulo 216 addition of PTiand the first internal state register RS1.The result of this block is then encrypted by the first block cipher CTi.
- 2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 382 Fig 1. Encryption Process Fig 2. Decryption Process This procedure is repeated for three times and the output of EK4 is the ciphertext CTi.LFSR is used for updating the internal state registers.The reverse process is done in the Decryption block. 2.2. 16 bit Block Cipher Four 16-bit block ciphers are used in a consecutive manner.Substituition and Permutation(SP) network forms the 16-bit block cipher,with 16-bit block size and 64-bit key size.SP consists of three steps,first key mixing where 16-bit block ciphers uses exclusive or operation for implementation in hardware and software,second a substituition layer with 4- inputs and 4-ouputs of serpent type s-boxes and third a permutation layer.the linear form of 16-bit block cipher is given by,L: {0,1}16 → {0,1}16 defined as, L(m)=m⊕(m«6)⊕(m«10), where m=m0,m1 … , m15,is a 16-bit block data. 2.3. Features of S-Boxes Inorder to reduce the area and power consumption the four s- boxes are reduced into a single s-box and where it is repeated four times in a 16-bit block cipher. Four s-boxes in hexadecimal notation:
- 3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 383 3. SECURITY ANALYSIS OF HUMMINGBIRD Hummingbird is considered as a finite state machine because it’s a hybrid mode of block and stream cipher where the value of LFSR does not depend on the internal states.Hummingbird algorithm is resistant to the following attacks they are Birthday attacks,Differential cryptanalysis,Linear cryptanalysis,Structural attacks,Algebraic attack and cube attacks. 4. HUMMINGBIRD MUTUAL AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOL The hummingbird mutual authentication protocol is mainly for establishing the trust relationship between the RFID tags and the reader,consider RFID system consists of a reader and N RFID tags,where a unique 256-bit key with each tag is shared by the reader.The following three phases are included in the hummingbird mutual authentication protocol. i)Phase 1:Privacy Preserving Tag Identification: In this phase the reader will determine the correct key shared with a tag it is communicating with without exposing the tag’s identity to the adversaries by performing a private identification procedure[12]. ii)Phase 2: Mutual Authentication between a Reader and a Tag: In this phase the reader and the tag authenticate with each other. iii)Phase 3:Command Execution: In this phase the command issued and authenticated by the reader is received and executed only by the encryption RFID tag. 4.1.Output CONCLUSIONS This Hummingbird cryptographic algorithm is implemented using the LABVIEW software,where the encryption and decryption blocks are also designed and the output is generated.The hummingbird 2 algorithm is compared in the future. REFERENCES [1]. R. Anderson, E. Biham, and L. Knudsen, “Serpent: A Proposal for the Advanced Encryption Standard", available at http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/ serpent .pdf. [2]. E. Biham, “Cryptanalysis of Multiple Modes of Operation", J. Cryptology 11(1), pp. 45-58, 1998. [3]. E. Biham, “Cryptanalysis of Triple Modes of Operation", J. Cryptology 12(3), pp. 161-184, 1999. [4]. E. Biham and L. R. Knudsen, “Cryptanalysis of the ANSI X9.52 CBCM Mode", J. Cryptology 15(1), pp. 47-59, 2002. [5]. E. Biham and A. Shamir, Differential Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993. [6]. A. Bogdanov, L. R. Knudsen, G. Leander, C. Paar, A. Poschmann, M. J. B. Robshaw, Y. Seurin, and C. Vikkelsoe, “PRESENT: An Ultra-Lightweight Block Cipher", The 9th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems - CHES 2007, LNCS 4727, P. Paillier and I.Verbauwhede (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 450-466, 2007. [7]. I. Dinur and A. Shamir, “Cube Attacks on Tweakable Black Box Polynomials", Advances in Cryptology -
- 4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 384 EUROCRYPT 2009, LNCS 5479,A. Joux (ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 278-299, 2009. [8]. EPCglobal, Inc., http://www.epcglobalinc.org/, 2005. [9]. M. Feldhofer, S. Dominikus, and J.Wolkerstorfer, “Strong Authentication for RFID Systems Using the AES Algorithm", The 6th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems- CHES 2004, LNCS 3156, M. Joye and J.-J. Quisquater (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp.357-370, 2004. [10]. M. Feldhofer, J. Wolkerstorfer, and V. Rijmen, “AES Implementation on a Grain of Sand", IEE Proceedings Information Security, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 13-20, 2005. [11]. P. HÄamÄalÄainen, T. Alho, M. HÄannikÄainen, and T. D. HÄamÄalÄainen,”Design and Implementation of Low- Area and Low-Power AES Encryption Hardware Core", The 9th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design: Architectures, Methods and Tools - DSD 2006, pp. 577-583, IEEE Computer Society, 2006. [12]. International Organization for Standardization, ISO/IEC 9782-2: Information Technology { Security Techniques { Entity Authentication Mechanisms Part 2: Entity Authentication using Symmetric Techniques, 1993. [13]. T. Jakobsen and L. Knudsen, “The Interpolation Attack on Block Ciphers", The 4th Annual Fast Software Encryption Workshop - FSE 1997, LNCS 1267, E. Biham (ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 28-40, 1997. [14]. X. Lai, “Higher Order Derivatives and Differential Cryptanalysis", Proceedings of Symposium on Communication, Coding and Cryptography, in honor of James L. Massey on the occasion of his 60th birthday, 1994. [15]. G. Leander, C. Paar, A. Poschmann, and K. Schramm, “New Lightweight DES Variants", The 14th Annual Fast Software Encryption Workshop - FSE 2007, LNCS 4593, A. Biryukov (ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 196- 210, 2007. [16]. G. Leander and A. Poschmann, “On the Classi¯cation of 4 Bit S-Boxes", The 1st International Work-shop on the Arithmetic of Finite Fields - WAIFI 2007, LNCS 4547, C. Carlet and B. Sunar (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 159-176, 2007. [17]. M. Matsui, “Linear Cryptanalysis Method for DES Cipher", Advances in Cryptology - EURO-CRYPT'93, LNCS 765, T. Helleseth (ed.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 386-397, 1993. [18]. C. Rolfes, A. Poschmann, G. Leander, and C. Paar, “Ultra-Lightweight Implementations for Smart Devices- Security for 1000 Gate Equivalents", The 8th Smart Card Research and Advanced Application IFIP Conference - CARDIS 2008, LNCS 5189, G. Grimaud and F.-X. Standaert (eds.), Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, pp. 89-103, 2008. [19]. D.Wagner, “Cryptanalysis of Some Recently-Proposed Multiple Modes of Operation", The 5th Annual Fast Software Encryption Workshop - FSE 1998, LNCS 1372, S. Vaudenay (ed.), Berlin, Germany