Introduction to infection control
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Dr. Naglaa Youssef's lecture introduces infection control concepts, emphasizing the importance of infection prevention in healthcare settings and the responsibilities of both providers and recipients of care. The lecture covers types of infections, their transmission, and the significance of hospital-acquired infections, highlighting factors such as endogenous and exogenous infections, the types of infectious agents, and the impact of infections on patient and hospital costs. It also compares gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, illustrating their differences and relevance in the context of healthcare.
Introduction to infection control
- 1. Dr. Naglaa Youssef (Ph.D) Lecture-1 Introduction to Infection control concept
- 2. Latin word 2 Singular plural Bacterium Bacteria Medium Media Bacillus Bacilli Staphylococcus Staphylococci
- 3. 3 • The microbes responsible for the great epidemics in the past have been controlled through improvements in living conditions, immunization, chemotherapy. • However, many parts of the world have yet to benefit from our ability to understand and control infectious diseases.
- 4. Introduction Infection prevention and control in healthcare setting, home, the wider community is an important dimension of safe care. It is a responsibility of those providing as well as those receiving care and services. Practices or techniques that control or prevent transmissions of infection help to protect clients and healthcare workers
- 5. Outline Definition of Infection Where can microorganisms be found ? What do microorganisms need to grow? How do microorganisms spread? Types of infectious agents Why infection is a problem? Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI) Patient and hospital costs
- 6. ILOs. 6 • Define the infection control related terms: infection, microbe, infectious agents, exogenous infection, endogenous infection, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria…etc. • List the sources of infection. • Give a list of infectious agents and there sources. • Illustrate the meaning of hospital acquired infection. • Give examples of hospital acquired infection. • Compare between gram negative and gram positive bacteria. • Differentiate between endogenous and exogenous infection. • Identify the reason for studying infection prevention and control.
- 7. Definition of Infection Is the presence and growth of a microorganism in the human body. Is the invasion of the body with agents that have the potential to cause disease.
- 8. WHERE CAN MICROORGANISMS BE FOUND ? Environment People Equipment Food WHAT DO MICROORGANISMS NEED TO GROW? Warmth Moisture Dark Food source Oxygen (aerobic)
- 9. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria Aerobic is a Greek word comprising from the words aero=air and bic=life), which means living with air. Anaerobic is a Greek word comprising from the words An=without, aero=air and bic=life, which means living with air. 9
- 10. HOW DO MICROORGANISMS SPREAD? Hands Through the air droplets Via unclean equipment Puncture of the skin Contaminated food and water Contact with an infected person We will discuss next the chain of infection in details. Point of route of transmission.
- 12. Source of infection 1. Endogenous infection A small fragment of bacteria causes disease in humans, and many species colonize in the human body to create an ecosystem known as bacterial flora. Bacterial flora is endogenous bacteria, which naturally reside in a closed system. Disease can occur when microbes included in normal bacteria flora enter a sterile area of the body such as the brain, bladder, peritoneal cavity or muscle. A prime example of this is when the residential bacterium E. coli of the GI tract enters the urinary tract. This causes a urinary tract infection. 12
- 13. Exogenous infection Exogenous infection arises from microorganisms introduced into the human’s body. These microbes can enter a host (e.g. Human’s body) via: inhalation of bacteria, ingestion of contaminated or contaminated foods, sexual activity, or the direct contact of a wound with the bacteria. 13
- 14. Types of infectious agents 14 Prions: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease Definition: Is the organisms that causes disease and it fall into five groups. Infectious agents come in many shapes and sizes. Bacteria and protozoa are microscopic one-celled organisms, Viruses are even smaller, Fungi grow like plants and Helminths (worms).
- 15. Note: Protozoa and worms are usually grouped together as parasites, and are the subject of the discipline of parasitology, Viruses, bacteria, and fungi are the subject of microbiology. 15
- 16. Type of microorganisms Beneficial microorganisms (non-pathogens) Harmful microorganisms (pathogens)
- 17. Bacteria: capsule and slime layer Many bacteria produce a layer outside the cell wall that adheres strongly to the cell to form a clearly defined capsule. Capsules play an important role in enabling some bacteria to cause infection by protecting them from white blood cells. Example: influenza, streptococcus pneumonia Some bacteria secrete a loose network of material called slime ( (لزجه مادة , which helps them to adhere to a range of surfaces, including: teeth, plastic catheters & prosthetic devices. 17
- 18. Cell walls of the bacteria Gram positive bacteria Have a cell wall made from a very thick wall. Small molecules can pass into and out the cell. Vulnerable to attack by enzymes (lysozyme). Few pathogenic bacteria belong to it. are less resistant against antibodies. Note: Penicillin and several antibiotics can destroy bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of Gram negative bacteria Have complicated outer walls. Have a single thin layer surrounding the outer membrane that composed of protein, phospholipid & lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS is toxic to animals which causes fever, damage to circulatory system. The outer membrane enables it to resist penetration by many harmful substances (disinfectants). It is susceptible to desiccation (dehydration), so it prefers moist environment (sink, taps). Most of the pathogenic bacteria belong to it. are more resistant against antibiotics
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- 20. Spores & cysts It is a thick layer of peptidoglycan that are extremely difficult to destroy by heat or chemicals. Spores are made by some bacteria when they are exposed to adverse environmental conditions E.g. lack of food source or moisture. When condition improves the spore coat disintegrates to reveal a single vegetative cell (outgrowth) which then start to multiple. Spores can survive for long periods. Some protozoa e.g. entamoeba change into cysts which enables them to survive for many months outside a host. 20
- 21. Why infection is a problem?
- 22. Hospital Acquired Infection (nosocomial infection) (HAI or NCI) Modern healthcare demonstrate many types of invasive devices and procedures to treat patients and to help them recover. Infections can be associated with the devices used in medical procedures, such as catheters or ventilators, IV set, endoscopy, …etc. HAI is the infection that is acquired in hospital.22
- 23. HAI or NCI Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)-UTI UTI is an infection involving any part of the urinary system including: urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidney. UTIs are the most common type of HAI Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter, Catheter is a tube inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. The most important risk factor for developing a UTI is prolonged use of the urinary catheter.
- 24. A surgical site infection is an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. Surgical site infections can sometimes be superficial infections involving the skin only. Other surgical site infections are more serious and can involve tissues under the skin, organs, or implanted material. Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
- 25. VAN is a lung infection that develops in a person who is on a ventilator. A ventilator is a machine that is used to help a patient breathe by giving oxygen through a tube placed in a patient’s mouth or nose, or through a hole in the front of the neck. An infection may occur if germs enter through the tube and get into the patient’s lungs. Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP)
- 26. Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) CLABSIs result in thousands of deaths each year and billions of dollars in added costs to the U.S. healthcare system, yet these infections are preventable. As it is a preventable infection, guidelines and tools to the healthcare community to help end CLABSIs is available.
- 27. Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes an inflammation of the colon; this condition is called colitis. Diarrhea and fever are the most common symptoms of Clostridium difficile infection. Overuse of antibiotics is the most important risk for getting Clostridium difficile infection. Clostridium difficile is also called C. difficile, and CDI (Clostridium difficile infection).
- 28. Why infection is a problem? Patient costs Disability Pain and suffering Loss of earning Longer waiting list Psychological problems Delay in recovery Morbidity Discomfort with procedures Hospital costs Longer stay More cost (dressing , drugs, medications,....etc.) Staff workload Further investigation
- 29. National guideline for infection control 29
- 30. Thank you30