Introduction to computer and hardware software
- 2. The word computer is derived from the word compute, which means calculation. Therefore, in simple language it is considered as a calculation device that can do arithmetic and logical operations with speed, but today its definition has changed because now the use of computer is not limited to calculation, today it is used for music, graphics, Internet is also happening in many other areas. So now it can say that it is an electronic device that accepts data, and after a wide step-by-step processing it changes into information and presents the output result. It accepts stores and manipulates data according to our need. Definition of Computer
- 3. A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions through integrated hardware and software components. It works with the help of programs and represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. It also has a memory that stores the data, programs, and result of processing. The components of a computer such as machinery that includes wires, transistors, circuits, hard disk are called hardware. Whereas, the programs and data are called software. Definition of Computer
- 4. C O M P U T E R Full Form of Computer 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Commonly Operating Machine Purposely Used For Technological Educational Research
- 5. The basic parts without which a computer cannot work are as follows: Processor: It executes instructions from software and hardware. Memory It is the primary memory for data transfer between the CPU and storage. Motherboard: It is the part that connects all other parts or components of a computer. Storage Device: It permanently stores the data, e.g., hard drive. Input Device: It allows you to communicate with the computer or to input data, e.g., a keyboard. Output Device: It enables you to see the output, e.g., monitor.
- 6. Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and the Central Processing Unit. Computer Hardware:
- 7. Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, documentation that performs different tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level code or the code written for an operating system. Examples of software are Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL etc. Computer Software:
- 8. Hardware & Software Hardware is a physical parts computer that cause processing of data. Software is a set of instruction that tells a computer exactly what to do. It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered. Hardware can not perform any task without software. Software can not be executed without hardware. As Hardware are physical electronic devices, we can see and touch hardware. We can see and also use the software but can’t actually touch them. It has four main categories: input device, output devices, storage, and internal components. It is mainly divided into System software, Programming software and Application software. Hardware is not affected by computer viruses. Software is affected by computer viruses.
- 9. Characteristics of Computer Speed A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds. Accuracy Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy. Diligence A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings. Versatility Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency. Reliability A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.
- 10. Computers are playing a vital role in almost every field and making our day-to-day tasks more manageable. Computers were only used to perform complex numerical calculations in a previous time, but they have reached too far and now perform many different roles. They are now performing diverse set functions from complicated calculations to generating business reports, bill generation to education, programming or development to entertainment, Use of Computer
- 11. Use of Computer Business Currently, computers can be seen in almost every business. Computers are almost part of a business setup because they increase productivity and help race in a competitive environment. In businesses, computers are primarily used to store and manage accounts and personal data, maintain projects, track inventory status, and make reports and presentations. Besides, computers are best suited for transaction processing because they are more accurate and faster than humans. Computers also help people analyze their investment, expenses, profits, sales and many other aspects of the business. Science Scientists are amongst one of those people who use computers as their primary work tool. In science, research and engineering, computers are best suited for collecting, analyzing, categorizing, and storing the data. They also help scientists to exchange data with each other both internally and internationally. Computers enable scientists from different locations (such as different countries) to work together on the same project with cloud support. Besides, computers play a crucial role in launching, maintaining, controlling spacecraft, and operating many other technologies.
- 12. Use of Computer Govt. In the government sector, computers are beneficial. They are getting used to performing various functions in different departments and improving their services' quality, efficiency, and productivity. Some examples of such services are city planning, traffic control, law enforcement, infrastructure developments, and tourism. In most cases, the primary purposes of using computers are performing data processing tasks, maintaining citizens' database, and promoting a paperless environment. Apart from this, computers are playing a crucial role in the country's defense system. They are helping in missile development, rocket, satellite launches, etc. Health and Medical Computers are radically changing the methods of diagnosis in hospitals. They are used for maintaining patients' information, records, live monitoring of patients, X-rays, and more. Everything is being digitized with the help of computers. Computers help configure lab-tools, monitor heart rate, and blood pressure, etc. Doctors get extra advantages in treating patients with proper drugs and medicines. Additionally, computers enable doctors to exchange patient's data easily with other medical specialists. Besides, advanced surgical devices are based on robotics that helping surgeons to conduct complex operations and surgeries remotely.
- 13. Use of Computer Education Computers are broadly getting used in the education field. They help people get different educational materials (such as images, videos, e- books, etc.) in one place. All such information can be accessed through the Internet. Additionally, computers are best suited for online classes, online tutoring, online examinations, and creating assignments and projects. Apart from this, they can also be used to maintain and monitor student performance and other information. Banking Banking has become so advanced in the past few years. Most countries use online banking systems where customers can access their data directly using computers and the Internet. People can check their account balance, transfer money, and pay online bills, including credit cards. Besides, Banks use computers to perform transactions and store customer data, transaction records, etc. Banks have reduced the number of manual errors, number of employees, and costs to a great extent by using computers. ATMs are the best example of computers that are helping people to withdraw and deposit the money themselves.
- 14. Use of Computer Entertain- ment Computers nowadays are one of the best mediums for entertainment. Computers can be used to watch movies, play games, listen to music, etc. Computers combined with MIDI instruments can be used to record audio through artificial instruments. Besides, people can also enjoy recording their videos with webcam and apply several entertaining AI effects. Several Photo editor programs are also available with fabulous powerful features. Weather Forecasti- ng Weather forecasting is never easy for humans because it depends on many factors that are continually changing. It is almost impossible for humans to predict the weather without using a computer. The weather forecasting process involves complex computation and monitoring of data from satellites and many other technological devices. The computer has made it a little easier to predict weather conditions because it can process information from different sources and make complex calculations related to it, which are necessary for forecasting. Computers process enormous amounts of meteorological information during weather forecasting.
- 15. A computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. It processes the input according to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and gives the desired output. Computers are of various types and they can be categorized in two ways on the basis of size and on the basis of data handling capabilities. Types of Computer PC (Personal Computer) Super computer Mainframe computer Mini computer Workstation On the basis of size On the basis of data handling Analogue Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer
- 16. Types of Computer It is particularly designed to process analogue data. Continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values is called analogue data. So, an analogue computer is used where we don’t need exact values or need approximate values such as speed, temperature, pressure etc. It can directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. It measures the continuous changes in physical quantity. It gives output as a reading on a dial or scale. For example speedometer, mercury thermometer, etc. Analogue Computer:
- 17. Types of Computer Digital computers are designed in such a way that it can easily perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It takes raw data as an input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the final output. It only understands the binary input 0 and 1, so the raw input data is converted to 0 and 1 by the computer and then it is processed by the computer to produce the result or final output. All modern computers, like laptops, desktops including smartphones are digital computers. Digital Computer:
- 18. Types of Computer As the name suggests hybrid, which means made by combining two different things. Similarly, the hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers are fast like an analog computer and have memory, and accuracy like a digital computer. So, it has the ability to process both continuous and discrete data. For working when it accepts analog signals as input then it converts them into digital form before processing the input data. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both analog and digital data is required to be processed. A processor which is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price is an example of a hybrid computer. Hybrid Computer: