Composting
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There are several methods for composting organic waste materials. The Indore method involves filling pits layered with dry waste, cattle dung, soil, and ash. The materials are turned three times over 2-3 months for aeration and decomposition. The Bangalore method fills pits without turning for 8-9 months of decomposition. The NADEP method facilitates composting with minimum cattle dung use through aerobic decomposition. The Coimbatore method uses pits layered with waste, cattle dung suspension, and bone meal, left undisturbed for 8-10 weeks before shaping into a heap.
Composting
- 2. Introduction Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. In nature , nothing is considered as a waste--- everything is food for something else. Compost The controlled biological decomposition of organic materials
- 3. S. No. Parameters Quantity 1. Organic matter 70 % 2. pH 7.5 3. Organic carbon 33.11% 4. Nitrogen 1.82 % 5. Phosphorus 1.29 % 6. Potassium 1.25 % 7. Fe (ppm) 1019 8. Mn (ppm) 111 9. Cu (ppm) 180 10. Zn (ppm) 280 Nutrient profile of Compost Compost
- 4. Benefits of Compost In addition to, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, certain micronutrients viz. manganese, copper, iron, and zinc also found in compost which helps them to control diseases and insects. Compost improves the quality of soil, and for this reason it is considered as a soil conditioner. Compost improves the structure and texture of the soil enable them to retain nutrients, moisture, and air for the betterment of growth of plants. It contains a variety of the basic nutrients required for healthy growth of plants. Compost
- 5. Parameters in Composting Carbon: nitrogen ratio 30:1 Ideal moisture 50 – 60% Ph 6 – 8 Temperature 55 – 75C (thermophile range) Oxygen availability 5 -15%
- 6. Mechanism of Composting Composting is a biochemical process in which aerobic and anaerobic microorganism decomposes organic matter into valuable manure called as compost. Organic matter Release heat (Thermophilic state, which helps to destroy pathogens) Temp 55-60o c Organic matter compost (Mesophilic state ,Temp. 25- 30o c, promote mesophilic microbes for rapid decomposition ) Compost
- 8. Phases of Composting Initial decomposition is carried out by mesophilic microorganisms, which rapidly break down the soluble, readily degradable compounds. As the temperature rises above about 40°C, the mesophilic are replaced by thermophilic, At temperatures of 55°C and above, many microorganisms that are human or plant pathogens are destroyed. During the thermophilic phase, high temperatures accelerate the breakdown of proteins, fats, and complex carboydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose, the major structural molecules in plants. temperature gradually decreases and mesophilic microorganisms once again take over for the final phase of "curing" or maturation of the remaining organic matter.
- 9. Organisms involved in composting Bacteria are the smallest living organisms and the most numerous in compost; they make up 80 to 90% of the billions of microorganisms typically found in a gram of compost responsible for most of the decomposition and heat generation in compost. At the beginning of the composting process (0-40°C), mesophilic bacteria predominate. heats up above 40°C, thermophilic bacteria take over. dominated by members of the genus Bacillus. At the highest compost temperatures, bacteria of the genus Thermus dominates. Eg: Bacillus brevis, B. subtilis
- 10. Actinomycetes characteristic earthy smell of soil is caused by actinomycetes. organisms that resemble fungi but actually are filamentous bacteria. play an important role in degrading complex organics such as cellulose, lignin, chitin, and proteins. Their enzymes enable them to chemically break down tough debris such as woody stems, bark, or newspaper. Some species appear during the thermophilic phase, and others become important during the cooler curing phase. Eg: Actinobifida chromogena, Microbispora bispora Fungi they are responsible for the decomposition of many complex plant polymers in soil and compost. they break down tough debris, enabling bacteria to continue the decomposition process once most of the cellulose has been exhausted. Fungal species are numerous during both mesophilic and thermophilic phases of composting. Most fungi live in the outer layer of compost when temperatures are high. Eg: Aspergillus fumigatus, Humicola grisea
- 11. Protozoa Protozoa are one-celled microscopic animals. They are found in water droplets in compost but play a relatively minor role in decomposition Rotifers Rotifers are microscopic multicellular organisms also found in films of water in the compost. They feed on organic matter and also ingest bacteria and fungi. Earthworms Earthworms are the most important of the large physical decomposers in a compost pile. Earthworms ingest organic matter and digest it with the help of tiny stones in their gizzards. The worms leave dark, fertile castings behind. A worm can produce its weight in castings each day. These castings are rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus that might otherwise be unavailable to plants.
- 13. Microorganism Involved in Composting Anaerobes Which decompose organic matter in absence of oxygen Two type of microbes which help in composting process are: Aerobes Which decompose organic matter in presence of oxygen Compost
- 14. Vermicomposting • Worm composting is using worms to recycle food scraps and other organic material into a valuable soil amendment called vermicompost. • It is a mesophilic process, utilizing microorganisms and earthworms that are active at 10–32°C. • The process is faster than composting; because the material passes through the earthworm gut,whereby the resulting earthworm castings ie, rich in nutrients. • Earthworms consume various organic wastes and reduce the volume by 40–60%.
- 15. Earthworms are invertebrates. mainly divided into two types: (1) burrowing; and (2) non-burrowing. The burrowing types Pertima elongata and Pertima asiatica live deep in the soil. the non-burrowing types Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugenae live in the upper layer of soil surface. The non-burrowing earthworms eat 10% soil and 90% organic waste materials; these convert the organic waste into vermicompost faster than the burrowing earthworms. They can tolerate temperatures ranging from 0 to 40°C but the regeneration capacity is more at 25 to 30°C and 40–45% moisture level in the pile. The burrowing type of earthworms come onto the soil surface only at night. These make holes in the soil up to a depth of 3.5 m and produce 5.6 kg casts by ingesting 90% soil and 10% organic waste.
- 16. Material required for Composting Farm refuses • Weeds • Stubbles bhusa • Crop residues • Remnents of fodder • Hedge clipping Town refuse • Night soil • Street refuse • Municipal fuse Animal dung • Cow dung • Buffalo dung • Poultry dung Compost
- 17. Methods of Preparation of Compost This method was developed by A. Howard and Y. D. Wad at the Institute of Plant industry, Indore, India Demonstration of this method at large scale was initiated at J. N. Krishi Vidyalaya, Indore. This method was worked out by L. N. Acharya at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Indore Method Bangalore Method NADEP Method Compost Coimbatore method Introduced by manickam 1967
- 18. Indore method Size of the pit Raw materials Methods of filling the pits Turning Compost
- 19. Size of the pit Breadth - 6-8 feet Depth - 2-3 feet ( not more than 3 feet) Length - 10 feet or more as per requirement Indore method Compost
- 20. Raw material Mix plant residues, weeds, sugarcane leaves, grass, wood ashes, bran etc. Animal dung Wood ashes Water Urine soaked mud Indore method Compost
- 21. Filling the composting pits One more layer of bedding material with wood ash and urinated mud should be added. First of all, spread dry wastes with cattle dung and soil in ratio of 4:2:1 up to 2 inch layer in Composting pit. Afterwards, sprinkle the water over the materials Pit is filled with above materials up to 1 foot above the ground level Indore method Compost
- 22. Turning The material is turned three times for proper aeration and moisture. First turning : 10-15 days after filling the pits. Second turning : 15 days after first turning. Third turning : After 2 month of second turning Indore method Compost
- 23. Bangalore method This method saves labour cost because there is no need of turning and regular sprinkling of water. . Compost
- 24. Method of Filling the Composting Pits After 8-9 months all material decomposes and compost becomes ready for the application. Spread the moist farm refuse at the bottom of the pit up to one inch. Then, spread two inch of cattle dung and urinated mud followed by 1 or 2 inch layer of soil. This heap is made up to 1.5-2.0 feet above the ground level following above process. Finally the heap is covered with 1 inch thick mud. Bangalore method Compost
- 25. NADEP Method This method facilitates a lot of composting through minimum use of cattle dung. In this method, the decomposition process takes place aerobically. Compost
- 26. Coimbatore method composting is done in pits of different sizes depending on the waste material available. A layer of waste materials is first laid in the pit. It is moistened with a suspension of 5-10 kg cow dung in 2.5 to 5.0 I of water and 0.5 to 1.0 kg fine bone meal sprinkled over it uniformly. Similar layers are laid one over the other till the material rises 0.75 m above the ground level. It is finally plastered with wet mud and left undisturbed for 8 to 10 weeks . Plaster is then removed, material moistened with water, given a turning and made into a rectangular heap under a shade. It is left undisturbed till its use