Aerobic Composting method
- 3. Methods of composting Aerobic method Anaerobic method
- 5. Micro-organism involved in composting Micro-organisms Mesophiles Thermophiles Bacteria Pseudomonas Bacillus spp Bacillus B.Steriothermophilus Achromobacter Flavobacter Clostridium Actinomycetes Streptomyces sp Streptomyces sp Thermo actinomycetes Micropolyspora sp Thermus sp Fungi Alternaria Aspergillus fumigates Cladosporium Humicolla Aspergillus Absidiae ramosa Mucor Torula thermophile Penicillium Humicola Plurotus
- 6. Indore method • This method was developed by A.Howard and Y.D.Wad. • Materials required: plant residues,dung,urine soaked earth, wood ash(acts as a source of potash),and water • Composting structure:pit of 6’(2m)width,3’(1m)depth,and 15’(5m)or more length is sufficient for the wastes generated by two cattle.
- 7. Filling the pit • 1st layer:farm waste to a height of 3” • 2nd layer:cattle dung 2”and soil • The layers are repeated 1’ above the ground level. • 1/4th of the pit is kept empty to facilitate turning. • Turnings • 1st turning:10-15days • 2nd turning:15days after 1st • Subsequent turning:after 60days
- 9. NADEP method • Narayana rao .D. pandaripande popularly known as “nadep kaka” has advocated this method of composting. • Materials required:farm waste,dung,soil,water • This is an aerobic method of composting • The time required for composting is 90-100days. • The compost contains 0.5-1.5%N,0.5-0.9%P&1.2-1.4%K. • Composting structure:tank of size 10’Χ6’Χ3’are constructed with 9” thick walls. • Linning of the bricks is made of mud • 7”Χ31/2” holes are left for circulation of air.
- 10. Filling the pit • 1st layer:farm waste to a height of 6” • 2nd layer:cattle dung slurry(4-5kg in 125-150lt of water) • The layers are repeated till it reach 11/2’above the surface of the tank. • After 15-20days of filling the Material shrinks ,later the surface is sealed and plastered with mud and dung. • It is sprinkled with water to maintain the moisture content. • Compost will be ready by 90-100days.
- 12. Kraal method • Bedding and other plant residues like straw,leaves,grass etc are carted into kraals and packed in layers of 50- 60cm height and left there until thoroughly mixed with dung and urine of the animals. • The compost is carted directly to the fields twice a year. • This method is adopted only on farms having large number of livestock.
- 13. Chinese heap method • This compost is prepared out of night soil, urine,sewage,animal dung and chopped plant residues. Chopped stalks Human and animal waste Bamboo poles Mud plaster
- 14. • The first turning is done after 2 weeks and the moisture is made up with water or animal or human excreta. • The compost is ready for the use with in 2months.
- 15. Urban solid waste composting Method of composting • Divide a tonne of waste in to ten parts of 100kg each • Spread 100kg of waste and sprinkle Tricoderma fungus and urea and moistened it • As a second layer,spread 100kg waste and add bacillus bacterial culture and urea and then moistened it • Repeat this layer • Watering should be done periodically to maintain the moisture up to 60% • Turning should be given on 30th and 45th day of composting • Composting will be ready within 75-90 days • Nutrient content of the compost 1.05,0.31 and 0.48% N,P,K respectively
- 16. Rain water composting • It is a modified indore method involving use of farm waste with rain and canal water • 1st turning is given followed by penetration of rain water to a depth of 15-25cm. • 2nd and 3rd turning@20 days interval. • 6 watering and 3 turnings are required. 2.5m broad 1m height 4.5m broad 60 cm deep
- 17. Anstead’s process • The material to be composted are made into heaps of about 2mΧ1mΧ1m size. • The materials are mixed and moistened using dung, urine, ammonium sulphate, night soil emulsion etc. • After a week this fermented mass acts as an starter or activator. • Here quarter of the heap is removed to form the basis of the second heap • The 1st heap is raised to its original size with fresh waste.
- 18. Nagpur pit method • Raw materials like cotton stalks ,weeds cowdung, sunhemp stalks is used. Dried cotton stalks Sorghum,linseed stalk,soybean pod husk Inoculant 50kg cow dung 30cm sun hemp stalks 10Χ 2Χ 1mInoculant 2.5kg of viridae 60lt of water 1/2kg of jaggery 15gm yeast
- 19. Windrow composting A. Turned windrow • Here the materials are placed in long narrow piles/windrow which are agitated on a regular basis. • Enhances the passive aeration. • The rate of air exchange depends on porosity of windrow. • Turnings can be accomplished with a front end loader or a bucket loader on a tractor. • Schedule of turning is single turning per week,were the frequency of turning decreases as the windrow ages. • A common period for manure composting operation is about 8 weeks.
- 21. Passive aerated windrow • It eliminates the need of turning by suppling the air through perforated pipes . • The windrow should be 90-120cm height. • The pipe holes are oriented downwards to minimize the plugging. • The aeration pipes are placed on the top of the peat/compost base. • Seafood waste with peat moss, manure slurries with peat moss and solid manure with straw or wood shavings, manure from dairy , beef, swine and sheep has also been used.
- 23. Aerated static pile • Here pipe aeration system and blowers are used to supply the air. • No turnings of the material occur once the pile is formed. • The activated composting period is completed in about 3-5weeks. • The initial height of the piles is about 150-245cm high. • The raw material mixture is pile over a base of woodchips, chopped straw or other very porous material • The porous base material contains a perforated aeration pipe. the pipe is connected to a blower, which either pull or pushes air through the pile. • The pile is top off by 15cm of finished compost.
- 26. Bin composting/In-vessel composting • It is a simplest In-vessel composting. • Bin is made out of tin/wood. • Operates like the aerated static pile method. • A higher pressure blower may be required as compared to the aerated static pile method. • Each layer is about 6”in depth. • Each layer sprinkled with CBCT stock solution(1:200),this will initiate and accelerate the composting process and eliminates odours.
- 27. Procedure • Step 1:start with a 4-6” of coarse material set on the bottom of the compost or on top to the soil. • Step 2: add a 3-4” layer of low carbon material. • Step 3:add a 4-6” layer of high carbon material. • Step 4: add a 1” layer of garden soil or finished compost. • Step 5: mix the layers of high carbon material, low carbon material, and soil or compost. repeat steps 2 through 5 until the composting bin is filled.
- 31. Off-smell management in composting • Ensure that your compost pile is properly aerated • Adjust the ratio of nitrogen rich and carbon rich material in your compost pile. • Keep your compost pile free of meat and dairy.
- 32. Thank you