Indicators of Health. To measure the health status of a community
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The document outlines various health indicators used to assess and compare the health status of communities and countries, including mortality and morbidity rates, disability rates, and health care delivery indicators. Specific statistics for India, such as current mortality rates and health program initiatives, are detailed to illustrate the existing health landscape. It emphasizes the importance of valid, reliable, and sensitive indicators for effective health measurement and policy-making.
![Infant with huge
hydrocephalus
a) Hydrocephalus is a condition in which
an accumulation of cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain.
b) This typically causes increased pressure
inside the skull. Older people may
have headaches, double vision, poor
balance, urinary incontinence,
personality changes, or mental
impairment.
c) In babies, it may be seen as a rapid
increase in head size. Other symptoms
may include vomiting,
sleepiness, seizures, and downward
pointing of the eyes.[1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/indicatorsofhealth-240222055546-ac4372eb/85/Indicators-of-Health-To-measure-the-health-status-of-a-community-17-320.jpg)
Indicators of Health. To measure the health status of a community
- 1. Indicators of Health ❖To measure the health status of a community ❖To compare the health status of country with that of another. Characteristics of indicators: ✔Should be valid ✔Should be reliable & objective ✔Should be sensitive ✔Should be specific ✔Should be feasible ✔Should be relevant.
- 2. Indicators of Health 1. Mortality indicators 2. Morbidity indicators 3. Disability rates 4. Nutritional status indicators 5. Healthy care delivery indicators 6. Utilization rates 7. Indicators of social & mental health 8. Environmental indicators 9. Socio‐economic indicators 10.Healthy policy indicators 11.Indicators of quality of life. 12.Other indicators. Death Rate Indicator Disease Indicator Health Care Indicator
- 3. Mortality Indicators These includes :‐ 1. Crude Death Rate 2. Expectation of Life 3. Maternal Mortality Rate 4. Infant Mortality Rate 5. Child Mortality Rate
- 4. Crude Death Rate :- 1. It can be defined as the Number of death in 1000 population in a year in a particular area. 2. In 2022, death rate for India was 7.38 per 1,000 people. Expectation of Life:- 1. It can be defined as the average numbers of years likely to be lived by a person. 2. If the expectation of life increases, it indicates improvement in the health status as socio-economic development. 3. To achieve expectation of life at birth, 60 years is the target foe “Health for All” by 2020. 4. The current life expectancy for India in 2024 is 70.62 years, a 0.29% increase from 2023.
- 5. • Maternal mortality refers to deaths due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000. Maternal Mortality Rate https://pib.gov.in/FeaturesDeatils.aspx?NoteId=151238&ModuleId%20=%202
- 6. 50-98% of maternal deaths are caused by direct obstetric causes like hemorrhage, infection, and hypertensive disorders, ruptured uterus, hepatitis, and anemia. 50% of maternal deaths due to sepsis are related to illegal induced abortion. MMR in India has not declined significantly in the past 15 years. The MMR is ‘high’ in Assam 195 per 100,000 live births).. It is 'low' in Kerala(19 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births).
- 7. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan, for instance, seeks to improve the quality and coverage of diagnostics and counselling services, along with providing assured comprehensive and quality antenatal care free of cost.
- 8. Infant Mortality Rate 1. It is the number of infant death out of 1000 live birth in a particular year. Infant mortality rate is the most widely accepted indicator of health as well as socio- economic conditions. 2. One important target of “Health for All by 2020” is to bring down the infant mortality rate 50 per 1000 live birth. 3. The current infant mortality rate for India in 2024 is 25.799 deaths per 1000 live births, a 3.08% decline from 2023.
- 9. Child Mortality Rate • The probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births. • In 2019, child mortality rate for India was 34.3 deaths per 1,000 live births.
- 10. Lower respiratory infections (17·9%), (15·6%), diarrhoeal diseases (9·9%), and birth asphyxia and trauma (8.1%) were the leading causes of under-5 death in India in 2017.
- 11. Causes of high child mortality rate in India 1. Lack of access to freshwater. 2. Widespread Illiteracy and Poverty 3. Premature birth and low birth weight. 4. Poor implementation of govt. schemes 5. Poor sanitation practices 6. Neonatal infections 7. Birth Asphyxia and Birth Trauma 8. Under-five children are more prone to communicable diseases. 9. Non-acceptance of girl child in the society is also a dark cause of infant mortality. 10.Malnutrition 11. Lack of Adequate Public Health Infrastructure 12. Poor maternal health
- 12. Morbidity indicators These indicators give information regarding the disease situation in the community. Morbidity indicators are considered more sensitive in comparison to mortality indicator. The important morbidity indicators are:- 1. Incidence (Total No. of New cases) and Prevalence rate (New + old) 2. OPD attendance rates 3. Hospital admission rates 4. Duration of stay in the hospital 5. Sickness absenteeisms. 6. Notification Rate
- 13. Disability Indicator • Disability rates include days of restricted activity, bed disability days, work loss days, limitation of mobility and limitation of activity.
- 14. 1. Event type Indicator: a) Days of restricted activities. b) Bed disability days. c) Work loss days. 2. Person type Indicator: a) Limitation of mobility: confined to house. b) Limitation of activity: limitation to perform basic activities. Alok Kumar 14 Disability Indicator
- 15. Nutritional status is a positive health indicator. Anthropometric measurement of pre school children: 1. Weight- measure acute malnutrition. 2. Hight- measure chronic malnutrition 3. Mid-arm circumference- measure chronic malnutrition Nutritional status indicators
- 16. a) Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain. b) This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental impairment. c) In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes.
- 17. Infant with huge hydrocephalus a) Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain. b) This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental impairment. c) In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes.[1]
- 19. Healthy care delivery indicators The indicators reflect the equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of the country and provision of health care. ➢Doctor -population ratio: 1:834 (Norm 1/1000) ➢Nurse- population ratio: 1.7/1000 (Norm 1/500) ➢Population- bed ratio: 8 beds/10,000 population (Norms1/1000) ➢Population per health center/sub center: 1/5000 in Plain 1/3000 in hilly/tribal/desert areas ➢Population per traditional health attendant. 20/10000-12000
- 20. According to Workload S. No. Bed Strength Number of Pharmacist required 01 Up to 50 beds 03 02 Up to 100 beds 05 03 Up to 200 beds 08 04 Up to 300 beds 10 05 Up to 500 beds 15
- 21. Utilization rates Utilization rate indicate the extent to which the health care facilities are utilized by the population in a year. The important utilization rate are: a) Proportion of fully immunized infant against six killer diseases of childhood. i.e. Diphtheria, Tetanus, Neonatorum, Poliomyelitis, Tuberculosis & Measles. b) Proportion of pregnant women receiving antenatal care of having deliveries conduct by trained dais. c) Proportion of population using methods of family planning. d) Bed occupancy rate e) Duration of stay in the hospital f) Bed turn over ratio
- 22. Indicators of social & mental health • We have only few indicators which too indirectly reflect the social and mental health. These are homicide, suicide, other violent acts, crime, road accident, juvenile delinquency, alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking, obesity, neglected youth and battered wife and battered baby syndromes.
- 23. • Most of these reflect the physical and biological environment of the human beings. They are related to air & water pollution, solid waste, radiation, noise, toxic food and drink. The most useful indicators can be the proportion of population getting safe water supply and proper sanitation facilities. Environmental Indicators
- 24. Socio‐economic indicators They are purely indirect measures of health status. They includes rate of population increase, per capita gross national product (GNP), level of unemployment, family size, dependency ratio, female literacy rate, number of occupants per room and per capita available calories.
- 25. Important Indicator of political commitment in the form of expenditure on health services. The important health policy indicators are proportion of GNP allocated to health services, proportion of GNP on health- related activities and proportion on resources for primary health. Healthy policy indicators