INPUT OUTPUT MEMORY DEVICE.pdf

Input Output Memory Device
Prof. K. Adisesha 1
INPUT OUTPUT MEMORY DEVICE

Input Device: The computer device used to accept the data and instructions from the user is
called input device.
 An input device is used to feed data into computer.
 Input devices are capable of converting data into a form, which can be recognized by
computer.
 A computer has several input device namely, Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Scanner,
 Light pen, Bar Code Reader, OCR, OMR, MICR etc.

Keyboard:
The most common input device is the keyboard. It is used to enter both numerical and character type
data. It is like a mechanical type writer with alpha numeric and special keys, punctuation keys,
functional keys to perform specific. The keyboards contain 101 keys or 104 keys. The keyboard
detects the key pressed and generates the corresponding ASCII codes which can be recognized by the
computer.

Types of keyboard:
1. Standard keyboard: The standard keyboards have their basic layout. The average number of
keys on a regular keyboard is 105/108; QWERTY keyboards are the most common and have
the six alphabets Q, W, E, R, T, and Y in the first row.
2. Ergonomics: It refers to study of method that can reduce stress on muscles to avoid repetitive
strain injury. It mostly deals with optimizing posture and technique while working, so the work
can be carried out in the easiest manner.
3. Wireless keyboard: It is a keyboard that does not need to connect to the computer via a wire.
This makes very convenient for the use the keyboard comfortably. Wireless keyboard use
Bluetooth, Infrared (IR) to connect to the computer.
4. Virtual keyboard: It is a software device that led to use input data just like hardware
keyboard. They open up as an application and can be controlled by a mouse or wire touch
screen.
5. Compact keyboard: These keyboards are slim and usually do not have the numerical keypad
that is present on the right side of the keyboard these are typically used in laptops.

MOUSE:
Mouse is an input device that controls the movement of the cursor on the display screen. MOUSE
stands for “Mechanically Operated User Serial Engine”. The Mouse is used as a pointing device.
Mouse is a small device; you can roll/navigate along a flat surface. In a mouse, a small ball/IR rays is
kept inside and touches the pad through a hole at the bottom of the mouse.
There are two types of mouse.
 Mechanical
 Optical

 Mechanical: This mouse has a small rubber ball underneath that moves against two rollers as
it passes across a flat surface.
 Optical: This mouse more accurate and has no moving parts. Ts use a laser to detect
movement.



Prof. K. Adisesha 2
JOYSTICK:
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling.
The joystick can be moved in all four directions. The function of the joystick is similar to that of a
mouse. It is mainly used in playing computer games.
Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned
vehicles, surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers.

SCANNER:
The scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the computer for further manipulation.
The scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the digital form.

Optical Mark Reading and Recognition (OMR)
Optical Mark Reader is a device that reads pencil marks and converts them into computer processable
form.
Special pre-printed forms are designed with boxes which can be marked with a dark pencil or ink.
Such documents are read by a reader, which transcribes the marks into electrical pulses, which are
transmitted to the computer. They are widely used in applications like objective type answer papers
evaluation in which large number of candidates appear, time shits of factory employees etc.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
The main use of these devices is to recognize alphabetic and numeric character printed on paper. The
OCR technique permits the direct reading of any printed character without any special ink. With OCR,
a user can scan a page from a book.
The computer will recognize the characters in the page as a letters and punctuations marks and stores.
This can be edited using a word processor the size (width, height and depth) of the scanned. OCR’s are
used in applications such as Credit Card billing and reading of pin code numbers in large post office to
sort mail geographically.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
MICR is a form of character recognition that reads the text printed with magnetic charged ink. The
shapes of the characters by sensing the magnetic charge in the ink and translates these shapes into
computer processed format.
MICR is widely used by banks to process cheques. The cheque can be read using a special input unit,
which recognizes magnetic ink characters. This method eliminates the manual errors. It also save time
ensures security and accuracy of data.

Output device: The device that displays output to the user is called output device.
When the data and instruction are fed into the computer and processed the next step is get the
desired output. This output may be displayed on the monitor or printed on the computer.
 The output displayed on the monitor is called soft copy output.
 The output produced on a computer is called hard copy output.
Monitor:
It is commonly used output device sometimes called as display screen/VDU. Monitors are connected
with the computer are similar in appears to a television set.Monitor display image and text. The
smallest dot that can be displayed is called a pixel.The resolution of the monitor determines the

Prof. K. Adisesha 3
quality of the display. Some popular resolutions are 640X480 pixels, 800X600 pixels and 1024X768
pixels.The different size of the monitor is measured diagonally may be 12”, 14”, 17”, 19”, 21”.
The different types of monitors:
o CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
o LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
o TFT ( Thin Film Transistors)
o LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Printer:
Printer is an output device that prints text or images on paper. By printing, you create a ‘hard copy’ of
data. There are different kinds of printers, which vary in their speed and print quality.
The two main types of printer namely;
 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers.

Impact printers
It includes printers that print by striking device against inked ribbon. Impact printers use a print head
containing a number of metal pins, which strike an inked ribbon placed between the print head and the
paper.Line printers, dot-matrix printers are some of the impact printers.

Characteristics of Impact Printers
 In impact printers, there is physical contact with the paper to produce an image.
 Due to being robust and low cost, they are useful for bulk printing.
 Impact printers are ideal for printing multiple copies because they can easily print through
many layers of papers.
 Due to its striking activity, impact printers are very noisy.
 Since they are mechanical in nature, they tend to be slow.
 Impact printers do not support transparencies.
 Measured with characters per second.

Line printer:
Line printers are high-speed printers capable of printing an entire line at a time. A line printer can print
150 lines to 3000 lines per minute. The limitations of line printers are they can print only one font,
they can’t print graphics. The print quality is low and they are noisy to operate. It can print large
volume of text data very fast compared to the other printers. It is also used to print on multi part
stationeries to prepare copies of a document.

Dot matrix printer:
The most popular serial printer is the dot matrix printer. It prints one line of 8 or 14 points at a time,
with print head moving across a line. They are similar to typewriters. They are normally slow. The
printing speed is around 300 characters per second. It uses multi part stationeries to prepare copies of a
document.

Non-impact printer:
Non-impact printer do not use striking device. The ink or semi –solid ink is stored in the printer
cartridges and the flow of ink is controlled by the processor. It is much faster and can print color,
different font and size also.

Prof. K. Adisesha 4

Characteristics of non impact printers:
 They possess the ability to change type face automatically.
 These printers produce high quality graphics.
 These printers usually support the transparencies.
 Measured in dots pen inches.
 The speed is calculated by the number of pages per minute (PPM).
 The size of the printing various A4, A3, A2, A0 and jumbo size.

Thermal printer:
Thermal printers are printers that produce images by pulling electrically heated pins against special
heat-sensitive paper. They are inexpensive and used widely in fax machine and calculators. Thermal
printer paper tends to darken over time due to exposure to sunlight and heat. So the printed matters on
the paper fade after a week or two. It also produces a poor quality print.

Laser printer:
Laser printer uses a laser beam and dry powered ink to produce a fine dot matrix pattern. In can
produce very good quality of graphics images. Laser printers print one entire page at a time and are
typically faster and have better quality output. One of the chief characteristics o laser printer is their
resolution- how many dots per inch (dpi) they lay down. The available resolutions range from 300 dpi
at the low end to around 1200 dpi at the higher end.

Inkjet printer:
Inkjet printers use color cartridges which combine magenta, yellow and cyan links to create color
tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output. Inkjet printers works by spraying
ionizing ink at a sheet of paper.
Magnetized plates in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in the described shape. It prints one
line at a time. Print quality is high, speed is slow, typically about 100 CPS.

Plotter:
Plotter is an output device that draws shapes on paper based on commands from a computer.
Plotter differs from printers in that they draw lines using a pen. As a result, they can produce
continuous lines, whereas printers can only stimulate lines printing a closely spaced series of dots.
Multicolor plotters use different colored pens to draw different colors. Plotters are more expensive
than printers. They used in engineering applications.

Speakers:
The speakers are the output device. The sound signals from analog/ digital are converted in to audible
frequency in the speakers and produce voice output [audio data]. Using speakers along with speech
synthesizer software, the computer can provide voice output.
Voice output has become very common in many places like airlines, banks, automatic telephone
enquiry system etc. Users can also hear music/songs using the voice output system. Namely 2.1 or 5.1
which indicates the position of the speakers and tracking systems.

Computer Memory
Memory is an essential component of any digital computer. It is storing device. It stores programs and
data, which is required by the CPU, and the results generated after processing. This storage enables us
to use the stored data to in future.

Prof. K. Adisesha 5
There are two kinds of memory are commonly used in computers.
 Primary Memory (Semi-Conductor Memory)
 Secondary Memory ( Magnetic Memory)
The storage capacity of a computer is measured in terms of Bytes. One byte includes 8 bits. One bit
can store either a 0 or 1 in it. The table below gives the storage capacities.
Unit Symbol Equal to
 Byte B 8 Bits
 Kilobyte KB 1,024 B
 Megabyte MB 1,024 KB
 Gigabyte GB 1,024 MB
 Terabyte TB 1,024 GB
 Petabyte PB 1,024 TB
 Exabyte EB 1,024 PB
 Zettabyte ZB 1,024 EB
 Yottabyte YB 1,024 ZB

Primary Memory
The Primary memory is the main memory of the computer. It stores the programs and data, which are
currently needed by the CPU. The size of the main memory is comparatively much smaller than that of
the secondary memory because of its high cost.
The CPU communicates directly only with the main memory. As the CPU works at very high speed,
its matching memory must be very fast. Only primary memory devices can provide the matching
speed. RAM and ROM’s are used as the main memory of the computer.
Primary memory is of two types.
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is also called as the main memory of a computer. This is really the main store and is the place
where the program gets stored temporary. When the CPU runs a program, it fetches the program
instructions from the RAM and carries them out. If the CPU needs to store the results of the
calculations it can store them in RAM. When we switch off a computer, whatever is stored in the
RAM gets erased. It is a volatile form of memory.
Types of RAM
 EDO RAM (Extended data output RAM)
 SRAM ( Static RAM)
 DDR RAM ( Double Data Rate RAM)
EDO RAM:
EDO RAM stands for Extended Data Output RAM. It improves the time to read from memory on
faster microprocessor such as Intel Pentium. EDO RAM was initially optimized for the 66 MHz
Pentium
SRAM:
SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory. It is type of semiconductor memory that uses bi-
stable latching circuitry to store each bit. Unlike dynamic RAM (DRAM), which stores bits in cells
consisting of a capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed.

Prof. K. Adisesha 6
DDR RAM:
DDRRAM stands for Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. It is type of
very fast computer memory. It’ based on the same architecture as SDRAM, but uses the clock signal
differently to transfer
twice the data in the same amount of time.

Read Only Memory (ROM)
ROM stands for “Read Only memory”. The information is pre-recorded into to ROM chip at
manufacturing time. Once data has been written into a ROM Chip, it cannot be erased but you can
read it. When we switch OFF the computer, the contents of ROM are not erased, but remain stored
permanently.
ROM is non-volatile memory. ROM stores critical programs such as the programs that boot the
computer. Types of ROM
 PROM (Programmable ROM)
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM )

Programmable ROM: It is a memory on which data can be written only once. A variation of the
PROM chip that is not burnt at the manufacturing time, but can be programmed using PROM
programmer or a PROM burner.

Erasable Programmable ROM: The information can e erased and re-programmed using a special
PROM – programmer. AN EPROM differs from a PROM in that PROM can be written only once and
cannot be erased. But an ultraviolet light is used to erase the contents of EPROM.

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM: This is equivalent to EPROM, but does not require
ultraviolet light to erase its content. It can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.

Difference between RAM and ROM
RAM ROM
RAM stands for Random Access Memory  ROM stands for Read-Only Memory
RAM allows the computer to read data
quickly to run applications. 
ROM stores the program required to initially
boot the computer.
It allows reading and writing. It only allows reading
RAM is volatile i.e. its contents are lost when
the device is powered off.
It is non-volatile i.e. its contents are retained
even when the device is powered off.
The two main types of RAM are static RAM
and dynamic RAM.
The types of ROM include PROM,
EPROM and EEPROM.

Secondary Memory:
Since the storage capacity of the primary memory is not very large, it cannot hold a large amount of
data, including programs, which may be needed for processing. Thus, secondary storage devices are
necessary. The secondary memory is used as auxiliary memory. The secondary memory is used for
bulk storage or mass storage of programs, data, and other information.
It has much larger capacity than main memory.
The secondary memory retains the information once stored on it.

Prof. K. Adisesha 7
The magnetic memory such as Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Compact Disk, Pen Drive, Memory cards is
the most commonly used secondary memory in the computer. The average time required to reach a
storage location and obtain its contents is called its access time.

Magnetic Disks:
Magnetic disks are thin circular plastic plates on which some magnetic material is coated. Magnetic
disks come in various sizes and materials. They use the properties of magnetism to store the data on a
magnetic surface. A disk pack normally consists of such disks mounted on a central shaft. The central
shaft rotates at speeds of about 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM). In a disk, plate information is
stored on both surfaces.
The surface is further divided into a number of invisible concentric circles called as tracks. The tracks
are further divided into various sections called as sectors.
To store information, it is necessary for us to identify the track and sector where it has to be stored.
The stored information can be read any number of times without affecting the stored data. But when
new data is written it erases the previously written data.
Two types of magnetic disks are
 Hard Disk
 Floppy Disk

Hard Disk:
The most common physical device for storing files in the hard disk. The hard disk typically contains
several rotating disk plates, which are permanently encased in a hard disk. The surfaces of the plates
are covered by metal oxide; electromagnetic recording heads. It performs read/write operation. There
is one head for each surface, and all the head move together.
The disk rotates at around 7200 rpm. Modern disks typically hold 260 GB to 1000 GB (TB) of data.
The surface of a plate is organized has a number of concentric tracks. Each track is divided into
sectors. Set of matched tracks are called cylinders.

Floppy Disk:
Floppy diskette contains a single flat piece of circular plate (the disk) coated with metal oxide and
enclosed in plastic cover. Floppy disks are small and portable. The three common sizes are 3.5”, 5.25”
and 8” diameter. Most commonly used floppy disks is of 3.5" in size with storage capacity of 1.44 MB
of data. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than
hard disks and have less storage capacity. It is less expensive.

Optical Disk
Optical disk is a random access, removable disk on which data is written and read through the use of
laser beam. Optical disk consists of rotating disk, which is coated with highly reflective material. Data
recording on the disk is done by focusing a laser beam on the surface of the spinning disk, which
stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface. The dark spots are called pits. The
lighter, non-spitted surface areas of the disk are called lands. he process of recording data onto a
optical disk are called burning.
There are different types of optical laser disks.
 CD ROM
 DVD ROM
 BD ROM



Prof. K. Adisesha 8
CD ROM
CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. It is read only optical storage medium
capable of holding up to 682 MB of data. Accessing of data from CD ROM is quite a bit faster than a
floppy disk but slower than hard disk. To read a CD-ROM a device called CD-ROM drive is needed.
CD technology uses a near infrared laser.
There are two types of CD-ROM’s.
 CD-R: It is also called as Recordable CD
 CD-RW: It is also called as Re-Writable CD

DVD
DVD stands for “Digital Versatile Disk”. It is an optical disk technology with a 4.7 GB storage
capacity. DVD can be single or double sided, and can have two layers on each side. A double sided,
two-layered DVD will hold up to 17 GB of Video, Audio or other information. DVD technology uses
a red laser.
There are two types of DVD.
 DVD-R: It is also called as DVD Recordable.
 DVD-RW: It is also called as DVD Re-Writable.

Blu-Ray Disk
Blu-ray Disk, referred as BD. It is a high capacity storage technology with 25 GB to 50 GB capacity to
store HD movies and other information.
The name Blu-ray is derived from the blue-violet color laser, used to read data stored on disk.

Portable Storage Device:
A Portable Storage Device (PSD) is a small hard drive designed to hold any kind of digital data. This
is slightly different from a portable media player, which stores and plays music and movies. Some are
fixed size hard drives of 2 GB, to 1 TB.
It may be useful alternative to backing up or purging memory cards if a computer is unavailable for
downloading.

Difference between Primary and Secondary Memory:
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Semiconductor memory. Magnetic or Optical memory.
Volatile(Temporary) Non-Volatile(Permanent)
Expensive Less Expensive
High speed Memory Slower than Primary memory
Also called as Main Memory Also called as Auxiliary Memory
Example: RAM, ROM Example: HDD, Pen drive etc.
Cache Memory
The cache memory (pronounced as cash) is placed in between the CPU and Main memory. It is much
faster than main memory. Its access time is much less compared to that of the main memory.
The cache memory is an intermediate memory and is not accessible to users. It stores instructions and
data, which are to be immediately executed. It is used to reduce the average access time reading data,
which normally stored in the main memory. The cache memory increases the operating speed of the
system. But it is much costlier than main memory. There are two levels of cache memory L1 and L2.
L1 cache memory will present inside the CPU, whereas L2 cache will be present on the motherboard.

INPUT OUTPUT MEMORY DEVICE.pdf

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INPUT OUTPUT MEMORY DEVICE.pdf