information system security notes for bat04015
- 2. Concepts of Information and Communication Technology
- 3. Definition of ICT ď‚— Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the technology that supports activities involving information. ď‚— Such activities include gathering, processing, storing and presenting data. ď‚— Increasingly these activities also involve collaboration and communication.
- 4. ICT Cont’d…  ICT is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the telecommunications (telephone lin es and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
- 5. ICT Cont’d…  Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a generic name used to describe a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving, processing, analysing, and transmitting information.
- 6. ICT Cont’d…  Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that are combined to allow people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital world.
- 7. ICT Cont’d…  ICT simply implies to use of technology for input, process, storage and transfer of data and the output of information.
- 8. What is computer? ď‚— A computer is an electronic device that accepts information and instructions from a user, manipulates the information according to the instructions, displays the information in some way, and stores the information for retrieval later. ď‚— Computer simply accepts inputs, processes data, stores data and produces output
- 9. Components of Computer ď‚— There are two basic components that make up a computer... ď‚–Hardware ď‚–Software
- 10. Hardware ď‚— Hardware is basically anything that you can touch with your fingers. ď‚— There are four types/categories of hardware and they are as listed below: ď‚–Input devices ď‚–Output devices ď‚–Storage devices ď‚–Processing devices ď‚–Communication device
- 11. Input Devices ď‚— These are the devices that are used to enter data into the computer so that they can be processed. ď‚— Examples are: ď‚–Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Touch Pad ď‚–Light Pen, Laser Scanner, Pointing Stick ď‚–Touch Screen, Bar Code Reader, ď‚–Microphone, Joystick, scanner
- 12. Example of an Input Device
- 13. Output Device ď‚— These are devices that are used to get data out of the computer and they are as listed below: ď‚–Monitor ď‚–Printer ď‚–Speakers ď‚–Headphones ď‚–Modem ď‚–Fax
- 14. Examples of Output Device
- 15. Storage Devices  A storage device is a place to keep instructions or data that has been processed so that it can be retrieved at a later time to be used again.  These are: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk CD’s, DVD’s, Magnetic Tape Flash Memory
- 16. Processing Device ď‚— This is the device where data is being processed or manipulated so as to obtain output. ď‚— The common used processing device is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) ď‚— Central Processing Unit is also called the brain of the computer
- 17. Software ď‚— Software can be defined as computer programs or instructions that when executed provide desired features, function, and performance. ď‚— Software consists of data structure that enable the programs to adequately manipulate information. ď‚— They also consist of documentation that describe the operation and use of the programs
- 18. Types of Software ď‚— There are two types of software: ď‚–System software ď‚–Application software
- 19. System Software ď‚— System software is a term referring to a software which manages and controls the hardware so that application software can perform a task. ď‚— System software helps computer carry out its basic tasks. ď‚— It is a collection of programs.
- 20. System Software Cont’d…  It enables the application software to interact with the hardware.  It is a background software that helps the computer manage its own resources.  An example of a System Software is an Operating System (OS).
- 21. Examples of Operating Systems ď‚— The following are examples of Operating Systems: ď‚–Windows such as Windows 7, 8, 10 ď‚–Linux, ď‚–Unix ď‚–Mac OS, ď‚–Android ď‚–iOs
- 22. Application Software â—¦ Application software: Programs that help users solve particular computing problems. â—¦ Apply to real-world tasks.
- 23. Examples of Application Software ď‚— There are various examples of Application software which are: ď‚–Payroll systems ď‚–Inventory Control ď‚–Word Processor ď‚–Spreadsheet ď‚–Microsoft Power Point ď‚–Database Management System
- 24. Types of Computer ď‚— There are four (4) types of computers which are as mentioned below: 1. Supercomputers 2. Mainframe computers 3. Minicomputers 4. Microcomputers
- 25. Supercomputers ď‚— Supercomputers: are the most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing. ď‚— They are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. ď‚— Supercomputers are very expensive and large in size.
- 26. Cont’d…  Supercomputers can be accommodated in large air- conditioned rooms and some of them can span an entire building.  Supercomputers are used to study Earthquakes phenomenon.  They are also used for natural resources exploration like natural gas, petroleum, coal etc.
- 27. Cont’d…  Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting and to study the nature and extent of hurricanes, rainfalls, windstorms etc.
- 28. Mainframe computers ď‚— These are computers used by large firms and government organizations to run business operations. ď‚— Mainframe computers are not powerful as supercomputers but can also process and store large amount of data.
- 29. Cont’d,…  Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can thus substitute for several small servers.  Banks, educational institutions & insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students & insurance
- 30. Minicomputers ď‚— Minicomputers are also called Midrange computers and they are not designed for a single user. ď‚— A minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. ď‚— They are used by small business and firms.
- 31. Cont’d…..  Individual departments of a large company or organizations use Mini- computers for specific purposes.  For example, a production department can use Mini-computers for monitoring certain production process.
- 32. Microcomputers or Personal computers ď‚— Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones are all types of microcomputers. ď‚— The micro-computers are widely used & the fastest growing computers. ď‚— These computers are the cheapest among the other three types of computers.
- 33. Cont’d….  The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes.  Well known manufacturers of Micro- computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.
- 34. Cont’d….  Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car, Netbooks, Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones, Calculators are all type of Microcomputers.
- 35. Cont’d,…
- 36. Cont’d,….
- 37. Advantages of Computer ď‚— It saves time as computers perform calculations at a very high speed compared to human beings. ď‚— It stores lots of information and data ď‚— Computers can be entertaining through playing music, games, videos etc.. ď‚— Computer enables human beings to access lots of information through internet
- 38. Cont’d,…  It saves space in the offices that is, instead of having too many files, a computer can be used to store those files and reduce physical files.  Computers are used in Business to collect and analyze data to produce concise information for management in a clear format suitable for making decisions and help managers avoid being overloaded with unnecessary information.
- 39. Cont’d….  Computers provide job opportunities to most computer professionals such as video productions, creation of games, software developers, etc.  Law enforcement agencies use computers to collect and analyze evidences.  Computers allow people across the globe to communicate with each other any time through the use of e-mails
- 40. Disadvantages of Computer ď‚— Health risk: prolonged or improper use of computers can lead to disorders of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck and the back ď‚— Computer crimes: People use computers for negative activities, they hack the credit card numbers of the people and misuse them or they can steal important data
- 41. Cont’d….  Unemployment: different tasks are performed automatically by using computers hence reducing the need for people which lead to unemployment  Computers can make the mind lazy: most of the students spend more time playing games instead of visiting informative sites, and some do not work on assignments they just do copy and paste hence reduce thinking capacity to students.
- 42. Cont’d…  Destruction of culture: most of the children use computers to visit various websites and sometimes pornography sites which lead to destroy the culture and morals in general  Computers has a possibility of data loss, file corruption and hardware damage.
- 43. Importance of ICT in business operation ď‚— ICT makes a business more efficient, effective and promptly respond to customers' needs. ICT can assist business activities including design, manufacturing, R&D, distribution and sales and feedback.
- 44. Importance of ICT Cont.... ď‚— Better Decision-Making ICT systems allow your business to store, process, analyze and share vast amounts of data. The information available from corporate data enables managers and employees to make decisions quickly and accurately so that they can manage operations effectively and respond rapidly to business opportunities or threats. Communication networks also enable decision-makers in different locations to work together easily when they need to take joint decisions.
- 45. Increased Manufacturing Productivity ď‚— By automating business processes and giving employees ICT tools, your business can improve its individual and overall productivity. On the production line, for example, solutions such as computer-aided design can help to reduce set-up times and improve manufacturing accuracy so that employees spend less time on reworking. Access to manufacturing data enables managers to plan production more effectively, making better use of resources and reducing lead times.
- 46. Improved Customer Service ď‚— Quality of customer service is an important differentiator for businesses. Your company can use ICT solutions to offer faster response to and higher standards of service to its customers. If you run a call center, for example, your agents can access databases that provide comprehensive customer information, including purchase history and product preferences. The information helps them deal quickly and efficiently with inquiries, boosting customer satisfaction. Service personnel working in the field can access customer, service and product databases using smartphones with secure Internet connections. This enables them to fix problems quickly and effectively, again boosting customer satisfaction.
- 47. Greater and Virtual Collaboration ď‚— Communication networks enable your project teams to collaborate effectively. By using videoconferencing or web conferencing over the Internet, teams can hold virtual meetings that bring together members from different locations, or different organizations, such as suppliers or business partners. This helps to create stronger project teams and enables the teams to maintain progress on important projects, rather than waiting for members to meet in a single location. In a product development program, for example, teams can reduce overall project time and get new products to market faster, giving the company a strong competitive advantage.
- 48. Improved Financial Performance ď‚— ICT solutions can help your organization reduce costs, increase revenue and improve profitability. Using videoconferencing to host meetings between members in different locations, for example, reduces travel costs. Production data can help staff identify quality problems, reducing waste and reworking costs. Call center agents can use information available on their customer databases to increase revenue by identifying opportunities for selling additional products or services. Cost reductions and revenue gains make an important contribution to overall profitability.
- 49. Information technology has improved customer support. ď‚— Customers can receive support from multiple channels telephone, emails, social media platforms, webinars, and so on. Additionally, customer relationship management systems help businesses understand customer behavior.
- 50. Information technology has improved resource management.  Cloud computing allows a company’s employees to use any device anywhere in the world to access their enterprise level software.
- 51. ICT as a Source of Support and Security ď‚— Technology enables us to automate numerous processes, which thereby increases our productivity. This is possible because it enables us to use fewer resources, thereby enabling us to improve on quality at a low cost and to improve the speed with which we can deliver to customers. In the process, it has become possible to serve even more clients.
- 52. Increased Connectivity  Technology has made it easier for people to stay in touch. Whether you’re looking to communicate with your employees and colleagues via video chat or sending email blasts to leads, mobile technology and the constant innovation that takes place within the space has made it possible for communication to take on a new level of hyper-realism
- 53. END