Indian logics UGC NET Paper 1 New Syllabus #LearnersEnclave
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The document discusses classical schools of Indian philosophy, including Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, and Vedanta, and their approaches to knowledge and reality. It outlines various means of knowledge (pramanas) such as perception, inference, and verbal testimony, explaining how they contribute to understanding the world. Additionally, it addresses different types of inferences and potential fallacies associated with them.
Indian logics UGC NET Paper 1 New Syllabus #LearnersEnclave
- 1. INDIAN LOGICS Siva Prasath T R UGC Junior Research Fellow Department of Social Work Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com Ph:9500436023 Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 1 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 2. Classical Schools of Indian Philosophy • Samkhya Philosophy • Yoga Philosophy • Nyaya Philosophy • Vaisheshika Philosophy • Purva mimansa (mimansa) • Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda) Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 2 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 3. Samkhya (Dualistic) Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Purva mimansa Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda) Kapila Pathanjali Gautam Vaisheshik Jaimini Advaita Shankara Vishishtha Advaita or qualified monism of Ramanuja Dvaita of Madhva Emphasizes the attainment of knowledge of self by means of concentration and meditation. Practical path for the realization of the self Nothing is acceptable unless it is in accordance with reason and experience (scientific approach) Physics of ancient times Propounded the atomic theory To analyze and understand thorough Examines the teachings of the veda Lays emphasis on the performance of the yagya for attaining various spiritual and worldly benefits World is unreal, maya. Vedanta is monistic, in other words, it says that there is only one reality, brahman 1. Pratyakṣa 2. Anumāṇa 3. Śabda 1. Pratyakṣa 2. Anumāṇa 3. Śabda 4. Upamāṇa 1. Pratyakṣa 2. Anumāṇa 1. Pratyakṣa 2. Anumāṇa 3. Śabda 4. Upamāṇa 5. Arthapati 6. Anupalabdhi 1. Pratyakṣa 2. Anumāṇa 3. Śabda 4. Upamāṇa 5. Arthapati 6. Anupalabdhi Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 3 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 4. Pramanas • To gain the knowledge • To understand the knowledge • Means of knowledge is understood through various means • Through which one can have valid cognitions of world. Pra Ma Outward or forth - (Away from a starting point) Measurement 1. Pratyakṣa 2. Anumāṇa 3. Śabda 4. Upamāṇa 5. Arthapati 6. Anupalabdhi Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 4 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 5. Pratyaksa (Perception) • Direct contact with the knowledge • Whatever felt through sense organs Eg: Child observe the surrounding and gain knowledge Types 1. Laukika-Ordinary Perception 2. Alaukika-Extra ordinary Perception Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 5 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 6. Anumana (inference) • Previous knowledge about something • Hidden meanings • Educated guess Eg: Dark clouds-rain Smoke-fire Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 6 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 7. Shabda (Verbal testimony) • Verbal testimony • Authoritativeness-Authority of humans and vedas but vedas as only infallible testimony.(Never makes mistake) Eg: King ordering his subjects Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 7 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 8. Upamana (Comparison) • Knowledge imparted by means of analogy (Similarity) Eg: Elephant leg: Elephantasis Tiger:Cheetah Comparing the unknown with known Types 1. Sadharmya- Unkown object→Similarities 2. Vaidharmya-Comparing with dissimilarities (Disease diagnosis) 3. Dharmamatro- Special character present Camel:hump Elephant:Tusk Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 8 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 9. Arthapatti (postulation) • Knowledge arrived at through presumptions. and postulations. • Suggestion or Assumption of the existence ,fact, truth of something as a basis for reasoning. Eg Fat man-Didn’t eat at day Two boats-2nd boat reached Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 9 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 10. Anupalabdi (non-perception) • Non Apprehension Eg: Absence of Flower fragrance some girl is absent. Absence of something can lead to knowledge Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 10 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 11. Anumana (inference) - Structure Paksha Minor term Mountain Hetu Middle term Smoke Sadhya Major term Fire Anu+Mana-After knowledge Eg: Hill is fiery because the hill is smoky Vyapti (Invariable relations) Pakshadharmata Paramsa Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 11 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 12. Vyapti • State of Pervasion→Correlation between two facts • Vyapya –Pervaded Vyapaka-other pervades • Smoke is pervaded by fire Types Samayvyapti- Vyapti between. terms of equal extension- Nameable is knowable and knowable is Nameable (Vice versa) Asavyapti- Vyapti between. terms of unequal extension-Infer one term from other but not viceversa Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 12 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 13. Kinds of Anumana Parata Anumana 1. Pratinja –Preposition 2. Hetu-Ground 3. Udharana-Illustrations 4. Upanaya- Application 5. Nigamana-Conclusion 1.Purvata Anumana- reasoning obtained from cause to effect Eg:Clouds leads to rain Seeds leads to plant 2.Sheshavata Anumana- reasoning obtained from effect to cause Eg: Upon seeing the fruit inferringthe seeds 3.Samanyota DrushtaAnumana- Inferential knowledge obtained through generalisation of particular matter 4.Svartha Anumana- The inference of meaning from one’s own perspective of observation Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 13 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R
- 14. Hetvabhasa-Inferential defects • Fallacies of inference-False/mistaken idea/deception • Any error in relation between Hetu and Sadhya • Types 1. Savyabhicara- Only fire but no smoke-redhot iron 2. Viruddha-Contradictory Fire in lake because there is water in it 3. Asiddha-Not proved-Redhot iron has smoke, because its fiery 4. Satpratipaksa-Having an antithesis- Two perspective of different persons 5. Badhita-Opposed by another strong pramana- Fire is cold Siva Prasath T R (UGC Junior Research Fellow) Department of Social Work , Pondicherry Central University sivaprasathtr@gmail.com , 9500436023 Page 14 of 14 SIVA PRASATH T R