Initial Synopsis(08-08-2022).pdf

Design of an Entropy Signal and Sigmoid System for Wireless Power
Transfer: Prototyping, Experimentation, and Validation
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless power transfer (WPT) can be defined as a technology capable of transmitting energy
across a medium, from a power source to an electrical load, without the use of electrical wires
connecting this power source to the load [1]. This technology is extensively used in a wide
range of applications ranging from sophisticated low-power biomedical implants, to high-
power electric vehicles to white goods such as electric toothbrushes and mobile phones [2].
In the context of biomedical implants and devices, WPT has been instrumental in progressing
the state of the art. The first fully implantable device was Great batch’s pacemaker circa
1958, which required the use of mercury based batteries; such a device would be considered
unsafe for implantation today. While many modern implants still employ batteries, implants
that employ WPT are smaller, and do not require explanation for battery recharging [3]
A transformer, an inductive heater, a near-field communication system, and a
contactless charger were all examples of inductive coupling applications used for wireless
phones prior to the invention of resonance coupling WPT. A comparable approach also
existed to rectify the power factor between coils in a transformer, for example, by using
resonance created by an inductor and capacitance. Reactive power and power loss increase in
the absence of capacitance at coils. In order to reduce reactive power alone, more capacitance
is therefore added to the coils [4]. For mobile devices, a wired, stationary power source is
seldom the ideal choice. The majority of portable electronics typically use rechargeable
batteries as their power source. However, because to the low battery capacity, the batteries
must be constantly charged by connecting to the power grid. Unprecedented attention has
been given to figuring out how to transmit power wirelessly in order to avoid the hassle of
connecting cables [5]. Nikola Tesla, a remarkable visionary, advocated transmitting energy
into empty space and transforming the wireless energy into useful direct current power. Due
to this goal, new power supply technologies such as Energy Harvesting (EH) and Wireless
Power Transfer have been created (WPT). Fast processors, vivid screens, and strong
connectivity will result from unlimited wireless power [6].
We explored an integrated ultra-low power system on chip (SoC) approach to meet
the cost demands and the wide range of scenarios and use cases. Here we show a highly
integrated, adaptable, and widely configurable SoC capable of harvesting multi-source energy
and enabling wireless power transfer because the sources of energy to be harvested are
numerous and extremely different with quirks that need to be carefully addressed (WPT).
Present is a cutting-edge platform built around a 2.5 W ultra-low power SoC. Through the
use of high performance ultra-low power circuitry, this highly flexible solution is able to
carry out multi-source energy harvesting (EH). The SoC was designed as a novel modular
system architecture and distinguishes itself as a very flexible platform for radio frequency
(RF) energy harvesting and wireless power transfer that can be used to implement numerous
practical use cases with little difficulty in real-world situations and using various power

sources [8]. The SoC offers additional ways to power and conveniently maintain WSNs when
it is integrated into a system. This is made feasible by a cutting-edge multi-part system
architecture that combines a DC/DC converter with enable, a particular wideband RF to DC
converter achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE), and one of the best in class low
power sensitivity [9]. Amplitude-Shift-Keying/Frequency-Shift-Keying (ASK/FSK) receiver,
asynchronous finite state machine, and programmable logic circuit integration provide added
value by making the system flexible and allowing it to receive data and power at the same
time. These qualities give the system a high degree of adaptability so that it can be set up
either dynamically or statically to handle various scenarios. All of this enables the
implementation of a variety of use cases where it is typically necessary to correctly separate
power techniques and behaviours [10].
Due in large part to its unique performance and exciting potential in the areas of
electric vehicles, lighting, implantable medical devices, mobile phone charging, etc., wireless
power transfer (WPT), which transmits electric power to devices without wires or cables, has
garnered considerable attention. However, the WPT system's development and commercial
uses have been constrained by the system's highly constrained transfer efficiency and
distance with traditional materials [11]. Recently, it was discovered that metamaterials can
boost the coupling coefficient between the resonant coils and focus on the lines of force in
radio-frequency magnetic fields, which is advantageous to the effectiveness of WPT
transmission. As a result, in this section we concentrate on WPT developments from the
viewpoint of metamaterials [12]. In the early 1900s, Tesla proposed Wireless Power Transfer
(WPT) as a method of transferring tens of thousands of horse power. In the 1950s, the term
"rectenna" first appeared to describe an antenna attached to a rectifier for the purpose of
harvesting radio frequency (RF) power, possibly to power unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
The physical properties of the propagation medium, air, have hampered omni-directional
long-range WPT. Therefore, near-field non-radiative power transfer for wireless consumer
electronics charging or short-range radiative Radio Frequency Identification have been the
main commercial WPT applications (RFID) [13, 14]
2. RECENT DEVELOPMENT FOR THE RESEARCH
Misalignment between the transmitting and receiving directional antennas constantly reduces
the effectiveness of wireless power transfer (WPT). This letter [15] proposes exploiting the
unused third harmonic produced by rectifiers as a way for WPT maximum radiation direction
alignment. Unchanged and still capable of further recycling is the extensively utilised second
harmonic. A hybrid coupler is employed concurrently for third-harmonic coupling and
dispersing received power. The third harmonic is produced during rectification due to the
nonlinearity of diodes, and the rectifier filter then reflects it back. By using the same hybrid
and another antenna pair operating at the third harmonic frequency, it is totally returned to the
base station. Thus, when both the transmitting and receiving antennas are lined up, the
greatest amount of power transfer is achieved. Measurement and simulation from the
Advanced Design System are used to validate the suggested method.

This work [16] proposes a dual-band printed planar antenna for wireless power
transfer for wearable applications that operates at two ultra-high frequency bands (2.5
GHz/4.5 GHz). The transmission antenna is printed on a FR-4 substrate, while the receiving
antenna is on a flexible Kapton polyimide substrate. A 2.1 cm2 area is occupied by the
reception antenna. ANSYS HFSS software was used to simulate antennas, and the simulation
results and measurement results were compared.
The antenna radiation direction and polarisation misalignments between the base
station and the WPT terminal are a constant problem for wireless power transfer (WPT). In
this letter, [17] a differential charge pump's 3rd harmonic is utilised for antenna alignment
with just one set of antennas. The 3rd harmonic can be produced and reflected by the
differential charge pump because diodes are inherently nonlinear. A ring coupler is used to
link the 3rd harmonic generation back to the differential charge pump's input port and
distribute the received fundamental-frequency power for rectification by the device. A dual-
band antenna that operates at the third harmonic frequency serves as the feedback for this
third harmonic power. 3rd As a result, the base station's maximum 3rd harmonic feedback
can be used to align the WPT antennas. The entire system has undergone theoretical analysis
and experimental verification.
This article deals with a micro strip patch antenna working at 868 MHz, suitable for
the radio frequency wireless power transfer and energy harvesting applications. The proposed
[18] monolithic antenna is compact, lightweight and it is printed on a thick substrate in order
to maximize the total gain in the broadside direction. The antenna radiates at 868 MHz with a
fractional impedance bandwidth of 5% and it shows a gain of 4.14 dB.
The article [19] describes an embroidered wearable textile antenna for wireless power
transfer devices. In order to create a bendable receiver by magnetic resonance, a planar spiral
coil was created with the conductive thread on a cotton substrate and coupled to a rectifier
circuit made on flexible polyethylene terephthalate film. The proposed system could transmit
12.75 mW of power across a 15 cm distance with a 5.51 dB transfer efficiency at a resonance
frequency of 6.78 MHz. Additionally, it was shown that, for bending radii up to 50 mm or
larger, the resonance frequency and transmitted power of the proposed system could be kept
constant even when the system was bent to match the surface curvature of the human body
model.
mobile power transfer The transmission of electromagnetic energy without physical
connectors like wires or waveguides often makes use of electromagnetic field management
techniques that were initially put forth decades ago and necessitates making trade-offs
between certain crucial factors (like efficiency) and others (such as stability). Modern
methods for manipulating [20] electromagnetic fields have been developed in recent years,
and these methods can be applied to produce more complex wireless power transfer systems.
Here, we examine how new materials and physical phenomena have been developed for
wireless power transfer. We investigate methods based on on-site power generation, parity-
time symmetry, exceptional spots, and coherent perfect absorption. We also examine the
application of acoustic power transmission, wireless power transfer, and the usage of
metamaterials and met surfaces. We conclude by outlining possible directions for the
advancement of wireless power transfer technology.

Wireless communications and power transfer are based on an antenna's ability to
extract electromagnetic energy from impinging external radiation (WPT). The antenna must
be conjugate matched, or resonant and having an equal coupling with both empty space and
its load, in order to transfer the maximum amount of energy. This is difficult to achieve in
near-field WPT. The idea of coherently increased wireless power transfer is presented here
[21]. We demonstrate that the overall performance of WPT can be improved and that it may
even be possible to achieve dynamic control by using a technique that is similar to the one
underlying the operation of coherent perfect absorbers. The idea is based on coherently
stimulating a waveguide coupled to an antenna load with a backward-propagating signal of
predetermined amplitude and phase. This signal induces an appropriate interference pattern at
the load, altering the local wave impedance, enabling conjugate matching, and substantially
increasing the energy extracted to the waveguide. We create a theoretical illustration of this
idea, show it using full-wave numerical simulations using the classic example of a dipole
antenna, and test it empirically in both the near-field and far-field regimes.
In this paper, we present [22] a hybrid system made of a high frequency (HF) coil
(13.56 MHz) and an ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna (905 MHz), integrated on a FR-4
substrate, that offers a small-footprint solution for simultaneous wireless power transfer and
wireless communication for implanted medical devices. Optimizing their diameters helps to
solve the problem of reducing the coupling effect between the coil and the antenna. The
performance of the hybrid system was evaluated inside a layered bodily tissue model after it
was mathematically modelled and tested at various depths. The resonance frequencies of the
external and implanted antennas, frex and frim, respectively, are demonstrated to be stable
and unaffected by the depth to which the antenna is inserted into the tissue. Additionally,
calculations are made for transmission efficiency across various distances. The technology
offers an excellent option for combining signal communication and power transfer in a small
package.
Inductive coupling-based power transfer research for biomedical applications is
reviewed and surveyed in this work. For implants and wearable biomedical equipment, such
as heart pacemakers or implantable electrocardiogram (ECG) recorders, wireless power
transmission (WPT) is being studied. This article [23] focuses on applications based on near-
field power transfer techniques, covers the key design elements from current research, and
offers some details on system modelling and coil optimization.
This paper proposes a [24] wireless power transfer to maximize power transmission
efficiency (PTE) without receiver feedback by optimizing parasitic antenna loads in a
conductive enclosure. The proposed method specifies the optimum loads based on two
unique principles; First, minimizing reflection to the source is equivalent to maximizing PTE
to the receiver in the electromagnetically (EM) shielded enclosure. Second, the optimum
loads minimizing reflection, i.e. maximizing PTE, can be estimated by measuring the
reflection only several times while switching load conditions. EM simulation verifies the
proposed method offers higher PTE independent of the receiver position than that without a
parasitic antenna.
Low-power mobile devices can be charged without the use of cable infrastructure
thanks to radio frequency wireless power transfer (WPT). The design of most current WPT
systems often takes into account far-field propagation, where the radiated energy is directed

at specific angles, leading to limited efficiency and potential radiation in undesirable regions.
When large arrays operating at high frequencies are used, such as the dynamic metasurface
antenna (DMA), WPT may occur in the radiating near-field (Fresnel) zone where spherical
wave propagation is possible rather than plane wave propagation as in the far-field. The
energy transmitter in this paper's investigation of [25] WPT systems charging numerous
devices in the Fresnel area is outfitted with an emerging DMA. We explore how the antenna
layout might take use of the spherical wavefront to produce focused energy beams. We
characterise the weighted sum-harvested energy maximisation problem of the system under
consideration after proposing a mathematical model for DMA-based radiating nearfield WPT
systems, and then we suggest an effective method for jointly designing the DMA weights and
digital precoding vector. The results of the simulations demonstrate that our design generates
focused energy beams capable of increasing energy transfer effectiveness in the radiating
near-field while causing the least amount of energy pollution.
In this study, we offer a [26] hybrid system made up of two high frequency (HF) coils
and an unique microstrip antenna that can be tuned to resonate at several frequencies in the
ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, such as 415 MHz, 905 MHz, and 1300 MHz (13.56 MHz).
The system, which can be used in implanted medical devices, is made to be manufactured on
a FR4 substrate layer and offers a small package for simultaneous wireless power transfer
(WPT) and multi-band wireless communication. The skin layer will house the external
antenna/coil combination (EX) outside of the body. The EX has a diameter of 79.6 mm. The
diameter of the implanted hybrid combination (IM) is 31.5 mmBecause the resonance
frequency of the antenna may be switched between three frequencies by adjusting the
position of a shorting pin, the same design can be applied to a variety of applications. The
system was created and measured after being designed using numerical simulation
techniques. The system's performance was numerically simulated at various depths inside a
layered body model as the design was being optimised. Additionally, simulation and
measurements were used to study the insertion loss (S21) and transmission efficiency () for
antenna and coil pairings at various depths. When power transfer and multi-band data
communication are combined, the system offers a good solution.
Deep-tissue implants are powered by wireless power transfer (WPT), which also
supports a number of recent developments in biomedical engineering [27]. This research
describes a technique known as self-phasing technology that focuses electromagnetic fields
from different routes to a deep-tissue site to enable a high power density zone in implants.
Coherent RF power can be attained without learning the precise or even dynamic locations of
sources or worrying about the perturbations caused by inhomogeneous medium by
conducting the phase conjugated operation on the incident signal and then retransferring back
to the source. An implanted rectenna made up of a magnetic resonant coil and an RF-to-DC
rectifier circuit is handled as a receiver, and an external slot antenna array placed 4 mm above
the skin surface is treated as the transmitter. The rectifier circuit's conversion efficiency is
optimised for the received power range, and the observed efficiency of 50% may be attained
at 0dBm. A light-emitting LED is connected at the terminal of the rectenna in order to view
the transceiver effects of the integrated system under safety thresholds. Measurements reveal
that smooth drive is possible. The self-phasing technology can facilitate wireless power
transfer for biomedical applications, as shown by certain LED brightness.

Researchers have recently become interested in the promising Wireless Power
Transfer (WPT) method for supplying power to sensors and end devices. Because of its
restrictions on minimal latency, mobile edge computing (MEC) is also outperforming cloud
computing. Smart devices in MEC offload computationally demanding tasks to the MEC
server, resulting in minimal latency. However, due to an effective decision in the offloading
situation that required joint WPT and MEC offloading, there are constraints for smart device
battery life and job execution delay. Real-time application needs, the location of Base
Stations (BS) with power transfer capabilities for smart devices, and offloading opportunities
in the MEC are the basis for the joint WPT and MEC offloading decisions. A BS connected
with a MEC server and power transfer capability transfers wireless power to end devices as
an incentive and provides chances for offloading in order to satisfy the energy consumption
requirement. Effectively meeting the needs of smart devices while prolonging battery life is
wireless power transfer to end devices. This page summarises [28] the most recent research
on offloading techniques in MEC and WPT to end nodes. While summarising related works,
we take into account MEC offloading methods with WPT and real-time application needs. In
MEC, we create a taxonomy for joint WPT and offloading. We contrast the most recent
studies using metrics deduced from taxonomy. Finally, we discuss potential future research
initiatives in the area of coupled MEC-WPT issues.
The performance of a 5G radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) network's
physical layer secrecy in the presence of several passive eavesdroppers is examined in this
research [29]. As a result, it harvests energy from RF signals produced by a power transfer
station to be used for information transmission since the source is regarded as an energy-
limited node in this system. The source is also outfitted with several antennas in order to
improve energy harvesting and system performance, and it uses transmit antenna selection
(TAS) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) techniques to take advantage of spatial diversity.
The exact close-form expressions of the existence probability of secrecy capacity and the
likelihood of a secrecy outage are obtained in light of these conditions. The results also show
that using numerous antennas at the source not only makes it easier to gather energy but also
enhances the examined network's performance in terms of secrecy. Last but not least, Monte-
Carlo simulation is offered to support our analytical findings.
This study confirms the applicability of a highly advantageous combination of
wireless power transfer (WPT) and millimetre wave (mm Wave) communications technology
using selective beamforming in a multiple input single output (MISO) system composed of a
hybrid access point (HAP) with an array antenna in the downlink and a user with a single
antenna in the uplink. Good spatial consistency was achieved using a particular mm Wave
extended NYUSIM Channel model. The user equipment in the network is served by the
WPCCN, which is based on mm Wave technology, by collecting energy from the received
signal to use it further to power their uplink broadcasts. Based on an examination of the
output performance characteristics obtained using a novel NYUSIM channel simulator based
on mm-wave technology, namely NYUSIM Version 2.01, the scope of wireless power
transmission in a mm-wave channel has been confirmed and explored. The output results
from the simulation results along with adequate user demand analysis support the idea that
the proposed work finds [30] a good area for future growth in the mm Wave based WPCCN.
In the end, it investigates how to create and validate a strong self-sustainable communication
network model for the next-generation green communication network. Also successfully

highlighted are several significant technological difficulties and potential future research
directions.
This study [31] examines a mobile wireless power transfer (WPT) system that uses an
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a platform for a mobile energy transmitter (ET) to
broadcast wireless energy to numerous sensor nodes (SNs) on the ground that are outfitted
with energy receivers (ERs). It makes sense that the aerial ET can flexibly modify its
placements to enable the energy supplement for the battery-constrained SNs placed in any
location. However, during a limited charging period, the UAV's flying direction directly
influences the separation between itself and each SN, which has a substantial impact on the
radio frequency (RF) signal attenuation quantities as well as the charging efficiency.
Furthermore, the efficiency of power transmission when a UAV is located is significantly
influenced by various scheduling techniques for each SN. Therefore, for maximising the
quantity of energy transferred to all SNs within a finite time of flight, it is essential to
investigate UAV mobility optimally by trajectory design in conjunction with the appropriate
scheduling strategy. Then, in order to meet the unique needs of power transfer, our goal is to
jointly maximise the aggregate harvested energy of all SNs and the maximum of the least
received energy among all SNs in order to optimise the UAV's trajectory and the SNs'
scheduling scheme under UAV flying restrictions. Naturally, the first prioritises increasing
the efficiency of the entire power transfer system, whilst the second concentrates on fairness
among all SNsThe two issues that were established, however, are all nonconvex mixed
integer forms, which are difficult to solve. So, in order to create an effective iterative method
utilising the successive convex optimization technique, which results in a poor solution, we
first divide the original problem into two smaller problems. In order to assess the differences
between the two proposed schemes and to support the performance improvement over
previous benchmark systems, numerical results are then provided.
Over the past few decades, magnetic resonance in the area of wireless power transfer
has become more and more well-liked. This growth can be ascribed to the development of
electronics technology and the improved performance of common battery technologies. The
medical industry can use electromagnetic theory in the same ways. Many medical gadgets
that are meant to be inserted into the body employ batteries and electrical circuits that might
be remotely powered. Other medical equipment restricts movement or causes discomfort for
the user. Some of these issues can be resolved by the electromagnetics field's basic theory.
The use and research of wireless power in the medical area is summarised in this survey
report (page 32). Using engineering search engines, a thorough search for articles was carried
out, which included papers from related conferences. In the initial search, 247 papers were
discovered; the irrelevant papers were then removed, leaving only the appropriate material.
Following the discovery of 17 pertinent journal and/or conference publications, they were
sorted into the following categories: implants, pumps, ultrasound imaging, and
gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. An in-depth analysis of these cutting-edge technologies was
produced through the analysis and comparison of the methodology and methods used in each
study.
The paired resonant inductors (couplers) are driven by an AC signal produced by a
half-bridge inverter or full-bridge inverter in a typical high-power inductive wireless power
transfer (WPT) system. An inverter's output voltage is a square wave with a significant
number of harmonics rather than a pure sinusoidal voltage, though. Because there is a

significant amount of reactive power accumulating at the input to the resonant couplers,
harmonics are predicted to decrease active power transfer efficiency (APTE). The harmonics
of the voltage waveform of a typical inverter circuit are for the first time included in an
analytical model of the WPT system in this article, which allows for an analysis of the
efficiency of the WPT system [33]. Total harmonic distortion (THD) and the waveform's
harmonic content are relevant in this context. According to the results of the simulation, a
duty cycle of 75% can be used to reduce the THD of the source voltage waveform. As a
result, the reactive power at the system's input is reduced as well, raising the APTE of the
system during this duty cycle. The aforementioned simulation-based finding is validated by
using an experimental wireless power transfer system. By merely lowering the duty cycle
from 100% to 75%, the measured APTE is increased to a maximum of 94.5 percent from
about 88.5 percent. On the other hand, if DC bus voltage remains constant, the output power
sent to the load drops along with this reduction in duty cycle. Two wireless charging
situations with various levels of power and efficiency are examined for the trade-off between
efficiency and the provided power to the load. We think that the conclusions drawn from this
study could inspire academics to create cutting-edge inverter designs that would improve the
effectiveness of WPT systems as well as their ability to generate more electricity.
The growing need for high data rates and ubiquitous services in 5G communications
has resulted in significant energy consumption in both the transmitter and the receiver. The
use of wireless power transfer (WPT) has been suggested as an efficient way to conserve
energy. However, in a communication system, WPT and wireless information transfer (WIT)
are frequently divided. In this study, a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer
(SWIPT)-based green broadband communication system is suggested to [34] integrate WIT
and WPT. Two complementary spectrum marker vectors in the system define the sub band
sets that are available for WIT and WPT, and the inner product of the spectrum marker
vector, pseudo-random (PR) phase, and power scaling vector is used to create two
independent frequency domain signals using different sub band sets. Inverse fast Fourier
transform (IFFT) of the frequency domain signal produces the fundamental modulation
waveform (FMW) in the time domain. On the FMW for WIT, the data stream is modulated,
whereas the FMW for WPT is transmitted straight. The system's BER performance is
examined. A collaborative optimization unit has been set up to jointly optimise sub band sets
and sub band powers within the limits of energy consumption and interference in order to
increase system throughput. The simulation results demonstrated the developed system's
superior performance.
3. AIM
 The aim of our proposed work is to increase the PTE of WPT system by inserting
parasitic element into WPT system which is made up of only one transmitter and one
receiver.
 Other hand design of such future networks brings new challenges and opportunities
for signal processing, machine learning, sensing, and computing.
4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
 Power can be wirelessly delivered from one point to another by using microwave
frequency. In a WPT system, a rectenna is used to receive the transmitted power

through space and converting the power to dc power, hence, it can be used for energy
storage. Two important components of the front-end rectenna are the receiving
antenna and the adjacent low-pass filter. There is an immediate need to develop a
single front-end rectenna prototype which is useful for terrestrial WPT reception.
 To eliminate the need to orient the antennas between the transmitter and the receiver,
the receiving antenna has to be circularly polarized. Hence, the rectenna may be
rotated without significantly changing the output voltage. Besides that a compact
antenna is desired which corresponds to lightweight device and cost effectiveness of
fabrications.
 Low passband insertion loss, sharp cut-off frequency steepness and high stopband
rejections are desirable elliptic function filter response. Besides that, compactness in
the design is desirable for cost effectiveness of fabrications.
 There must be high frequency supply. Field strength should be in safety level.
5. OBJECTIVES
The goal of the proposed study is to design of an entropy signal and sigmoid system for
wireless power transfer, and the following objectives are set forth:
 To review the existing issues identified while working with the energy storage
concerns.
 To establish Distributed antenna-based far field wireless power transfer (WPT) based
using Software-Defined Radio transmission.
 To make the proposed model is made up of three key components: an entropy-based
channel estimator, a sigmoid-based signal generator, and an energy harvester.
 The objective is to make the best use of the RF radiations, spectrum, and network
infrastructure to provide cost-effective and real-time power supplies to wireless
devices and enable wireless-powered applications.
 To finalize and document the research findings.
6. METHODOLOGY
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a new paradigm that will allow future networks to use
wireless not only to convey information but also to deliver energy. In this paper, we design
and test a distributed antenna-based far field wireless power transfer (WPT) architecture.
WPT DAS (distributed antenna system) dynamically selects transmit antenna and frequency
to increase output dc power using Software-Defined Radio (SDR) that can operate in open-
loop and closed-loop modes. The proposed model is made up of three key components: an
entropy-based channel estimator, a sigmoid-based signal generator, and an energy harvester.
Under static and mobility conditions, the experiments were carried out in a variety of
deployments, including frequency flat and frequency selective channels. Experiments show
that a channel adaptive WPT architecture based on joint beam forming and waveform design
outperforms conventional single-antenna/multi-antenna continuous wave systems in
harvested DC power. The experimental results will validate the theoretical signal designs'
predictions and confirm the critical and beneficial role of energy harvester nonlinearity.

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