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Chapter 08 - Photosynthesis
8-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 08
Photosynthesis
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Heterotrophs
A. have the ability to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
B. are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers.
C. are the origin of all food for the rest of the living world.
D. are also called autotrophs.
E. None of the answer choices is characteristic of heterotrophs.
Heterotrophs are also known as consumers. They must take in preformed organic molecules
in order to survive.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 08.01.01 Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Photosynthesis
2. Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true?
A. Consumers not only feed themselves but also feed producers.
B. All animals must be either producers or consumers.
C. Producers produce more food than they use.
D. Consumers are not dependent upon other organisms for food.
E. Only one species of producer and consumer can exist in any single community.
Producers produce more food than they use, which then provides foods for the consumers.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Section: 08.01

8-2
3. Which of the following is not an autotroph?
A. yeast
B. oak tree
C. cyanobacterium
D. algae
E. grass
All of the organisms are capable of photosynthesizing except the yeast.
Section: 08.01
True / False Questions
4. At the base of most food chains are autotrophs.
TRUE
Autotrophs produce their own food and are able to sustain themselves and all other living
things on Earth.
Section: 08.01

8-3
5. Which of the following allows photosynthetic organisms to capture solar energy?
A. pigments
B. nucleus
C. chloroplasts
D. glucose
E. NAD+
Pigments, such as chlorophyll, allow organisms to capture solar energy.
Section: 08.01
6. The red maple tree cannot photosynthesize because it is not green.
FALSE
The red maple is capable of photosynthesis because it has other pigments besides chlorophyll
that enable it to capture solar energy.
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 08.02.01 Identify the photosynthetic pigments required to absorb the various wavelengths of light necessary for
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-4
7. The main function of stomata is to
A. expose the chlorophyll to sunlight.
B. transport water to the chlorophyll.
C. allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.
D. store glucose.
E. store pyruvate and provide the site of the Calvin cycle.
The stomata are small openings in the leaf that allow the exchange of carbon dioxide and
oxygen.
Learning Outcome: 08.01.04 Describe the process of photosynthesis in terms of two sets of reactions that take place in a chloroplast.
Section: 08.01
8. The substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is
A. chlorophyll.
B. RuBP.
C. water.
D. glucose.
E. pyruvate.
Pigments, such as chlorophyll, capture solar energy.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-5
9. The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single
inner compartment, are called
A. stomata.
B. thylakoids.
C. mesophyll.
D. carotenoids.
E. CAM units.
The thylakoids are the flattened sacs within the chloroplast.
Section: 08.01
Topic: Light Reactions
10. In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions.
FALSE
The light reactions occur first. This provides the energy for the Calvin cycle reactions.
Section: 08.01

8-6
11. What does the term stroma refer to?
A. the cytochrome system in the membranes of the thylakoids
B. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures
C. the double membrane of the chloroplast
D. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast
E. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
The stroma is the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.
Learning Outcome: 08.02.03 Describe the organization of the thylakoid and how this organization is critical to the production of ATP during
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
Topic: Calvin Cycle/Carbon Reactions
12. The raw materials or reactants of the photosynthetic process include
A. glucose and oxygen.
B. carbon dioxide and glucose.
C. carbon dioxide and water.
D. carbon dioxide and oxygen.
E. glucose and water.
The chloroplast requires carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis. Glucose and oxygen
are the end products.
Learning Outcome: 08.01.03 Recognize the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis.
Section: 08.01

8-7
13. What are the products of photosynthesis?
A. water and carbon dioxide
B. water and oxygen
C. carbohydrate and water
D. oxygen and carbohydrate
E. carbon dioxide and carbohydrate
The end products of photosynthesis are a carbohydrate (glucose) and oxygen. Carbon
dioxide and water are the substrates of the reaction.
Section: 08.01
14. Which molecule would you need to radioactively label in order to produce radioactive
oxygen during photosynthesis?
A. carbon dioxide
B. water
C. cytochrome
D. glucose
E. G3P
Water contains oxygen which is broken down during photosynthesis to produce oxygen gas.
Section: 08.01

8-8
15. At the cellular level, photosynthesis occurs within
A. the chloroplast.
B. the cristae of the mitochondria.
C. both chloroplasts and mitochondria.
D. all plant cell organelles.
E. the nucleus of plants but not of animals.
Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts.
Section: 08.01
16. How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
E. five
A chloroplast has three membranes: an outer and inner membrane and a thylakoid membrane.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Section: 08.01

8-9
17. To what does the term grana refer?
A. the cytochrome system in the membranes of the thylakoids
Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes within the chloroplast.
Section: 08.01

8-10
18. In which plant structure does photosynthesis primarily occur?
A. root
B. stem
C. leaf
D. petiole
E. bark
The leaves of a plant are specialized to carry out photosynthesis.
Section: 08.01
19. What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis?
A. light reactions, Calvin cycle reactions
B. glycolysis, citric acid cycle
C. light reactions, glycolysis
D. Calvin cycle reactions, citric acid cycle
E. electron transport chain, light reactions
The two sets of reactions in photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
reactions.
Section: 08.01

8-11
20. An early experiment by Van Helmont (1600s) describes how he grew a tree in a large pot
and found that after five years, the amount of soil in the pot had not changed. He concluded
that the increase in weight was due to the addition of water. At that time, the compounds of
the air had not yet been identified. Today, it is known that he only discovered half the story.
Which of these experiments would NOT provide evidence that materials from a source other
than water were involved in photosynthesis?
A. Carbon is discovered as a major element in trees and is lacking in water molecules.
B. Radioactive carbon in carbon dioxide in the air is identified as part of tree structures.
C. A very careful analysis of the water taken in and lost by the tree would have revealed only
part of the added weight gained by the tree was from water.
D. After adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen to a plant, radioactive oxygen is given
off.
E. Radioactive carbon is found in stored glucose molecules after supplying a plant with
radioactive carbon dioxide.
Adding radioactive water with labeled oxygen would not address the other requirement for
photosynthesis—carbon.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Section: 08.01

8-12
21. The heavy oxygen isotope (18
O) could be provided to plants either in the CO2 or in H2O
or in both. Today, we know from experimental results that O2 released from chloroplasts
comes from H2O and not from CO2. Which of the following experimental results would show
conclusively that O2 is released from H2O and not CO2?
A. When heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.
B. When heavy oxygen is part of both water and CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces
heavy O2.
C. When no heavy oxygen is part of water given to the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2.
D. When no heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces no heavy O2.
E. When heavy oxygen is part of CO2 given to the plant, the plant produces heavy O2.
Because the oxygen comes from water, only heavy oxygen as part of water will produce
heavy oxygen. In order to differentiate between water and carbon dioxide as the source of the
oxygen, you could not give both water and carbon dioxide labeled with heavy oxygen.
Section: 08.01
22. Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun
through all living things?
A. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
B. lysosomes and chloroplasts
C. chloroplasts and mitochondria
D. mitochondria and ribosomes
E. ribosomes and Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts are involved in the capture of solar energy to form carbohydrates. Mitochondria
are involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates to form ATP.
Section: 08.01

8-13
23. Which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions?
A. NAD+
B. FAD
C. NADP+
D. both NAD+
and FAD
E. both FAD and NADP+
NADP+
is the cofactor involved in the Calvin cycle reactions.
Learning Outcome: 08.03.01 Describe the three phases of the Calvin cycle.
Section: 08.03
24. Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for
photosynthesis?
A. All of the sunlight that hits the atmosphere is used for photosynthesis.
B. Only the highest energy wavelengths are used for photosynthesis.
C. All of the visible light is used for photosynthesis.
D. Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.
E. Only the green visible light is used for photosynthesis.
Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-14
25. Why are plant leaves green?
A. They absorb only green wavelengths of light.
B. They absorb only yellow and blue wavelengths of light.
C. They reflect nearly all wavelengths of light.
D. They reflect green wavelengths of light.
E. They reflect yellow and blue wavelengths of light.
Leaves reflect green light so they appear green to us.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
26. The reason that deciduous leaves turn bright colors of red and yellow in the fall is
A. chlorophyll is converted into bright carotenoid pigments.
B. when chlorophyll breaks down, the remaining pigments other than green will show
through.
C. it is a chemical reaction involving the formation of ice crystals.
D. bright pigments are shifted from the roots and stem to the leaves while sugars and
chlorophyll are pumped down to the roots.
E. a shift in the reflectance values of light is caused by the sun being lower in the sky; all leaf
pigments actually remain the same.
The yellow and orange carotenoids are present but masked by the green chlorophyll. When
chlorophyll breaks down in the fall, the other pigments are uncovered.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-15
27. We set up an experiment where the same species of plant is grown in boxes covered with
plastic that only allows a single color of light through. In which box would we expect the least
plant growth and even perhaps the death of the plant to occur?
A. white
B. blue
C. red
D. green
E. indigo
White light is a combination of all the colors so it would allow the plants to grow.
Chlorophyll absorbs light in the indigo, blue, violet, and red region so those colors would
allow the plant to grow. Chlorophyll does not absorb green light so that plant would not be
able to photosynthesize and might die.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
28. Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower
absorption for green/yellow. If we could create a different photosynthetic pigment that
absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color?
A. white
B. black
C. red
D. green
E. orange
Since it absorbs all the colors, it does not reflect any, so it would appear black to us.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-16
29. Visible light has more energy than radio waves.
TRUE
Visible light is in the middle of the spectrum and contains more energy than radio waves.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
30. There is an inverse relationship between wavelength of light and amount of energy.
TRUE
The greater the wavelength, the less the energy. This is an inverse relationship.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-17
31. The "antenna" system of a plant that gathers the solar energy consists of
A. the grana.
B. the epidermal cells of the leaf.
C. the pigment complex.
D. the ATP synthase complex.
E. the hydrogen ions (H+
)
The pigment complex gathers the solar energy.
Learning Outcome: 08.02.02 Explain the role of the noncyclic electron pathway and the cyclic electron pathway.
Section: 08.02
32. Water is split and oxygen is released in
A. the electron transport chain.
B. the cyclic electron pathway.
C. the Calvin cycle reactions.
D. the noncyclic electron pathway.
E. photosystem I.
In the noncyclic electron pathway, water is split in order to replace the electrons that are lost
by photosystem II.
Section: 08.02

8-18
33. Which part of photosynthesis does not occur inside the thylakoid membrane?
A. noncyclic electron pathway
B. cyclic electron pathway
C. electron transport chain
D. light reactions
E. Calvin cycle reactions
The Calvin cycle reactions occur within the stroma of the chloroplast. All of the others occur
in the thylakoid membrane.
Section: 08.02
34. The cyclic electron pathway produces only
A. NADPH.
B. ATP.
C. NAD+
.
D. oxygen.
E. carbon dioxide.
The cyclic pathway produces only ATP. The noncyclic produces NADPH, ATP, H+
, and O2.
Section: 08.02

8-19
35. Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport?
A. a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids
The electron transport chain consists of a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid
membrane.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
36. Photosystem I comes before photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway.
FALSE
The photosystems were named for the order in which they were discovered, not the order in
which they participate in photosynthesis. Photosystem II comes before photosystem I.
Section: 08.02

8-20
37. ATP synthase is an enzyme complex located in the thylakoid membranes.
TRUE
The ATP synthase in the thylakoid membranes participates in the production of ATP for the
Calvin cycle.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
38. The first step of the cyclic electron pathway involves the removal of the electrons from
water.
FALSE
The electrons for the cyclic electron pathway recycle. Water is used to replace the electrons
in photosystem II in the noncyclic electron pathway.
Section: 08.02
39. What are the products of the noncyclic electron pathway?
A. H+
, O2, ATP, and NADPH
B. H+
and O2
C. H+
, ATP, and NADPH
D. ATP and NADPH
E. O2 and ATP
The noncyclic electron pathway produces H+
, O2, ATP, and NADPH.
Section: 08.02

8-21
40. What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to
NADP+
?
C. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions
D. citric acid cycle
E. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions
This occurs in the noncyclic electron pathway of the light reactions.
Section: 08.02
41. What will cycle the energized electrons from the reaction center of PS I back to the
reaction center in PS I?
C. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions
D. citric acid cycle
E. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions
This occurs in photosystem I of the cyclic electron pathway.
Section: 08.02

8-22
42. Biologists are fairly certain that oxygen was built up in the atmosphere by the
development of photosynthesis. The production of oxygen and, therefore, the beginning of
extensive aerobic life was made possible by the evolution of
A. fermentation.
B. photosystem I.
C. photosystem II.
D. glycolysis.
E. the nucleus.
Photosystem II splits water to form H+
and O2.
Section: 08.02
43. Why does the chloroplast utilize a cyclic electron pathway as well as the noncyclic
electron pathway?
A. The noncyclic electron pathway does not provide enough NADPH for the cell.
B. The noncyclic electron pathway does not provide enough oxygen for the cell.
C. The Calvin cycle utilizes more NADPH than ATP and the cyclic electron pathway
produces NADPH.
D. The Calvin cycle utilizes more ATP than NADPH and the cyclic electron pathway
produces ATP.
E. The cyclic electron pathway only runs when oxygen is limiting.
The cell utilizes both because the noncyclic pathway provides both NADPH and ATP but the
Calvin cycle reactions require more ATP than NADPH. Because the cyclic electron pathway
only produces ATP it can provide the extra needed by the Calvin cycle.
Section: 08.02

8-23
44. The H+
(protons) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between
photosystems I and II. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space
A. enters the photorespiration pathway.
B. raises the pH of the space until the processes stop.
C. is small enough to diffuse back out through the lipid bilayer.
D. converts NADP to NADPH and generates ATP in the process.
E. moves from the thylakoid space to the stroma through the ATP synthase complex.
These excess H+
move through the ATP synthase complex and synthesize ATP from ADP +
P. This is chemiosmosis.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
45. Which of the following statements comparing the ATP synthase complex in cellular
respiration and photosynthesis is not true?
A. Both require the movement of H+
from inside a compartment to outside of the
compartment.
B. Both produce ATP.
C. Both work via chemiosmosis.
D. Both require a H+
gradient.
E. Both are located in a membrane.
In photosynthesis, the H+
move from inside the thylakoid space to outside while in cellular
respiration, the H+
move from outside the matrix inside.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02

8-24
46. The reservoir for hydrogen ions for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis during photosynthesis is
the
A. stroma.
B. thylakoid membrane.
C. thylakoid space.
D. cytoplasm.
E. matrix.
The H+
accumulate in the thylakoid space.
photosynthesis.
Section: 08.02
47. The formation of carbohydrate occurs within the
A. stroma.
B. outer chloroplast membrane.
C. inner chloroplast membrane.
D. thylakoid membranes.
E. thylakoid space.
The Calvin cycle, which produces carbohydrate operates within the stroma.
Section: 08.03

8-25
48. NADPH and ATP are used in the
A. noncyclic electron pathway.
B. cyclic electron pathway.
C. Calvin cycle reactions.
D. citric acid cycle.
E. light reactions.
The NADPH and ATP generated in the light reactions are used by the Calvin cycle reactions
to produce carbohydrates.
Section: 08.03
49. In the Calvin cycle, the three-carbon molecule that will be immediately formed after
carbon dioxide fixation occurs is
A. PS I.
B. glucose.
C. 3PG.
D. G3P.
E. RuBP.
The first three-carbon molecule formed is 3PG (3-phosphoglycerate).
Section: 08.03

8-26
50. What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?
A. carbon dioxide fixation and reduction
B. carbon dioxide fixation and regeneration of RuBP
C. the noncyclic electron pathway and the cyclic electron pathway
D. the light reactions, regeneration of RuBP, and cyclic electron pathway
E. carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
The Calvin cycle has three stages: carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and the
regeneration of RuBP.
Section: 08.03
51. How many total carbons are involved in carbon dioxide fixation with 3 molecules of
carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of RuBP?
A. 6
B. 12
C. 18
D. 24
E. 30
Carbon dioxide contains 1 carbon each while RuBP contains 5 carbons each, for a total of 18
carbons.
Section: 08.03

8-27
52. The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of
A. water and carbon dioxide.
B. carbon dioxide and NADPH.
C. carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.
D. oxygen and carbon dioxide.
E. glucose and carbon dioxide.
The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide using NADPH and ATP so it needs all three
molecules.
Section: 08.03
53. Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without
the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the
thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this
affect the Calvin cycle reactions?
A. ATP would not be produced and, as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
B. CO2 would not enter the cell as a result, and the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
C. RuBP carboxylase would not function properly, so CO2 fixation would not occur.
D. Sunlight could no longer be used by the chloroplast, but this would have no effect on the
Calvin cycle reactions because they do not require light.
E. Since the Calvin cycle reactions occur in a different part of the chloroplast, there would be
no effect.
The electron transport chain produces ATP. Without ATP the Calvin cycle reactions would
not run.
Section: 08.03

8-28
54. What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) during photosynthesis?
A. It produces the CO2 needed for photosynthesis.
B. It combines with CO2 to produce a 6-carbon compound.
C. It combines with ATP to form G3P.
D. It splits water to release oxygen.
E. It splits carbon dioxide to release oxygen.
RuBP joins with carbon dioxide during the first step of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide
fixation, to form three 6-carbon molecules.
Section: 08.03
55. How much of the protein content in chloroplasts is made up of the enzyme RuBP
carboxylase? Why?
A. less than 1%; the enzyme is very fast
B. less than 1%; the enzyme also catalyzes several side reactions
C. 20-50%; the enzyme also catalyzes several side reactions
D. 20-50%; the enzyme is very slow
E. almost 100%; the enzyme is very slow
RuBP carboxylase makes up 20-50% of the chloroplast proteins because it is unusually slow.
It does catalyze a side reaction but that is not the reason it is so abundant.
Section: 08.03

8-29
56. During photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced. This means that
A. the molecule gains electrons.
B. CO2 is broken down into two smaller molecules.
C. the molecule loses electrons.
D. the molecule loses protons.
E. CO2 is released into the environment.
Reduction is the gain of electrons. CO2 will bond to hydrogen and oxygen to form glucose.
Learning Outcome: 08.03.02 Explain how the products of the Calvin cycle are used to form the other molecules found in plants.
Section: 08.03
57. One of the products of the Calvin cycle is
A. PS I.
B. RuBP carboxylase.
C. 3PG.
D. G3P.
E. RuBP.
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is the end product of the Calvin cycle. Two of these
make up a glucose.
Section: 08.03

8-30
58. Plants need other molecules besides glucose. Where do these molecules, such as cellulose
and fructose, come from?
A. Glucose must always be produced first; glucose can then be used as the monomer to form
everything else.
B. G3P is directly converted to many other organic molecules besides glucose.
C. Plants absorb those molecules from the environment through their roots.
D. Any molecule beyond glucose must be converted from plant tissues already present.
E. Alternative forms of photosynthesis beyond those described must be producing those
molecules.
G3P can be converted to other molecules a plant needs, such as glucose, sucrose, starch,
cellulose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Section: 08.03
59. The hydrocarbon skeleton used to form fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids (when N is
added) is derived from
A. starch.
B. sucrose.
C. cellulose.
D. G3P.
E. glucose phosphate.
G3P can be converted to other molecules a plant needs, such as glucose, sucrose, starch,
cellulose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Section: 08.03

8-31
60. Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are in the group of
A. nonphotosynthetic plants.
B. C3 plants.
C. C4 plants.
D. C5 plants.
E. CAM plants.
Wheat, rice, and oats are examples of C3 plants.
Learning Outcome: 08.04.01 Contrast C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis.
Section: 08.04
Topic: C3, C4, and CAM Photosynthesis
61. Which of the following is a CAM plant?
A. rice
B. cactus
C. corn
D. wheat
E. sugarcane
A cactus is an example of a CAM plant. Wheat and rice are C3 plants. Corn and sugarcane
are C4 plants.
Section: 08.04

8-32
62. Which statement is not true about C3 and C4 plants?
A. C4 plants are more successful in hot climates than C3 plants.
B. C3 plants fix carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cells.
C. In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase.
D. C4 plants deliver CO2 to the Calvin cycle using bundle sheath cells sheltered from leaf air
spaces.
E. CO2 is fixed at night to decrease water loss.
CAM plants fix carbon dioxide at night to decrease water loss.
Section: 08.04
63. Over time, what would we expect in the evolution of C3, C4, and CAM strategies?
A. As the most complicated plants, CAM plants are most likely to go extinct.
B. As the probable ancestral form of photosynthesis, C3 plants are primitive and most likely
to go extinct.
C. Because CAM plants make better usage of metabolism during the night, they are superior
and will eventually become the dominant plants.
D. Because CO2 is delivered by the bundle sheath cells in C4 plants, they are superior and
will eventually dominate.
E. Each form of photosynthesis has advantages in a heterogeneous world and, as long as
environmental conditions vary, all forms will have an adaptive advantage in their unique
niche.
Because the environmental conditions around Earth vary, each type of carbon dioxide
fixation has its advantages.
Learning Outcome: 08.04.02 Explain how different photosynthetic modes allow plants to adapt to a particular environment.
Section: 08.04

8-33
64. CAM plants
A. do not perform any part of photosynthesis during the day.
B. fix CO2 in mesophyll cells during the day.
C. include economically important food crops like corn and sugarcane.
D. open their stomata at night to minimize water loss.
E. typically grow very quickly because they are found in hot, moist environments.
CAM plants open their stomata at night to minimize water loss. They include plants such as
cacti and are found in hot, dry environments.
Section: 08.04
65. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by cellular respiration and
photosynthesis?
A. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plant cells.
B. Both processes produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
C. Both processes produce oxygen.
D. Both processes use an electron transport chain located in membranes of organelles.
E. One or more electron carriers are used in both processes.
Photosynthesis produces oxygen, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.
Learning Outcome: 08.05.02 Describe the similarities and differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Section: 08.05

8-34
66. Which of the following statements is false?
A. During cellular respiration, carbohydrate energy is converted into ATP.
B. During cellular respiration, mitochondria release carbon dioxide.
C. During photosynthesis, energy from the sun is used to form carbohydrates.
D. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used.
E. During photosynthesis, oxygen is used.
During photosynthesis, oxygen is produced.
Section: 08.05
67. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration utilize the same chemical pathways but in reverse
of each other.
FALSE
The chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse of each
other, but the pathways are not the same.
Section: 08.05
68. Only organisms with chloroplasts are capable of photosynthesis.
FALSE
Cyanobacteria do not have organelles, yet they carry on photosynthesis. They do have
thylakoids.
Section: 08.05

8-35
69. At night, plants cannot run metabolic pathways because there is no sunlight.
FALSE
Plants carry out cellular respiration at night. They cannot carry out the light reactions of
photosynthesis without sunlight, but they carry out other chemical reactions.
Section: 08.05
70. In what ways are photosynthesis and cellular respiration not alike?
A. Both will use the electron carrier NADH.
B. Both require ATP.
C. Both require a membrane.
D. Both require a cyclical enzymatic pathway.
E. Both require an electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration requires the electron carrier NADH, while photosynthesis requires
NADPH.
Section: 08.05

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content

Charleston to Augusta. The enemy, well organized and disciplined,
and flushed with success, numbering nearly double our forces, is
concentrated upon one point (Columbia) of that circumference." On
the same day he resumed command of all troops in South Carolina.
General Hardee was seriously ill, and General McLaws took command
at Charleston in his stead and completed the evacuation by the
morning of Saturday, the 18th of February, when the city was
surrendered at 9 a. m. by Mayor Charles Macbeth.
Generals Cheatham and Stewart had by this time brought what
remained of their corps, pitifully few in numbers, to Augusta, in the
vicinity of which General Wheeler had his cavalry, and General
Hampton urged the most rapid movement possible of these forces to
unite with the troops at Columbia for the defense of the State
capital, and the line of the Congaree; but the rapid movements of
Sherman made this impossible.
On the 15th, Logan's corps, advancing on Columbia, was checked by
a brave band of Confederates manning a tête-de-pont and fort at
Little Congaree bridge, and it was night before the head of the
Federal column reached the Congaree in front of Columbia, and went
into camp, shelled by a battery on the other side. That night the
bridge was burned to check the Federal crossing, and next morning
part of De Gress' Federal battery began firing upon the town.
Slocum's corps was ordered to move toward Winnsboro and Howard
to occupy Columbia, which one of his brigades did, by crossing the
Saluda and Broad rivers. General Hampton evacuated Columbia on
the 17th, and his forces took up their march northward intending to
concentrate at Chesterville, or if not possible there, at Charlotte, N.
C., and at the same time Cheatham's corps began its march in the
same direction, from Columbia.
A pontoon was built, on which Sherman crossed into Columbia on
the 17th, and was met by the mayor, who surrendered the city and
asked for its protection from pillage. The day, Sherman says, was
clear, but a "perfect tempest of wind was raging." His orders to
Howard were, he says, to burn all arsenals and public property not

needed for army use, as well as all railroads and depots, but to spare
dwellings and schools and charitable institutions; and he declares
that before a single building was fired by his order, the city was in
flames spread by cotton burning on the streets before he occupied
the city; that the whole of Woods' division was brought in to fight the
fire; that he was up nearly all night, and saw Generals Howard,
Logan, Woods and others laboring to save houses and protect
families. "Our officers and men on duty worked well to extinguish the
flames; but others not on duty, including the officers who had long
been imprisoned there, may have assisted in spreading the fire after
it had once begun."
General Hampton denies that any cotton was fired by his orders, also
that any cotton was burning when the Federals entered the city.
Abundant testimony has been given by the people of Columbia, both
white and black, to the effect that the city was burned by the Federal
soldiers. This is virtually admitted by General Slocum when he says:
"I believe the immediate cause of the disaster was a free use of
whisky (which was supplied to the soldiers by citizens with great
liberality). A drunken soldier, with a musket in one hand and a match
in the other, is not a pleasant visitor to have about the house on a
dark, windy night." Sherman, in his Memoirs, says: "The army,
having totally ruined Columbia, moved on toward Winnsboro." There
can be no doubt that Federal soldiers burned Columbia and were
never punished for it.
This, however, was but one instance of the general devastation
accompanying Sherman's march. The words of a Federal soldier[M]
may be quoted as suggestive of the ruin wrought by the invading
army:
It was sad to see the wanton destruction of property which ...
was the work of "bummers" who were marauding through the
country committing every sort of outrage. There was no restraint
except with the column or the regular foraging parties. We had
no communications and could have no safeguards. The country
was necessarily left to take care of itself, and became a "howling

waste." The "coffee-coolers" of the army of the Potomac were
archangels compared to our "bummers," who often fell to the
tender mercies of Wheeler's cavalry, and were never heard of
again, meeting a fate richly deserved.
General Beauregard at this time reported to General Lee that
Sherman was advancing on Winnsboro, and would thence probably
move on Greensboro, Danville and Petersburg, and that he did not
believe it possible for the troops from Charleston or those of
Cheatham to make a junction with him short of Greensboro. On the
19th, Gen. R. E. Lee wrote to the war department:
I do not see how Sherman can make the march anticipated by
Beauregard [to Greensboro], but he seems to have everything
his own way, which is calculated to cause apprehension....
General Beauregard has a difficult task to perform under present
circumstances, and one of his best officers (General Hardee) is
incapacitated by sickness. Should his strength give way, there is
no one on duty in the department that could replace him, nor
have I any one to send there. Gen. J. E. Johnston is the only
officer who has the confidence of the army and people, and if he
was ordered to report to me I would place him there on duty. It
is necessary to bring out all our strength, and, I fear, to unite
our armies, as separately they do not seem able to make
headway against the enemy. Everything should be destroyed
that cannot be removed out of the reach of Generals Sherman
and Schofield. Provisions must be accumulated in Virginia, and
every man in all the States must be brought out. I fear it may be
necessary to abandon all our cities, and preparation should be
made for this contingency.
On February 22d, General Johnston was assigned to command of the
departments of Tennessee and Georgia, and South Carolina, Georgia
and Florida.
On the 21 st, Sherman's advance was at Winnsboro, and Rocky
Mount was occupied on the 23d. Kilpatrick's cavalry was ordered to

Lancaster. For several days after this Sherman was delayed by high
water in the rivers. Howard's wing, having crossed the Catawba
before the rains set in, advanced on Cheraw, where Hardee was
stationed with a force of about 12,000, and a cavalry command was
sent to burn and destroy at Camden. Another body of cavalry
attempting to cut the railroad from Charleston to Florence was met
and routed by a part of Butler's command, at Mount Elon. General
Butler met Howard's advance at Chesterfield, and skirmished to
impede its march, but Cheraw was entered by the enemy March 2d,
and much property destroyed. An expedition of Federals was sent
toward Florence, but was defeated in its attempt to reach that place.
Continuing his march northward, Sherman's left wing reached
Fayetteville, N. C., on the 11th of March. General Hampton, with his
cavalry, had maintained active skirmishing to cover the retreat of
Hardee's troops, and on the morning of March 10th, finding
Kilpatrick's cavalry in a scattered condition, he ordered Wheeler's and
Butler's cavalry to attack. They charged the camps, took Kilpatrick's
headquarters, artillery and wagons, destroying the latter, and
captured 350 prisoners, but the enemy reforming in a marsh, finally
compelled the Confederates to withdraw.
Sherman spent three days at Fayetteville, destroying the arsenal and
machinery. He then began to fear serious trouble from the
concentration of the Confederate forces in his front under General
Johnston, and began a movement toward Goldsboro, where he
ordered Schofield to join him. His march began March 15th, his
advance being steadily resisted by Hampton, and on the 16th he
encountered General Hardee near Averasboro, in the narrow,
swampy neck between Cape Fear and South rivers, determined to
check the Federal advance to gain time for the concentration of
Johnston's army.
At 7 a. m. on the 16th, Hardee's line was attacked, 5 miles south of
Averasboro, and Colonel Rhett's brigade forced back, rallying on
Elliott's. Forming a second line, supported by McLaws' division and
later by Wheeler's cavalry, the fighting was continued, although the

enemy's great superiority in numbers enabled him to flank the
second line and compel Hardee to occupy a third. He maintained his
position during the day and retreated upon Smithfield, where
Johnston's headquarters was then located. He reported his loss as
400 or 500. Colonel Rhett was captured, in a skirmish preceding the
battle, and Colonel Butler commanded his brigade. Casualties were
reported in fourteen brigades of the Federal army, aggregating 95
killed, 533 wounded and 54 missing.[N]
General Taliaferro, in his report of the battle of Averasboro, says:
Our skirmish line, under the command of Captain Huguenin,
First South Carolina infantry, received their advance very
handsomely, and only fell back when forced by greatly superior
numbers. On the right of the line and well advanced to the front,
the houses at Smith's place were occupied by two companies of
the First South Carolina artillery.... The fighting was heavy
during the entire morning. Men and officers displayed signal
gallantry. Our loss on this [Elliott's] line was considerable,
including some of our best officers, among whom were
Lieutenant-Colonel De Treville, First South Carolina infantry, and
Captain Lesesne, First South Carolina artillery. Our light artillery,
which consisted of two 12-pounder howitzers of LeGardeur's
(New Orleans) battery and one 12-pounder Napoleon of Stuart's
(South Carolina) battery, was well served, and operated with
good results upon the enemy's infantry and opposing battery.
The ground was so soft with the heavy rains that the pieces
could with difficulty be maneuvered, and when this line was
abandoned, it was impossible to withdraw two of the guns, as
every horse of Stuart's but one, and nine of LeGardeur's were
killed, and nearly all the cannoneers of both guns were either
killed or wounded. Spare horses had been ordered up, but did
not arrive in time. All the ammunition, however, to the last shot
of all the guns had been expended upon the enemy.[O]

On being informed that the Fourteenth and Twentieth Federal corps,
which had been engaged with Hardee at Averasboro, were moving
by the Goldsboro road, at some distance from Sherman's other wing,
Johnston immediately concentrated his troops available at
Bentonville, and attacked Slocum at 3 p. m., at first meeting with
brilliant success. A mile in the rear the Federals rallied. "We were
able to press all back slowly until 6," said Johnston, "when receiving
fresh troops apparently, they attempted the offensive, which we
resisted without difficulty till dark." On the 20th, Hoke's division was
attacked, but repulsed every assault. Next day there was heavy
skirmishing, and Stewart's and Taliaferro's skirmishers were thrown
forward, who found that Sherman, having united his two wings, was
intrenching. On the evening of the 21st, General Hardee, assisted by
Hampton and Wheeler, defeated an attempt of Blair's corps to move
upon Bentonville. Then, learning that Schofield had reached
Goldsboro, and Sherman was moving toward Cox's bridge, Johnston
withdrew to the neighborhood of Smithfield, and thence through
Raleigh toward Greensboro.
The first attack upon the enemy preliminary to the battle of
Bentonville was made by General Hampton, on the morning of the
18th, in defense of the position he had selected for the battle which
had been planned. On the 19th, before the arrival of Hardee to take
position between Hoke and Stewart, Hampton held the gap in the
line with two South Carolina batteries of horse artillery, Hart's, under
Capt. E. L. Halsey, and Capt W. E. Earle's.
Maj.-Gen. D. H. Hill, commanding Lee's corps, which included the
South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade, reported the entire success
of his command in the first attack, and added: "Lieutenant-Colonel
Carter [commanding Manigault's brigade] was in actual negotiation
with a Yankee general for the surrender of his command."
Unfortunately, at this juncture the enemy pressed upon the flank and
rear of his advance, and many men were cut off. "Captain Wood,
adjutant-general of Manigault's brigade, brought out 10 men and 8
prisoners, after a tiresome march all night around the Yankee
forces."

Gen. John D. Kennedy commanded Kershaw's old brigade, and he
and his veterans did gallant service.[P]
During the operations just narrated, Hagood's brigade had been
engaged, under Hoke and Bragg, in the defense of Wilmington, N. C.,
and of Kinston, maintaining in every combat its old-time reputation
for valor. In the operations about Kinston, Lee's corps, under D. H.
Hill, also took part, and in the actions of March 8th, 9th and 10th,
the South Carolinians of Manigault's brigade were engaged.
Having fought to the extremity for a great Right, the army under
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston was surrendered April 26, 1865, upon the
terms agreed upon between Lee and Grant at Appomattox. The
South Carolina soldiery of all arms, and its men of the navy in all
waters, had valorously sustained the honor of their State, making in
long and arduous service a reputation for fortitude, courage,
humanity, and devotion to the Confederacy, only equaled by the
fame similarly earned by their comrades from other States. Accepting
honorable parole in good faith, these chivalrous men retired from the
theater of war to act well their parts in civil life, trusting their
country's future to the honest hope that the operations in the minds
and actions of their countrymen of the essential principles of free
government under constitutional regulations, would yet accomplish in
peace the great ends for which they had so terribly suffered in war.

SOUTH CAROLINA.
1861-65
From official war records atlas
Principal Engagements ★
[M] Capt. Daniel Oakey, Second Massachusetts volunteers, in
"Battles and Leaders."
[N] A Federal line officer, writing of this fight years afterward,
said: "It was a wretched place for a fight. At some points we had
to support our wounded until they could be carried off, to prevent
their falling into the swamp water, in which we stood ankle deep.
No ordinary troops were in our front. They would not give way
until a division of Davis' corps was thrown upon their right while
we pressed them closely. As we passed over their dead and
wounded, I came upon the body of a very young officer, whose
handsome, refined face attracted my attention. While the line of

battle swept past me I knelt at his side for a moment. His buttons
bore the arms of South Carolina. Evidently we were fighting the
Charleston chivalry."
[O] Among South Carolinians specially mentioned by General
Taliaferro were Brig.-Gen. Stephen Elliott and Colonel Butler,
commanding brigades; Colonel Brown, Major Warley and Captain
Humbert, Second South Carolina artillery; Captain Mathewes and
Lieutenant Boag, Manigault's battalion; Lieutenant-Colonel Yates,
Major Blanding (severely wounded) and Captain King, First South
Carolina artillery; Captain Huguenin, First South Carolina infantry,
and Major Lucas.
[P] General Kennedy complimented Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace,
commanding the Second regiment, for skill and gallantry, and
mentioned particularly, "Capt. C. R. Holmes, assistant adjutant-
general, Lieutenant Harllee, acting assistant inspector-general,
Lieutenant Sill, acting on staff, and C. Kennison, acting aide-de-
camp; also the good conduct and coolness in bearing dispatches
of Sergeant Blake and Corporal Pinckney of the Second South
Carolina." Lieutenant-Colonel Roy, in the advance, was for a time
on the left of the brigade, gallantly inspiriting the men.

BIOGRAPHICAL.
MAJOR-GENERALS AND BRIGADIER-GENERALS, PROVISIONAL
ARMY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES, ACCREDITED TO SOUTH
CAROLINA.
Brigadier-General Barnard E. Bee was born at Charleston, S. C., in
1823, the son of Col. Barnard E. Bee, who removed to Texas in
1835, and grandson of Thomas Bee, the first Federal judge of the
State of South Carolina. He was appointed as a cadet-at-large to the
United States military academy, and was graduated in 1845, with
promotion to brevet second lieutenant, Third infantry. Immediately
afterward he served in the military occupation of Texas, and during
the war with Mexico participated in the battles of 1846 at Palo Alto
and Resaca de la Palma, after which he was on recruiting service
with promotion to second lieutenant. In 1847 he took part in the
siege of Vera Cruz, and while storming the enemy's intrenched
heights at Cerro Gordo, was wounded and earned the brevet of first
lieutenant. His gallant record was continued in the conflicts at
Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec and the City of Mexico, winning
for him the rank of brevet captain and a sword of honor from South
Carolina, his native State. After the close of this war he served as
adjutant of the Third infantry at various army posts on the frontier,
until the spring of 1855, with promotion to first lieutenant in 1851,
and to captain of the Tenth infantry in 1855. For a short time he was
detached at the cavalry school at Carlisle; then was on frontier duty
in Minnesota; marched with Albert Sidney Johnston to Utah in 1857,
and in that territory served as lieutenant-colonel of the volunteer
battalion until the close of 1858. He was on duty at Fort Laramie,
Dak., when he resigned in March, 1861, to enter the Confederate

service. First commissioned major of infantry, C. S. A., he was
promoted to brigadier-general, provisional army, in June, and given
command of the Third brigade of the army of the Shenandoah,
under Brig.-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, whose other brigade
commanders were Colonels Jackson, Bartow and Elzey. Bee's
command was composed of the Second and Eleventh Mississippi,
Sixth North Carolina and Fourth Alabama regiments, and Imboden's
battery. After participating in the maneuvers in the valley against
Patterson, his brigade was the first to reinforce Beauregard at
Manassas Junction, arriving there on July 20th. He selected the
position for the artillery on the morning of the 21st near the Henry
house, almost simultaneously with the placing of Rickett's battery on
the opposite hill, and ordered the opening of the artillery fire which
checked the Federal advance and made the subsequent victory
possible. He was the ranking officer on this part of the field during
the early hours of battle, and supported Evans with his own and
Bartow's brigades, while Jackson followed and took position on the
line he had selected. Forced back by Federal reinforcements, he
rallied his troops, and during the confusion shouted the historic
words: "Look at Jackson's brigade. It stands there like a stonewall."
His gallant men soon reformed and drove the Federals from the
Henry house plateau which they had gained, and soon afterward
were in turn driven back by the enemy. In the second charge of the
Confederates which swept the Federals from the disputed position,
captured the Rickett and Griffin batteries, and won the day, General
Bee fell mortally wounded near the Henry house, close to the spot
where he gave his first orders for battle. He died the following
morning, July 22, 1861, in the little cabin on the field where he had
made his headquarters. The death of General Bee, in this first great
battle of the war, caused universal mourning in the South. He was
an officer of tried courage and capacity, and had the promise of a
glorious career in the great struggle into which he had entered with
such generous enthusiasm.
* * * * *

Brigadier-General Milledge Luke Bonham was born near Red Bank,
Edgefield district, December 22, 1813, the son of Capt. James
Bonham, who came from Virginia to South Carolina about the close
of the last century, and married Sophie, daughter of Jacob Smith,
niece of Capt. James Butler, head of an illustrious South Carolina
family. The grandfather of General Bonham was Maj. Absalom
Bonham, a native of Maryland and a soldier of the revolutionary war.
General Bonham, after graduation at the South Carolina college, had
his first military experience as a volunteer in the company of Capt.
James Jones, in the Seminole war, and was promoted to brigade
major, a position corresponding to adjutant-general of brigade.
Subsequently, while beginning his career as a lawyer and legislator,
he continued his association with the militia and attained the rank of
major-general. When war began with Mexico he went to the front as
lieutenant-colonel of the Twelfth United States infantry, and served
with distinction, earning promotion to colonel, and remained in
Mexico a year after the close of the war, as military governor of one
of the provinces. Then returning home he resumed the practice of
law, was elected solicitor of the southern circuit, and in 1856, upon
the death of Preston S. Brooks, was chosen as the successor of that
gentleman in Congress. Upon the secession of the State he promptly
resigned and was appointed commander-in-chief of the South
Carolina army, with the rank of major-general. In this capacity, and
waiving all questions of rank and precedence, at the request of
Governor Pickens, he served upon the coast in hearty co-operation
with General Beauregard, sent there by the provisional government
of the Confederate States. At a later date he was commissioned
brigadier-general in the provisional army, and he took to Richmond
the first troops, not Virginian, that arrived for the defense of the
capital. His regiments were commanded by Colonels Kershaw,
Williams, Cash and Bacon, and were conspicuous in the operations
before Washington and in the first battle of Manassas. Afterward, in
consequence of a disagreement with the war department, he
resigned and was elected to the Confederate Congress. In
December, 1862, he was elected governor of the State, an office
which he filled with credit. In January, 1865, he was appointed to

command of a brigade of cavalry, in the organization of which he
was engaged at the close of military operations. His subsequent
career was marked by the same ardent patriotism. As a delegate to
President Grant from the taxpayers' convention, and a supporter of
the revolution of 1876, he rendered the State valuable service. He
was the first railroad commissioner of South Carolina, in 1878, and
subsequently chairman of the commission until his death, August 27,
1890. As a soldier he is described as "one of the finest looking
officers in the entire army. His tall, graceful figure, commanding
appearance, noble bearing and soldierly mien, all excited the
admiration and confidence of his troops. He wore a broad-brimmed
hat with a waving plume, and sat his horse with the knightly grace
of Charles the Bold or Henry of Navarre. His soldiers were proud of
him, and loved to do him homage. While he was a good
disciplinarian, so far as the volunteer service required, he did not
treat his officers with any air of superiority."
* * * * *
Brigadier-General John Bratton was born at Winnsboro, S. C., March
7, 1831, the son of Dr. William Bratton by his second wife, Isabella
Means. He is a descendant of Col. William Bratton, of Virginia, who
removed to York county, S. C., and was a conspicuous figure in the
war of the revolution. John Bratton was graduated at the South
Carolina college in 1850, and a few years later embarked in the
practice of medicine at his native town, having completed a
professional course at the Charleston college. In 1861 he enlisted in
the first call for ten regiments of troops, as a private, and being
promoted captain, served in that capacity during the bombardment
of Fort Sumter, and until the State troops were called upon to enlist
in the Confederate service. His company declining to respond, he
again enlisted as a private, and with twenty-three men of his old
command helped to fill up a company for the Sixth regiment. This
was soon ordered to Virginia, where he went as second lieutenant of
Company C. Except for the engagement at Dranesville, the year for
which the regiment enlisted was uneventful, but toward the close he
attracted the favorable attention of General Johnston by advocating

the enlistment of his regiment as a whole for the war, and though
this proposition failed, he was enabled to re-enlist the first company
of one year's men of Johnston's army. It followed that a battalion of
six companies of the Sixth was re-enlisted, and he was soon elected
to the command, and promoted colonel when the regiment was filled
up. He commanded his regiment with gallantry in Jenkins' brigade,
Longstreet's corps, at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, the Seven Days'
battles, and the succeeding campaigns of the army of Northern
Virginia, and in the Chickamauga and Knoxville campaigns, where he
was in command of the brigade while Jenkins had charge of Hood's
division. After the death of Jenkins at the battle of the Wilderness,
he was at once promoted brigadier-general on the urgent request of
General Lee, and he continued to lead this famous brigade to the
end. At Appomattox, so well had his gallant men held together, he
had the largest brigade in the army, a little over 1,500 men, and in
fact it was larger than some of the divisions. His brigade alone made
an orderly march to Danville and secured railroad transportation for
a part of their homeward journey. When General Bratton reached
home he gave his attention to planting, and in 1866 was elected to
the legislature. In 1876 he was the chairman of the South Carolina
delegation to the national Democratic convention, in 1880 was
chairman of the State committee of his party, and in 1881 was
elected comptroller of the State to fill an unexpired term. He was a
stalwart lieutenant of Gen. Wade Hampton in the famous campaign
of 1876, was elected to Congress in 1884, and was his party's
candidate for governor in 1890. Having been for many years
identified with the agricultural interests of the State, he was selected
as the one man likely to unify his party. With the single purpose of
mitigating the evils attending division among the whites, he
sacrificed himself on the shrine of duty, as he saw it, and though
defeated, again won the admiration of all classes. Until his death at
Winnsboro, January 12, 1898, he held firmly the unalloyed love and
respect of the people.
* * * * *

Major-General Matthew Calbraith Butler was born near Greenville, S.
C., March 6, 1836. His father was Dr. William Butler, an assistant
surgeon in the United States navy, and a congressman in 1841; his
mother, Jane T., daughter of Captain Perry, U. S. N., of Newport, R.
I., and sister of Commodore Oliver H. Perry and Matthew Calbraith
Perry. Judge A. P. Butler, United States senator, and Gov. Pierce M.
Butler, colonel of the Palmetto regiment and killed at Churubusco,
were his uncles; his grandfather, Gen. William Butler, was a gallant
officer of the revolutionary army, and his great-grandfather, Capt.
James Butler, a native of Loudoun county, Va., was the founder of
the family in North Carolina. In childhood he accompanied his father
to Arkansas, but after the latter's death returned to South Carolina in
1851, and made his home with Senator A. P. Butler near Edgefield.
He was educated at the South Carolina college, and then reading
law was admitted to practice in 1857. In the following year he was
married to Maria, daughter of Gov. F. W. Pickens. He was elected to
the legislature in 1860, but before the conclusion of his term,
entered the military service of his State as captain of a company of
cavalry in Hampton's legion. This command took a distinguished part
in the first battle of Manassas, and Captain Butler was promoted
major to date from July 21st, the beginning of his famous career in
the cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia. He commanded the
cavalry of the legion under Stuart in the withdrawal of the troops
from Yorktown, and was warmly commended for gallantry at
Williamsburg. In August, 1862, he was promoted to colonel of the
Second regiment, South Carolina cavalry, Hampton's brigade, and in
this rank he participated in the Second Manassas and Maryland
campaigns, winning favorable mention for gallant leadership in the
affair at Monocacy bridge, and in Stuart's Chambersburg raid. He
commanded the main part of his brigade in the Dumfries expedition
of December, 1862, and in June, 1863, he was one of the most
conspicuous leaders in the famous cavalry battle of Brandy Station.
Here he was severely wounded by a shell, losing his right foot, and
promotion to brigadier-general followed in September. Returning to
service before his wound healed he was sent home to recover. He
succeeded General Hampton in brigade command, and took part in

the fall campaigns of the army in 1863, and throughout the famous
struggle of 1864, at the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and before
Richmond in opposition to Sheridan, he was one of the heroic figures
of this last great campaign of the Confederate armies. The reports of
Sheridan himself attest the splendid fighting of Butler and his
brigade at Hawe's Shop and Cold Harbor. At Trevilian Station he was
in command of Hampton's division, and repulsed seven distinct and
determined assaults by the largely superior forces under Sheridan,
his command occupying the most important point of the Confederate
line and fighting as infantry. In September he was promoted major-
general, and in the spring of 1865 he was detached with a small
division for the campaign against Sherman in the Carolinas. He
commanded the rear guard of Hardee's army at the evacuation of
Columbia and Cheraw, and at the last had division command of
cavalry, his forces and Gen. Joe Wheeler's forming the command of
Lieut.-Gen. Wade Hampton. The close of the war left him in financial
ruin, but he bravely met the exigencies of the occasion, and in a
short time attained national repute for the firmness and boldness
with which he handled the political questions which concerned the
essentials of the reorganized social life. While he powerfully
advocated obedience to the reconstruction measures as the law, law
being preferable to chaos, he receded at no time from a persistent
opposition to infringements on good government, and was largely
instrumental in securing the election of Gov. Wade Hampton. In
1876 he was elected to the United States Senate, where his
admission was met by a storm of partisan protest which is
memorable in the history of the nation, but his career of eighteen
years in that exalted body vindicated the good judgment and
patriotism of the State which deputed him as its representative. In
the stormy days of sectional debate in Congress he was one of the
foremost champions of the South, but at a later period he was
enabled to make a splendid record in constructive statesmanship by
his staunch advocacy of a strong navy, of civil service reform, and
other measures now settled in national policy. After the expiration of
his service in the Senate, March, 1895, he engaged in the practice of
law at Washington, D. C. In 1898 he was appointed a major-general

in the volunteer army of the United States, for the war with Spain,
and after peace was secured he served as a member of the
commission for the removal of the Spanish forces from Cuba.
M. C. BUTLER
Brigadier-General Ellison Capers, a descendant of an English family
which settled in South Carolina among the earliest colonists, was
born in Charleston, October 14, 1837. His father, grandfather and
several generations of the name, belonged to the parishes of St.
Thomas and St. Denis, in Charleston county, in the territory originally

called Berkeley county. His mother was of Irish extraction, her father,
William McGill, having settled in Kershaw county, upon coming from
Ireland. William Capers, the grandfather of Ellison, was a soldier of
the revolution, a lieutenant in the Second South Carolina regiment,
and after the fall of Charleston in 1780, one of Marion's captains in
his famous partisan brigade, in which his only brother, G. Sinclair
Capers, held the same rank. Several thrilling incidents in the career
of these two gallant partisan captains are related by Judge James, of
South Carolina, in his life of Marion. They were both planters.
William Capers, father of Ellison, was born on his father's plantation,
"Bull Head," in St. Thomas parish, about 20 miles north of
Charleston, January 25, 1790. He was graduated at the South
Carolina college in Columbia, entered the Methodist ministry in 1808,
and devoted his life and brilliant talents to his sacred calling. He was
elected and consecrated a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal church
South, in 1845, and died at his home in Anderson, S. C., January 29,
1855. Ellison Capers, the fourth son of his marriage with Susan
McGill, was graduated at the South Carolina military academy in
November, 1857. The next year he was a resident graduate and
assistant professor of mathematics and belles lettres in his alma
mater. In 1859 he married Charlotte Rebecca, fourth daughter of
John Gendron and Catherine Cotourier Palmer, of Cherry Grove
plantation, St. John's, Berkeley, S. C. In the fall of this year he was
appointed assistant professor of mathematics in the South Carolina
military academy at Charleston with the rank of second lieutenant.
The active state of affairs in Charleston during the summer and fall
of 1860 roused the military spirit of the people, and the First
regiment of Rifles was organized in Charleston, of which Lieutenant
Capers was unanimously elected major. He served with this regiment
at Castle Pinckney, and on Morris, Sullivan's, James and John's
islands. His regiment also constituted a part of the army under
Beauregard during the attack on Fort Sumter. He continued to serve
in the vicinity of Charleston until November, when he resigned the
rank of lieutenant-colonel to which he had been promoted, in order
that he might enter the Confederate service. Satisfied that a terrible
struggle was before his people, he resigned his professorship at the

military academy and united with Col. Clement H. Stevens, of
Charleston, in enlisting a regiment for the war. The regiment was
mustered into the Confederate service as the Twenty-fourth South
Carolina volunteer infantry, April 1, 1862, with Clement H. Stevens
as colonel, Ellison Capers, lieutenant-colonel, and H. J. Hammond,
major; on the 4th of April was ordered to Coles' island, and on the
25th of May was transferred to James island. On June 3d,
Companies A, B, D and E, and the Charleston battalion, under
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Capers, opened the James Island
campaign. In this engagement Colonel Capers led the attack, and for
his courageous and skillful management of this affair he was
commended in general orders. At the battle of Secessionville, the
Twenty-fourth was again engaged, and Colonel Capers was praised
in orders. He was next detailed to command a battery of siege guns
at Clark's house. Except a short service at Pocotaligo the regiment
was on James island until December 15, 1862, when it was ordered
to North Carolina to the relief of Wilmington, and stationed at the
railroad crossing of Northeast river on Island Ford road. On February
13th it was returned to South Carolina and placed on duty in the
Third military district (W. S. Walker's). Lieutenant-Colonel Capers,
with part of his regiment and other commands, was detached to
command the district between Combahee and Ashepoo rivers.
Charleston being threatened with attack, the regiment was ordered
back to Secessionville, April 5, 1863. On May 6th it left South
Carolina for Jackson, Miss., being assigned to Gist's brigade, and
eight days later, while commanding the regiment in the battle at
Jackson, Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was wounded. About the last of
August, Gist's brigade was sent to General Bragg. It participated in
the battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and in the former
Capers was again wounded. During the winter at Dalton in January,
1864, Colonel Stevens was promoted to brigadier-general and placed
in charge of the brigade formerly commanded by Gen. Claudius C.
Wilson. It was while leading this brigade that General Stevens
received his mortal wound at Peachtree creek, July 20, 1864.
Lieutenant-Colonel Capers was promoted to the colonelcy of the
Twenty-fourth, which he led through the Atlanta and Tennessee

campaigns until the battle of Franklin, where he was wounded and
Gist was killed. On March 1, 1865, on the recommendations of
Generals Johnston, Hardee and Cheatham, he was commissioned
brigadier-general and assigned to the command of Gist's brigade.
After the war General Capers was elected secretary of state of South
Carolina, December, 1866. In 1867 he entered the ministry of the
Protestant Episcopal church. He was for twenty years rector at
Greenville, S. C., for one year at Selma, Ala., and for six years at
Trinity, Columbia. In 1889 the degree of D. D. was conferred on him
by the university of South Carolina. On May 4, 1893, he was elected
bishop by the convention of South Carolina on the first ballot, and on
July 20, 1893, was consecrated in this sacred office.
* * * * *
Brigadier-General James Chestnut, a gallant South Carolinian,
distinguished as a general officer, also served as aide-de-camp on
the staff of President Davis, in which connection his biography is
given in the first volume of this work.
* * * * *
Brigadier-General James Conner was born at Charleston, the son of
Henry W. Conner, of that city. After his graduation at the South
Carolina college in 1849, he read law under James L. Petigru, and
was admitted to practice in 1852. In 1856 his ability as a lawyer was
recognized by appointment as United States district attorney, an
office which he resigned in 1860 on account of the prospect of
secession by his State. He was associated with Judge Magrath and
Hon. W. F. Colcock on a committee which visited the legislature and
urged the calling of a convention, and after the passage of the
ordinance he devoted himself to preparation for the field. Though
appointed Confederate States attorney for the district, he refused to
leave the military service and deputed his official duties. He entered
the Confederate service as captain of the Montgomery Guards, and
in May, 1861, was chosen captain of Company A, Washington light
infantry, Hampton's legion. He was promoted major to date from the
first battle of Manassas, and in June, 1862, became colonel of the

Twenty-second North Carolina regiment. Being disabled for duty, he
was detailed as one of the judges of the military court of the Second
corps, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. On June 1, 1864, he was
promoted brigadier-general, and was assigned to command of
McGowan's and Lane's brigades. Subsequently, as acting major-
general, he commanded a division consisting of the brigades of
McGowan, Lane and Bushrod Johnson. On the return of General
McGowan to duty, General Conner was assigned permanently to the
command of Kershaw's old brigade. In 1865 he was promoted to
major-general, and the commission was made out, and forwarded,
but failed to reach him in the confusion of the final days of the
Confederacy. He was at the bombardment of Fort Sumter, 1861, and
participated in the battles of First Manassas, Yorktown, New Stone
Point, West Point, Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Chancellorsville,
Riddle's Shop, Darby's Farm, Fussell's Mill, Petersburg, Jerusalem
Plank Road, Reams' Station, Winchester, Port Republic and Cedar
Creek. He was severely wounded in the leg at Mechanicsville, and
again in the same leg near Fisher's Hill, October, 1864, compelling
the amputation of the limb. At First Manassas the command of the
legion was given him as senior captain, by Colonel Hampton, when
the latter was wounded, and Captain Conner gallantly led in the
charge upon Rickett's battery. As commander of Kershaw's South
Carolinians he was greatly beloved by his men. After his return to
Charleston he resumed the practice of law, in which he gained
distinction. For many years he was assistant counsel and then
solicitor of the South Carolina railroad, and for the bank of
Charleston, and for some time was receiver of the Greenville &
Columbia railroad. In 1876 he was chairman of the Democratic
executive committee of the State, and was nominated and elected
attorney-general of the State, on the ticket headed by General
Hampton. During the exciting period of this campaign he was in
command of the rifle-clubs which were depended upon for the
preservation of order, and his calmness and self-control were of
great value to the State. His performance of the duties of attorney-
general elicited the warm official commendation of Governor

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