Information processing
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Learning is an internal process rather than an external behavior change. There are different types of knowledge including general/specific, declarative, procedural, and episodic knowledge. Memory involves multiple stages including sensory register which briefly holds sensory information, and working memory which can hold around 5-9 chunks of information for around 18 seconds through rehearsal and other techniques to transfer information to long-term memory.
Information processing
- 4. LEARNING An internal process, not an external behavior change
- 6. 1. GENERAL VS. SPECIFIC This involves whether the knowledge useful in many tasks, or only in one
- 7. 2. DECLARATIVE This refers to factual knowledge
- 8. 3. PROCEDURAL This includes knowledge on how to do things
- 9. 4. EPISODIC This includes memories of life events.
- 10. 5. CONDITIONAL This is about "knowing when and why" to apply declarative or procedural strategies
- 12. Sensory Register The first step in the IP model, holds all sensory information for a very brief time. • Capacity: Our mind receives a great amount of information but it is more than what our minds can hold or perceive • Duration: The sensory register only holds the information for an extremely brief—in the order of 1 to 3 seconds
- 14. 1. To bring information into consciousness, it is necessary that we give attention to it. Such that, we can only perceive and remember later those things that pass through our attention "gate"
- 15. 2.Getting through this attentional filter is done when the learner is interested in the material; when there is conscious control over attention, or when information involves novelty, surprise, salience, and distinctiveness.
- 16. 3. Before information is perceived, it is known as "pre categorical" information. This means that until that point, the learner has not established a determination of the categorical membership of the information. To this point, the information is coming in as uninterpreted patterns of stimuli. Once it is perceived, we can categorize, judge, interpret, and place meaning to the stimuli. If we fail to perceive,we have no means by which to recognize that the stimulus was ever encountered.
- 17. Capacity: 5 to 9 "chunks" of information limited time Duration: Around 18 seconds or less
- 21. 2 Main Ways 1. Decay- Information is not attended to, and eventually 'fades' away 2. Interference- New or old information 'blocks' access to the information question
- 22. Methods for Increasing Retrieval of Information • Rehearsal- Repeating information verbatim • Meaningful Learning- Making connections between new information and prior knowledge • Organization- Making connections among various pieces of information • Elaboration- Adding additional ideas to new information based on what one already knows • Visual Imagery- This means forming a "picture" of the information • Generation- Things we 'produce' are easier to remember than things we 'hear' • Context- Remembering the situation helps recover information • Personalization- Making the information relevant to the individual
- 23. Other Memory Methods • Serial Position Effect- You will remember the beginning and end of 'list' most readily • Part Learning- Break up the 'list' or 'chunk' information to increase memorization • Distributed Practice- Break up learning sessions, rather than cramming all the info in at once • Mnemonic Aids- These are memory techniques that learners may employ to help them retain and retrieve more effectively
- 25. You cannot have a positive life and a negative