Incineration ppt
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Incineration is a waste treatment technology that combusts solid waste to significantly reduce its volume and weight while recovering energy, primarily in the form of heat and electricity. The method is prevalent in countries like Japan, Denmark, and Sweden, where it addresses land scarcity and promotes energy efficiency. While incineration has advantages like volume reduction and pathogen sterilization, it also poses environmental concerns and high operational costs.
Incineration ppt
- 1. INCINERATION PRESENTED BY: HEMANT M.SC. ENVIRONMENT STUDIES 17001556002 CEEES DEPT.(DEENBANDHU CHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL, SONIPAT)
- 2. INTRODUCTION • A waste treatment technology, which includes the combustion of waste for recovering energy, is called as “incineration”. Incineration coupled with high temperature waste treatments are recognized as thermal treatments. • Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. • Incineration reduces the mass of the waste from 95 to 96 percent. • Incineration or thermal treatment of waste is much popular in countries like Japan where there is scarcity of land. The energy generated by incineration is highly demanded in countries like Denmark and Sweden. In year, 2005 it was estimated that 4.8 percent of the electricity as is consumed by Danish nation was produced by incineration and the amount of heat was some 13.7 percent out of total. Other then Denmark and Sweden many European countries are recovering heat and electricity from waste. Hemant
- 3. The purpose of incineration is to combust solid wastes to reduce their volume to about one- tenth, without producing offensive gases and ashes. That is to say, incineration of solid wastes aims at the following: • Volume reduction: Depending on its composition, incineration reduces the volume of solid wastes to be disposed of by an average of 90%. The weight of the solid wastes to be dealt with is reduced by 70 – 75%. This has both environmental and economic advantages since there is less demand for final disposal to landfill, as well as reduced costs and environmental burdens due to transport, if a distant landfill is used. • Stabilization of waste: Incinerator output (i.e., ash) is considerably more inert than incinerator input (i.e., solid wastes), mainly due to the oxidation of the organic components of the waste stream. This leads to a reduction of landfill management problems (since the organic fraction is responsible for landfill gas production) and the organic compounds present in landfill leachate. Hemant INCINERATION OBJECTIVES:
- 4. • Recovery of energy from waste (EFW): Energy recovered from burning the wastes is used to generate steam for use in onsite electricity generation or export to local factories or district heating schemes. Combined heat and power plants increase the efficiency of energy recovery by producing electricity as well as utilizing the residual heat. Solid waste incineration can replace the use of fossil fuels for energy generation. • Sterilization of waste: This is of primary importance in the incineration of clinical or biomedical waste. Incineration of solid wastes will also ensure destruction of pathogens prior to final disposal in a landfill. Hemant
- 5. TYPES OF INCINERATORS • ROTARY KILN. • FLUIDIZED BED. • LIQUID INJECTION. • MULTIPLE HEARTH. • CATALYTIC COMBUSTION. • WASTE-GAS FLARE. • DIRECT-FLAME. Hemant
- 6. ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR • Rotary kiln incinerators, like the other types, are designed with • A primary chamber, where the waste is heated and volatilized, and • A secondary chamber, where combustion of the volatile fraction is completed. • The primary chamber consists of a slightly inclined, rotating kiln in which waste materials migrate from the feed end to the ash discharge end. • The waste throughput rate is controlled by adjusting the rate of kiln rotation and the angle of inclination. Volatiles and combustion gases pass from the primary chamber to the secondary chamber. • The secondary chamber operates at excess air. Combustion of the volatiles is completed in the secondary chamber. • Due to the turbulent motion of the waste in the primary chamber, solids burnout rates and particulate entrainment in the flue gas are higher for rotary kiln incinerators than for other incinerator designs. As a result, rotary kiln incinerators generally have add-on gas cleaning devicesHemant
- 7. Heman t ROTARY KILN INCINERATOR
- 8. FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATOR • Fluidized bed incinerators are used both the industrial and sewage sludge incineration processes. The principle of fluidization is the process where a granular material in a solid state is turned into a fluid-like state by passing a fluid (liquid or gas) through it. Hemant
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- 10. • Commonly used system that relies on high pressure to prepare liquid wastes for incineration by breaking them up into tiny droplets to allow easier combustion. Hemant LIQUID INJECTION INCINERATOR
- 11. • A Multiple Hearth Furnace consists of a series of circular hearths, positioned in a column and enclosed in a refractory-lined steel shell. A vertical rotating shaft through the center of the furnace has rabble arms which moves the feed material in a spiral path across each hearth, until it passes through drop holes to the hearth below. After it passes through each hearth, the final product is discharged through an outlet. Hemant MULTIPLE HEARTH INCINERATOR
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- 13. • Catalytic combustion is a chemical process which uses a catalyst to speed desired oxidation reactions of a fuel and so reduce the formation of undesired products, especially pollutant nitrogen oxide gases (NOx) far below what can be achieved without catalysts. The process was discovered in the 1970s at Engelhard Corp. Hemant CATALYTIC COMBUSTION INCINERATOR
- 14. • Gas flaring is a combustion device to burn associated, unwanted or excess gases and liquids released during normal or unplanned over-pressuring operation in many industrial processes, such as oil-gas extraction, refineries, chemical plants, coal industry and landfills. Gas flaring is a significant source of greenhouse gases emissions. It also generates noise, heat and provided large areas uninhabitable. Hemant WASTE-GAS FLARE INCINERATOR
- 15. • The direct flame incinerator is comprised only of the combustion chamber. Hemant DIRECT-FLAME INCINERATOR
- 16. • Incineration causes a significant reduction in the volume of waste. The reduction in the original volume and weight 95% and 75% respectively. • It helps providing a renewable source and conserving valuable raw materials. • Bottom ash can be reused – as secondary aggregates for parking lots, paved roads etc. • Due to incineration, a large proportion of the organic compounds including putrescible and hazardous waste is destroyed. So there is a net reduction in the quantity of toxicity. • Incineration does not generate methane gas and reduces methane from landfills. • It provides better control over odour and noise. • It occupies small land. Hemant ADVANTAGES OF INCINERATION
- 17. • It causes atmospheric pollution if incinerators are not well maintained. • Incinerators are costly to construct, operate and regulate. Stringent emission for incinerators increase the cost of construction, operation and maintenance. • It lacks system flexibility. The demand for recycled and recovered material for different treatment methods is likely to change overtime. • Incineration process produces ash and waste water from pollution control devices. • A huge amount of money required to purchase a foreign made incinerator. • Low income countries often lacks of adequately trained labor to operate and maintain incinerator systems. Hemant DISADVANTAGES OF INCINERATION
- 18. • www.wrfound.org.uk/articles/incineration.html • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incineration • https://www.slideshare • www.wtert.co.uk/content/Defra%20report.pdf • https://greentumble.com/waste-incineration-advantages-and-disadvantages/ • https://eponline.com/articles/2015/04/20/incinerating-hazardous-waste.aspx Hemant REFERENCES:
- 19. Thank you for your time and attention Hemant