Methods of composting of solid waste
- 1. Methods of Composting of Solis Waste PRESENTED BY- MR. NIKHIL PUNEKAR MR.ROHIT REVANKAR MR. AMIT SALAVE MR. PRATIK SAMBHU MR. SHUBHAM SAMBHUSHETE
- 2. Composting Composting is an aerobic method (meaning that it requires the presence of air) of decomposing organic solid wastes. Composting requires the following three components: 1.human management 2. aerobic conditions 3. development of internal biological heat.
- 3. Benefits of Composting Reduces Landfill Waste Creates Nutrient Rich Soil Helps to Reduce Gross Greenhouse Gas Emissions Positively Affects Air Quality Neutralizes Soil Reduces Erosion Cost effective
- 4. Parameters in composting Carbon : nitrogen ratio = 30 : 1 Moisture = 50 – 60% pH = 6 -8 Temperature = 55 – 75 degree C Oxygen = 5 – 15%
- 6. Microorganisms involved in composting Two types of microbes are involved in composting Aerobes Decomposes organic matter in presence of oxygen Anaerobes Decomposes organic matter in absence of oxygen
- 8. Indore Method This method was developed by A. Haward & Y. D. Ward at institute of plant industry, India. Raw materials for Indore method: Mix plant residues, sugarcane leaves, grass, wood ashes, animal dung, water, urine soaked mud Size of pit: 1. Breadth = 6 – 8 feet 2. Depth = 2 – 3 feet 3. Length = 10 feet or more as per requirement
- 9. Filling of composting pit First spread the dry leaves, wastes with cattle dung and soil with ratio 4:2:1 up to 2 inch layer in composting pit. Afterward, sprinkle the water over the materials. Pit is filled with above materials up to 1 feet above the ground level. One more layer of bedding material with wood ash and urinated mud should be added.
- 10. Turning First turning 10 – 15 days after filling of pit. Second turning 15days after first turning. Third turning After 2 months of second turning.
- 11. Bangalore Method This method was worked out by L. N. Acharya at Indian Institute of Science, India. In the Bangalore method of composting, dry waste material of 25 cm thick is spread in a pit and a thick suspension of cow dung in water is sprinkled over for moistening. A thin layer of dry waste is laid over the moistened layer. The pit is filled alternately with dry layers of material and cow dung suspension till it rises 0.5 m above ground level. It is left exposed without covering for 15 days. It is given a turning, plastered with wet mud and left undisturbed for about 5 months or till required.
- 12. This method saves labour cost because there is no need of turning and regular sprinkling of water. The size of pit Composting is done in trenches of 30’ × 6’ × 3’ or in pits of 20’ × 6’ ×3’.
- 13. Method of filling of composting pit Spread the moist farm refuse at the bottom of the pit up to one inch. Then, spread two inch of cattle dung and urinated mud followed by 1 or 2 inch layer of soil. This heap is made up to 1.5-2.0 feet above the ground level following above process. Finally the heap is covered with 1 inch thick mud. After 8-9 months all material decomposes and compost becomes ready for the application.
- 14. NADEP Method NADEP method of making miracle compost was first invented by a farmer named Narayan Deotao Pandharipande (also popularly known as “Nadepkaka”) living in Maharashtra (India). This method becomes quite popular among the farmers in western India. This method facilitates a lot of composting through minimum use of cattle dung. In this method, the decomposition process takes place aerobically.
- 15. Selection of site NADEP method uses a permanently built tank of mud or clay bricks, or cement blockettes. The tank should be located near cattle shed or farm site. Size of pit The tank should be 10’ ×6’ ×3’in size and are prepared with 9’ inch thick wall. Proper blocks and holes of 7 inches should be left on all the four side of the tank wall for the circulation of air. The floor of the tank is made of bricks or blockettes laid on the ground and covered with a layer of cement
- 16. Method of filling tank Slurry made of cow dung and water should be sprinkled on the floor and the walls of tank. The filling of tank follows these steps: First layer: Plant residues are spread evenly in layer up to 6 inches (10-100 Kg) in tank. Second layer: 4-5 Kg Cattle dung of gobber gasslurry in 125 to 150 litres of water should be apply on the first layer. Third layer: 50-60 Kg sieved soil added on the second layer of tank
- 17. In this way, the tank is filled layer by layer up to 1.5 feet above the brick level of tank. Filled tank should be covered and sealed by 3 inch layer of soil (300-400Kg). It should also be pasted with a mixture of dung and soil. Periodically the paste of cattle dung and water should be sprinkle to maintain 15- 20% moisture.
- 18. Coimbatore Method In Coimbatore method, composting is done in pits of different sizes depending on the waste material available. A layer of waste materials is first laid in the pit It is moistened with a suspension of 5-10 kg cow dung in 2.5 to 5.0 I of water and 0.5 to 1.0 kg fine bone meal sprinkled over it uniformly. Similar layers are laid one over the other till the material rises 0.75 m above the ground level. It is finally plastered with wet mud and left undisturbed for 8 to 10 weeks.
- 19. Vermi - compost Vermicomposting is a process that relies on earthworms and microorganisms to help stabilize active organic materials and convert them to a valuable soil amendment and source of plant nutrients. Earthworms will consume most organic materials, including food preparation residuals and leftovers, scrap paper, animal manure, agricultural crop residues, organic byproducts from industries, and yard trimmings This method of recycling converts organic materials that have traditionally been viewed as waste into a valuable soil amendment for plants and crops.
- 20. Species of worms for vermi - composting Eisenia foetida Eudrilus euginae Perionyx excavates Bimastos parvus
- 21. Requirements for vermi - composting Container :- In a container of 2.23x 2.23 m, about 10 kg of earthworms can convert approximately 1t per month Bedding material:-This is the lower most layer of earthworm feed substrate that is required to be composted- banana stem peels, coir pith, coconut leaves, grasses etc. Moisture content:- 30-40% Temperature:- 20-30 degree C is optimum