Integrated Science M1 Interactions
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This document provides an overview of feeding relationships in ecosystems through food chains and webs. It begins by defining objectives and key concepts like producers, consumers, autotrophs and heterotrophs. Examples of food chains show how energy and matter pass from plants to primary and secondary consumers. Food webs illustrate how organisms can be involved in multiple feeding relationships. The document suggests that removing any population, like hawks in one example, can disrupt an ecosystem's food web and affect other species.
Integrated Science M1 Interactions
- 1. Integrated Science Module 1 Unit 2 Lesson 7 Image Source: http://500px.com/photo/741583
- 2. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Overview This slide set can be used for revision purposes. In this slide presentation, you will explore feeding inter-relationships in ecosystems. This slide set relates to the following Integrated Science lesson: You can access the subtopics in the Menu at the top of the slides. 2 Module 1: Unit 2: Lesson 7 Interactions in an ecosystem
- 3. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Objectives When you complete this slide set you will be able to: discuss feeding inter-relationships within an ecosystem. construct a simple food-energy chain. use food-energy chains to build a food-energy web. demonstrate an awareness of the importance of plants in making food and energy available to all animals. show an understanding that the removal of any population from an ecosystem can adversely affect other feeding inter-relationships within that ecosystem. describe a typical ecological pyramid used to show feeding relationships. show understanding that there are other types of interactions within an ecosystem. 3
- 4. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Introduction Have you ever thought about how you get food and where it actually comes from?? 4 http://schools.bcsd.com/fremont/4th_Sci_Life_food_chains.htm No! … We’re not talking now about going to the super-market or to the market to buy ‘stuff’. What is the real source of our food? Is it the same for animals like these? Well …Let’s find out!
- 5. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feeding inter-relationships in an ecosystem The interactions of the biotic components are an important feature of an ecosystem. Plants and animals interact with certain abiotic factors in the ecosystem – e.g. gases, water, and also with each other, especially for feeding -- e.g. as producer, consumer, decomposer, and which under normal circumstances result in balance in the ecosystem. Some other examples of feeding interactions are: parasitism, commensalism, symbiosis and predator-prey relationships. 5
- 6. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feeding inter-relationships in an ecosystem Look at these example of feeding interactions. They are important! Through them, organisms gain food & energy for various activities. 6 dartfrogeducation.com Which of these animals are acting as predators as they try to get food? The mongoose (middle) can be found in Jamaica. Watch this video > http://www.teluglobe.com/funtertainment/videos/the- fight-i-always-wanted-to-see-cobra-vs-mongoose http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites /animals/8603.php Daphnie Morrison © 2013
- 7. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feeding inter-relationships in an ecosystem From previous lessons you learnt the important role of plants in the ecosystem. State the role of plants when considering the feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Write your response in the box below in one -two paragraphs. You must be in Slide Show view to type/delete text in the box. 7 Plants are important because they are the only living organisms that can convert the sun’s energy, in the process of photosynthesis, to a form that is accessible and usable by themselves and animals.
- 8. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feeding inter-relationships in an ecosystem 8 Carbon dioxide from the air Energy from Sunlight (or light) Water and minerals ions/alts absorbed from the soil Food – some used by plant; some stored JUST IN CASE YOU FORGOT! Oxygen formed in photosynthesis -- some given off and some used during respiration to release energy stored in food
- 9. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy chains What are your feeding inter-relationships with other biotic elements around you? We-ll…here’s that curried goat meal you ate yesterday… Right?. M-m-mm… delicious meat!! 9 Image source - midtownlunch.com But where did the curried meat come from?? ? ? http://www.fotosearch.com/FSD297/x28117423/
- 10. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Aa-a-h-h Yes …… the goat! Food-energy chains 10 Wonder what it got to eat to make it grow so healthy and its meat so tasty? Of course! That goat’s been eating mangoes! It got both food and energy.
- 11. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids So… let’s see now! Energy from sunlight was converted in the mango leaves and stored in mangoes as chemical energy. The goat ate mangoes, and got both food and energy. Then people ate goat flesh in which is food/energy. Food-energy chains 11 When we show such a feeding relationship, we call that a food-energy chain! Why do you think it has that name? Tell your teacher what you think. Need help? Look at another example on the next slide. MORE
- 12. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy chains 12 Image of cow - http://home-su-cool.blogspot.com/2011/01/c-cow-unit-plan.html When one organism eats another as food, it gets the nutrients and energy. So, in a food- energy chain both food and energy are passed along from one organism to another. Why do you think the feeding relationship is called a food-energy chain? Write your response in the box below. Click the CHECK button for feedback.
- 13. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy chains Feedback continued: Did you also consider these points ? The word ‘chain’ in the name ‘food-energy chain’ indicates that each organism is linked to others (for food) just the same way the links of a real chain are joined to each other. Also, the arrows show who eats what! They point to the organism into which food and energy is going during the process of nutrition . But it is not merely food (e.g., stored in the grass leaves) that is transferred! Involved, also, is the passing of energy e.g. from the sun into green plants where it is converted to chemical energy when the plants carry out photosynthesis. Then energy is transferred into animals in the form of stored chemical energy in foods eaten, so they can each carry out their various activities. BOTH food and energy are involved in the feeding of one organism on another. So, we correctly speak of a ‘food-energy chain!’.
- 14. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy chains The food-energy chain always starts with producers, e.g. green plants and algae. 14 Producers are autotrophs. Do you remember what autotrophs are? Type your response in the box below. Click the CHECK button for feedback. Autotroph comes from two words; auto = self and trophe = nourishing. So, an autotroph is an organism which makes its own food to nourish itself. Examples are all green plants and algae. Photo: Langes0812.wordpress.com
- 15. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological Niches a) Animals that are the first to take the food-energy from the plants/producers are called primary consumers. b) Animals that eat primary consumers are secondary consumers. 15 (a) Aphids feeding on leaf (b) Ladybug eating Aphids
- 16. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological Niches Take note! 16 The word ending -vore comes from the Latin word which means ‘to eat’ or ‘to devour’. Primary consumers are always herbivores - i.e. plant-eaters. All consumer animals are heterotrophs who cannot make their own food, but must rely on producers or other consumers to get food containing stored energy. Click and read > http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/foodchain/glossary.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/food_chains/revision/5/ Tertiary consumers can be omnivores that eat both plants and animals. Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat only other animals – i.e. flesh/meat-eaters.
- 17. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological Niches Look at these examples of foods that humans eat. What kind of consumer “vores” are we? Herbivores? Carnivores? No!! Humans are omnivores! We eat plants & animals. 17 From this wide range of foods that we eat, would we be confined to only one food-energy chain? http://www.jamaicanfoodsavvy.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish terriblefunny.blogspot.com
- 18. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological Niches In real life, feeding relationships are quite complicated! This bird is the Jamaican Tody. It is an omnivore, as it feeds on insects/larvae and on fruit. What are two food-energy chain/s that show those inter-relationships? fruit tree insect bird (Tody) http://www.nepa.gov.jm/projects/project_reports/3rd_national_security_summary.pdf
- 19. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy webs An animal can be involved in several different food-energy chains at the same time! We show this with a food-energy web. A web has several food-energy chains criss-crossing each other and shows the various food-energy inter- relationships possible/likely in a community of different populations of plants and animals. 19
- 20. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy webs How many different food-energy chains do you see connected to the mango tree? Where in that web could a lizard be placed? mango tree ants lizard small bird Seven
- 21. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy webs - In an aquatic ecosystem 21 Look at an example of feeding inter-relationships in an aquatic ecosystem. Examine and discuss within your group the various food- energy chains that comprise this web. http://bookbuilder .cast.org/view_prin t.php?book=7077
- 22. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Food-energy webs – In an aquatic ecosystem From the previous diagram, give an example of: 22 1. Diatoms are fed on by krill and small water animals. 2. Fish are fed on by seals, whales and penguins. 3. Whales feed on fish, tiny water animals, penguins and seals. 1. ‘One organism can be fed on by more than one organism.’ 2. ‘More than one organism may feed on the same animal. 3. ‘Many organisms feed on more than one type of food.’
- 23. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Constructing food-energy webs Have Fun with food webs; do the activities at > http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/food/food_menu.html Work with a partner to construct food webs from this site> http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodweb.htm Now, test your understanding of food-energy chains/webs. Click to this website and follow the instructions there. http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/food/food_menu.html Click open this website and learn the niches of various organisms by fixing different food chains/webs. http://www.gould.edu.au/foodwebs/kids_web.htm 23
- 24. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 24 Here’s a food-energy web that shows an example of feeding inter-relationships among different populations of plants and animals in a marshland ecosystem. Image - http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer10.htm#foodweb
- 25. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy chains It is said that “a chain is only as strong as its weakest link”. In an ecosystem, the chain signifies that there exists strong links or inter-relationships between the plants (producers) and animals (consumers), such that if one “link” were to weaken, disappear/ be missing, it would adversely affect the others, just the same way as if one link in a real chain were to become weakened, break/lost. Go through the next slides for a possible scenario of what could happen in that marshland. Discuss it among group members and arrive at consensus at each stage! 25
- 26. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 26 THINK AND TELL What do you predict would happen if disease, pesticides or over-hunting were to kill off the entire (or the majority of the) population of hawks living there? Click here for possible answer!
- 27. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 27 There would be no hawks to eat the snakes, so the numbers in the snake population will increase. cont’d
- 28. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 28 As the snake population increases, the entire frog population will decrease and soon disappear as they get eaten by the increased amount of snakes.
- 29. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 29 Now… No frogs to eat the crickets and they have a lot of cattail plants! What will happen to crickets and cattails? Yes..cricket population increases … cont’d
- 30. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 30 Most of the cattail gets eaten by the increase in the population of crickets. cont’d
- 31. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs 31 Eventually the crickets don’t have enough food, so their numbers decrease!! And so on … and so on……
- 32. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Disrupting food-energy webs “When an organism dies, the size of the population changes. Changing the size/numbers of one population in a food-energy chain affects other populations. This is because populations within a food chain depend on other populations (for food!) to help them survive.” Without adequate amount of food for all members of a population, there is starvation and death! http://sites.education.miami.edu/psell/files/2011/10/Energy-in- Ecosystems.pdf 32
- 33. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological Pyramids - Pyramid of Numbers and Pyramid of Energy 33 In an ecosystem, it takes a lot of herbivores to eventually provide food and energy for one lop level consumer. Click and watch > http://www.harcourtsch ool.com/activity/science _up_close/314/deploy/in terface.html
- 34. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramids “ The pyramid of numbers and energy pyramid would have many (green plants) providing food and energy to …(grasshoppers). …As we go up, there .. (would be) fewer (grasshoppers) than (frogs), (fewer snakes than frogs) and (at the highest trophic/feeding level, even fewer (hawks) than… (snakes). So ... as we go further along a food chain, there are fewer and fewer consumers. In other words, a large mass of living things (e,g, producer plants) at the base is required to support a few (consumer animals) at the (next trophic level, and... many herbivores are needed to support a few carnivores.” Ref.: Modified from> http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm#create 34
- 35. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramids - Availability of energy As energy passes to a higher trophic level, approximately 90% of the useful energy is “lost” or “wasted” as heat. High trophic levels contain less energy and fewer organisms than lower levels. At each trophic level in a food chain, energy is used by the organisms at that level to maintain their own life process. As we know from the Law of Energy Conservation, not all energy transfers and conversions result in 100% “useful”. Some energy is “lost’ or “wasted” to the surroundings as heat. It is estimated that in going from one trophic level to the next, about 90 % of the energy is dissipated. In moving to the next trophic level, only 10 % of the original energy is available. By the third trophic level only 1% of the energy is available. 35
- 36. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Balance is important! Ecosystems will fail if their biotic and abiotic components do not remain in balance. The carrying capacity of each ecosystem to accommodate populations of organisms depends on its continued ability to keep in balance the interactions of the biotic components with the ecosystem for: food, water, shelter and other important abiotic factors. No community can carry more populations of organisms than its abiotic factors can accommodate. 36
- 37. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Summary You should now appreciate how the biotic components affect each other either directly or indirectly within an ecosystem! Because plants are the source of food and for passing energy to all organisms, it is likely that one kind of plant can be food for more than one kind of animal. Many kinds of animals may feed on the same kind of animal or plant. One kind of animal may feed on more than one type of organism. So, there are complex interactions and inter-relationships associated with nurition! 37
- 38. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Quiz and Review Questions Are you ready to test yourself? 1. There are three Multiple Choice (MC) items and three short Review Questions that you are required to do, 2. For each MC item, click on the letter of the correct response 3. Click the FEEDBACK button and read the feedback provided. 4. Click the button ‘NEXT QUESTION’ to continue. 5. Click the button BEGIN QUIZ to start doing the quiz. 38 BEGIN QUIZ!
- 39. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids QUIZ: Question 1 The sequence of energy flow through a food chain is 39 A. producer secondary consumer primary consumer. D. higher order consumer primary consumer producer. B. primary consumer producer higher order consumer. C. producer primary consumer secondary consumer. FEEDBACK
- 40. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feedback to Question 1 The sequence of energy flow through a food chain is 40 NEXT QUESTION Energy flow always starts from the producer. Although option A starts with a producer, energy cannot flow from of secondary consumer back to a primary consumer. The correct option is ‘C’.
- 41. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Quiz: Question 2 Which of these food chains is in the correct order? 41 A. grasshopper grass frog snake D. grass frog grasshopper snake C. snake frog grasshopper grass B. grass grasshopper frog snake FEEDBACK
- 42. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feedback to Question 2 Which of these food chains is in the correct order? 42 NEXT QUESTION Again, the food chain starts with a producer so options A and C are not possible. Option D starts with a producer but the primary consumer (grasshopper) is in the wrong place. Primary consumers can only eat producers. The correct option is therefore ‘B’.
- 43. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids QUIZ: Question 3 A caterpillar eats a leaf, and a bird eats the caterpillar. In this interaction, the bird is a: 43 B. primary consumer D. producer C. herbivore A. secondary consumer FEEDBACK
- 44. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feedback to Question 3 A caterpillar eats a leaf, and a bird eats the caterpillar. In this interaction, the bird is a … 44 This is what the food chain would look like. Leaf caterpillar bird That would make the leaf a producer, the caterpillar a primary consumer (herbivore), and the bird a secondary consumer. The correct option is therefore ‘A’. END OF QUIZ
- 45. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Review Question 1 45 Food Chain 2: sun’s energy mango → rat → hawk (1) Write the food-energy chain shown in this diagram, and (2) show a second one, based on this diagram and with no additional organism included. Food Chain 1: sun’s energy mango → rat → owl → hawkFOOD CHAIN 1 FOOD CHAIN 2
- 46. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feedback to Review Question 2 What feeding niche does each organism occupy in #(1) food-energy chain? The mango tree = a producer; the rat is the first animal to get both food and energy from the plant producer, so, in this food-energy chain, it is a primary consumer and is actually feeding as a herbivore (NOTE: Rats are actually omnivores!). The owl is a secondary consumer, and, by eating animal flesh/meat, also a carnivore . The hawk is a tertiary consumer and a carnivore too. 46 Click here for feedback to Review Question 2
- 47. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids Feedback to Review Question 3 In the previous diagram, which animal is both a predator and a prey? Explain. Depending on its position in a food-energy chain, an animal can be both a predator and prey. In food-energy chain # (1), the owl is a predator on the rat, but can become a prey to the larger hawk. In #2, the owl is the predator NOTE: Each consumer in a food-energy chain can be either predator or prey depending on the tropic levels in each chain! 47 Click here for feedback to Review Question 3
- 48. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids CREDITS http://500px.com/photo/741583 http://schools.bcsd.com/fremont/4th_Sci_Life_food_chains.htm http://www.ftexploring.com/photosyn/chloroplast.html dartfrogeducation.com http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/animals/8603.php © 2013, Daphnie Morrison midtownlunch.com http://www.fotosearch.com/FSD297/x28117423/ http://home-su-cool.blogspot.com/2011/01/c-cow-unit-plan.html Langes0812.wordpress.com http://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/vocabulaire-vocabulary/vore- eng.html http://www.fotosearch.com/FSD357/x24712145/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackee_and_saltfish terriblefunny.blogspot.com http://www.nepa.gov.jm/projects/project_reports/3rd_national_security_summary.pdf 48
- 49. Objectives Feeding inter- relationships in an ecosystem Food energy chains Ecological Niches QuizIntroduction Food energy webs Ecological Pyramids CREDITS http://www.ftexploring.com/me/me2.html http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/foodener gy.html http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/jm/jm-nbsap-01-p4-en.pdf http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- 4xikmA75x00/T0wbChIe8oI/AAAAAAAAAkA/_OjnCNPIPtk/s1600/DSCN 3097.JPG http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer10.htm#foodweb http://bookbuilder.cast.org/view_print.php?book=7077 http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g30093- d1491507-i69049268-The_Center_for_Birds_of_Prey- Awendaw_South_Carolina.html#60378061 http://sites.education.miami.edu/psell/files/2011/10/Energy-in- Ecosystems.pdf 49