INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES
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This document provides an overview of information sources and services. It defines reference work and the reference process. It describes the history and evolution of reference services. It also outlines different types of reference sources like encyclopedias, dictionaries, almanacs, directories, and bibliographies. It discusses other information sources such as serials, government publications, and non-print materials. Finally, it summarizes various information services provided by libraries.
INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES
- 1. Information Sources and Services By: JEHN MARIE A. SIMON BLIS-2
- 2. C O M P I L E D T O P I C S : Def in ition an d Histor y R e f e r e n c e w o r k R e f e r e n c e p r o c e s s R e f e r e n c e i n t e r v i e w Q u e r y s t a t e m e n t S e a r c h s t r a t e g y B o o l e a n s e a r c h i n g R e f e r e n c e s o u r c e s
- 3. R e f e r e n c e b o o k B a s i c r e f e r e n c e s o u r c e s C o n t r o l A c c e s s D i r e c t i o n a l T y p e S o u r c e s O t h e r I n f o r m a t i o n S o u r c e s T y p e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e s I n s t r u c t i o n a l S e r v i c e s
- 4. Definition and History Samuel Green’s Personal Relation between Librarians and Reader’s, 1876 assistance to library readers in searching for information suggesting books searching and gathering information for researchers reaching young people how to use the library and reference sources making users understand the system we use in the library Alice Bertha Kroeger (1902 and 1908) from “the assistance given to the readers in the use of the resources of the library” to expanding the responsibility of the reference librarian to include guiding readers to information and reference service as an activity not limited to librarianship.
- 5. William S. Learned (1924) specialized “intelligence service” with each person having his or her unique needs James I. Wyer (1930) introduces the concept of interpretation and mediation aside from the aid and direction reference transaction: inquirer, reference librarian, sources or materials Gilbert Mudge and Louis Shores (1930s) “everything necessary to help the reader in his inquiry” (Mudge) “interpret books to readers” (Shores)
- 6. Ranganathan (1945) “ the process of establishing a contact between a reader and his documents In a personal way” ALA Reference & User Services Association (2000) “ information services in libraries take a variety of forms including direct personal assistance, directories, signs, exchange of information culled from a reference source, reader’s advisory service, dissemination of information in anticipation of user needs or interests, and access to electronic information.”
- 7. REFERENCE WORK Term emerged in the 1890’s Some overlap between the concepts of “reference work” and “reference service” according to Rothstein reference work is the personal assistance given by the librarian to individual readers in pursuit of information while reference service implies a “definite recognition” of the responsibility for providing reference work Samuel Rothstein
- 8. REFERENCE PROCESS “The process of satisfying specific, recurrent information needs” (Jahoda) “The process of answering questions” (Katz)
- 9. Message selection query words, descriptors, modifiers Negotiate query? Select types of answer-providing tool Select specific titles to search Jahoda’s Model of the Reference Proce
- 10. REFERENCE SOURCES Categories of Information Sources (Mann, 2005) Primary sources- primary records generated by a particular event, by those participated in it Secondary sources- later analyses and reports written by non-participants Level of Literature (Mann,2005) Primary literature- deals directly with a particular problem or concern secondary literature- comprised both scholarly and Popularizations Tertiary literature- consists of reference work
- 11. REFERENCE BOOK A book designed by the arrangement and treatment of its subject matter to be consulted for the definite items of information rather than to be read consecutively (ALA)
- 12. EVALUATION OF REFERECE SOURCES FORMAT SCOPE AUTHORITY TREATMENT RELATION TO SIMILAR WORKS ARRANGEMENT Special features Cost
- 13. BASIC REFERENCE SOURCES E n c y c l o p e d i aAttempts to gather all the information either from all branches of knowledge or from a single subject area, arrange them in alphabetical order for ready reference. Uses: • fact-finding • general background information • “preresearch” information
- 14. Types of ENCYCLOPEDIA Adult encyclopedia Popular adult sets Encyclopedia for children and young adults Electronic and online Subject encyclopedia Publishers: Encyclopedia Britanica Education Corp. World Book Grolier Inc. Macmillan Educational Corp.
- 15. D I C T I O N A R Y USES: o define words or translate them o verify spelling, syllabication or pronunciation o check on usage o determine the etymological history of a word o standardize the language to some extent Publishers: Merriam-Webster Oxford University Press Random House Scott-Foresman Doubleday Macmillan Simon & Schuster Houghton Mifflin
- 16. Types of Dictionary UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY Not derived or condensed from a larger work and attempt to include all words in a language that are in use Example: WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY ABRIGED OR DESK DICTIONARY Selective compilation Example: WEBSTER’S NINTH COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY ETHYMOLOGICAL Gives the history of individual words, also called historical or diachronic Example: THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY
- 17. SLANG DICTIONARY Defines terms used in ordinary or informal speech Example: DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN SLANG DUAL LANGUAGE OR BILINGUAL DICTIONARY Contains terms in one language and definitions in a second language in the first section Example: ITALIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY THESAURUS Contains synonyms and antonyms, usually without definitions Example: ROGET’S INTERNATIONAL THESAURUS
- 18. USAGE DICITONARY Prescribes how the word should be used ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM DICTIONARY Example: ACRONYM, INITIALISMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DICTIONARY SUBJECT DICTIONARY Example: ALA Glossary Harrod’s Glossary of LIS Terms
- 19. A L M A N A C S “A compendium of useful data and statistics relating to countries, Personalities, events, subjects, and the like” (Katz) Examples: Canadian’s Almanac and Directory Time Almanac Whitaker’s Almanack World Almanac and Book of Facts
- 20. Y E A R B O O K S “An annual compendium of the data and statistics of a given year” (Katz) Examples: General works Facts on File World News Digest Yearbook Annual Register: World Events Subject yearbooks The Europa World Yearbook The Stateman’s Yearbook’s: the Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World
- 21. H A N D B O O K S A N D M A N U A L S Ready reference guides to particular fields of knowledge as they compress large amounts of information on that field or subject into one or a few volumes BOOKS OFDAYS IN FIRST CURIOSITIES AD WONDERS ETIQUETTE LITERATURE QUOTATIONS
- 22. DI RECTORI ES “ A listof person’s or organizations systematicallyarranged, usuallyin alphabeticor classed order giving address, affiliations, etc. for individuals, and address, officers, functions, and similar data for organizations” (ALA) USES For information and referral purposes to locate a person, organization or institution to verify the spelling look for descriptions/ biographic data compiling mailing lists for sampling purposes for social or commercial surveys
- 23. Categories ofDirectories Local Directories GovernmentDirectories Institutional Directories Tradeand Business Directories and investment services Professional Directories Examples: Encyclopedia of Associations The Foundation Directory The Europa World of Learning
- 24. B I O G R A P H I C S O U R C E S TYPES DIRECT Contains specific facts about an individual such as Birth/death dates, education, career, childhood, accomplishments, works INDIRECT Lists bibliographical citations leading the user to other works which contain the biographies themselves; they may contain entries to periodicals and books containing biographical information
- 25. Categories: • current • retrospective • professional andsubjectbiographies • internationalbiographies • pseudonym
- 26. G E O G R A P H I SOURCES Primarily answers questions about location MAPS • graphical representation of certain boundaries of the earth on flat surface • Types: physical, political, route, thematic, special purpose GLOBE • three- dimensional representation of earth’s surface
- 27. GAZETTEERS • geographical dictionaries GUIDEBOOKS • travel guide
- 28. CONTROL-ACCESS-DIRETIONAL TYPE SOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHIES a list of works whether intended to be complete or selective, compiled on some organizing principle, such as authorship, subject, place of publication, chronology or printer LIBRARY CATALOG list of holdings found in a library or group of libraries INDEXES AND ABSTACTS index- a tool used to locate information within a document abstract- same as index but contains a summary of the material’s content
- 29. OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES SERIALS A publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or chronological designations and intended to be continued indefinitely. Examples: periodical, magazine, journal GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS any publication originating in, or issued with the imprints of, or at the expense and by the authority of, any office of a legally organized government or international organizations
- 30. PRINTED NON-BOOK MATERIALS Company and Trade literature Technical reports Standards Specifications Patents Trademark Dissertations and Thesis TYPES OF INFORMATION SERVICES • INTERLIBRARY LOAN AND DOCUMENT DELIVERY • CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICE • SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION • INFORMATION AND REFERRAL SERVICES • INFORMATION BROKERING • TECHNICAL INQUIRY SERVICE • RESEARCH ASSISTANCE AND CONSULTING • TERM-PAPER COUNSELING • BIBLIOTHERAPY • READER’S ADVISORY SERVICE
- 31. INSTRUCTIONAL SERVICES LIBRARY ORIENTATION - designed to welcome and introduce new and potential users to the library’s services. LIBRARY INSTRUCTION - service provided by the library which trains users how to use the tools and resources within its environs BIBLIOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTIONS - teaches learners how to locate and use information beyond the physical boundaries of the library INFORMATION LITERACY - the information literate person is one who is able to recognize when information is needed, have the ability to clocate.