infection lecture INTRODUCTION TO INFECTION CONTROM
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This document outlines the fundamentals of infection control, detailing definitions of infection, the types of microorganisms, their growth conditions, and transmission routes. It distinguishes between endogenous and exogenous infections, highlights hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), and discusses various infectious agents and their impacts on healthcare costs. Key topics include the characteristics of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the role of superbugs, and prevention strategies in healthcare settings.
infection lecture INTRODUCTION TO INFECTION CONTROM
- 1. Introduction to infection control
- 2. Outline • Definition of Infection • Where can microorganisms be found ? • What do microorganisms need to grow? • How do microorganisms spread? • Types of infectious agents • Why infection is a problem? • Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) • Patient and hospital costs
- 3. ILOs • Define the infection control related terms: infection, microbe, infectious agents, exogenous infection, endogenous infection, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria…etc. • List the sources of infection. • Give a list of infectious agents and there sources. • Illustrate the meaning of hospital acquired infection. • Give examples of hospital acquired infection. • Compare between gram negative and gram positive bacteria. • Differentiate between endogenous and exogenous infection. • Identify the reason for studying infection prevention and control.
- 4. Introduction • Infection prevention and control in healthcare setting, home, the wider community is an important dimension of safe care. • It is a responsibility of those providing as well as those receiving care and services. • Practices or techniques that control or prevent transmissions of infection help to protect clients and healthcare workers
- 5. Definition of Infection • Is the presence and growth of a microorganism in the human body. • Is the invasion of the body with agents that have the potential to cause disease.
- 6. WHERE CAN MICROORGANISMS BE FOUND • Environment • People • Equipment • Food WHAT DO MICROORGANISMS NEED TO GROW? Warmth Moisture Dark Food source Oxygen (aerobic)
- 7. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria • Aerobic is a Greek word comprising from the words aero=air and bic=life), which means living with air. • Anaerobic is a Greek word comprising from the words An=without, aero=air and bic=life, which means living with air
- 8. HOW DO MICROORGANISMS SPREAD? • Hands • Through the air droplets • Via unclean equipment • Puncture of the skin • Contaminated food and water • Contact with an infected person We will discuss next the chain of infection in details. Point of route of transmission.
- 9. Types of infections • Endogenous (self infection) • Exogenous (cross infection)
- 10. Source of infection 1. Endogenous infection • A small fragment of bacteria causes disease in humans, and many species colonize in the human body to create an ecosystem known as bacterial flora. • Bacterial flora is endogenous bacteria, which naturally reside in a closed system. • Disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacteria flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain, bladder, peritoneal cavity or muscle. A prime example of this is when the residential bacterium E. coli of the GI tract enters the urinary tract. This causes a urinary tract infection
- 11. Source of infection 2. Exogenous infection • Exogenous infection arises from microorganisms introduced into the human’s body. • These microbes can enter a host (e.g. Human’s body) via: inhalation of bacteria, ingestion of contaminated or contaminated foods, sexual activity, or the direct contact of a wound with the bacteria.
- 13. Note: • Protozoaأوليات and worms ديدانare usually grouped together as parasites, and are the subject of the discipline of parasitology. • Viruses, bacteria, and fungi are the subject of microbiology.
- 14. Type of microorganisms • Beneficial microorganisms (non-pathogens) • Harmful microorganisms (pathogens)
- 15. Bacteria: capsule and slime layer • Many bacteria produce a layer outside the cell wall that adheres strongly to the cell to form a clearly defined capsule. • Capsules play an important role in enabling some bacteria to cause infection by protecting them from white blood cells. Example: influenza, streptococcus pneumonia • Some bacteria secrete a loose network of material called slime ,which helps them to adhere to a range of surfaces, including: teeth, plastic catheters & prosthetic devices.
- 16. Cell walls of the bacteria Gram positive bacteria • Have a cell wall made from a very thick wall. • Small molecules can pass into and out the cell. • Vulnerable to attack by enzymes (lysozyme). • Few pathogenic bacteria belong to it. • are less resistant against antibodies. Note: Penicillin and several antibiotics can destroy bacteria by interfering with the synthesis
- 17. Cell walls of the bacteria Gram negative bacteria • Have complicated outer walls. • Have a single thin layer surrounding the outer membrane that composed of protein, phospholipid & lipopolysaccharide (LPS). • LPS is toxic to animals which causes fever, damage to circulatory system. • The outer membrane enables it to resist penetration by many harmful substances (disinfectants). • It is susceptible to desiccation (dehydration), so it prefers moist environment (sink, taps)حنفية. • Most of the pathogenic bacteria belong to it. • are more resistant against antibiotics
- 18. Spores & cysts • It is a thick layer of peptidoglycan that are extremely difficult to destroy by heat or chemicals. • Spores االبواغare made by some bacteria when they are exposed to adverse environmental conditions E.g. lack of food source or moisture. • When condition improves the spore coat disintegrates to reveal a single vegetative cell (outgrowth) which then start to multiple. • Spores can survive for long periods. • Some protozoa e.g. entamoeba change into cysts which enables them to survive for many months outside a host.
- 20. What are the 3 superbugs • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (extended-spectrum ß-lactamases) Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
- 21. Hospital Acquired Infection (nosocomial infection) (HAI or NCI) • Modern healthcare demonstrate many types of invasive devices and procedures to treat patients and to help them recover. Infections can be associated with the devices used in medical procedures, such as catheters or ventilators, IV set, endoscopy, …etc. HAI is the infection that is acquired in hospital.
- 22. HAI or NCI Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)-UTI • UTI is an infection involving any part of the urinary system including: urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidney. • UTIs are the most common type of HAI • Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter • Catheter is a tube inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. • The most important risk factor for developing a UTI is prolonged use of the urinary catheter.
- 23. A surgical site infection • Is an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. • Surgical site infections can sometimes be superficial infections involving the skin only. • Other surgical site infections are more serious and can involve tissues under the skin, organs, or implanted material.
- 24. Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP) • VAN is a lung infection that develops in a person who is on a ventilator. • A ventilator is a machine that is used to help a patient breathe by giving oxygen through a tube placed in a patient’s mouth or nose, or through a hole in the front of the neck. • An infection may occur if germsجراثيم enter through the tube and get into the patient’s lungs
- 25. Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) • CLABSIs result in thousands of deaths each year and billions of dollars in added costs to the U.S. healthcare system, yet these infections are preventable. As it is a preventable infection, guidelines and tools to the healthcare community to help end CLABSIs is available.
- 26. Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) • Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes an inflammation of the colon; this condition is called colitis. • Diarrhea and fever are the most common symptoms of Clostridium difficile infection. • Overuse of antibiotics is the most important risk for getting Clostridium difficile infection. • Clostridium difficile is also called C. difficile, and CDI (Clostridium difficile infection).
- 27. Why infection is a problem? Patient costs • Disability Pain and suffering • Loss of earning • Longer waiting list • Psychological problems • Delay in recovery • Morbidity • Discomfort with procedures Hospital costs Longer stay More cost (dressing , drugs, medications,....etc.) Staff workload Further investigation
- 28. Hospital costs • Longer stay • More cost (dressing , drugs, medications,....etc.) • Staff workload • Further investigation