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Integrating Linux and Windows
1
•
By Mike McCune
Publisher : Prentice Hall PTR
Pub Date : December 19, 2000
ISBN : 0-13-030670-3
Pages : 416
The complete solutions guide for every Linux/Windows system administrator!
This complete Linux/Windows integration guide offers detailed coverage of dual-
boot issues, data compatibility, and networking. It also handles topics such as
implementing Samba file/print services for Windows workstations and providing
cross-platform database access. Running Linux and Windows in the same
environment? Here's the comprehensive, up-to-the-minute solutions guide you've
been searching for!
In Integrating Linux and Windows, top consultant Mike McCune brings together
hundreds of solutions for the problems that Linux/Windows system administrators
encounter most often. McCune focuses on the critical interoperability issues real
businesses face: networking, program/data compatibility, dual-boot systems, and
more. You'll discover exactly how to:
Use Samba and Linux to deliver high-performance, low-cost file and print
services to Windows workstations
Compare and implement the best Linux/Windows connectivity techniques: NFS,
FTP, remote commands, secure shell, telnet, and more
Provide reliable data exchange between Microsoft Office and StarOffice for Linux
Provide high-performance cross-platform database access via ODBC
Make the most of platform-independent, browser-based applications
Manage Linux and Windows on the same workstation: boot managers,
partitioning, compressed drives, file systems, and more.
For anyone running both Linux and Windows, McCune delivers honest and
objective explanations of all your integration options, plus realistic, proven
solutions you won't find anywhere else. Integrating Linux and Windows will help
you keep your users happy, your costs under control, and your sanity intact!

2

3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McCune, Mike.
Integrating Linux and Windows / Mike McCune.
p. cm. — (Open technology series)
Includes index.
ISBN 0-13-030670-3 (alk. paper)
1. Linux 2. Microsoft Windows (Computer file) 3. Operating systems (computers) I. Title.
II. Series.
QA76.76.O63 M387 2000
005.4'469—dc21
Editorial/Production Supervision:
Wil Mara
Acquisitions Editor:
Miles Williams
Editorial Assistant:
Richard Winkler
Marketing Manager:
Kate Hargett
Manufacturing Manager:
Alexis R. Heydt
Cover Design Director:
Jerry Votta
Cover Designer:
Talar Agasyan
Art Director:
Gail Cocker-Bogusz
Illustrations:
Wil Mara
© 2001 Prentice Hall PTR
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any
means, without permission in writing from the author and publisher.

4
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more
information, contact: Corporate Sales Department, Prentice Hall PTR, One Lake Street,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Phone: 800-382-3419; FAX: 201-236-7141; E-mail:
corpsales@prenhall.com
Names such as company names, trade names, font names, service names, and product
names appearing in this book may be registered or unregistered trademarks or service
marks, whether or not identified as such. All such names and all registered and
unregistered trademarks, service marks, and logos appearing in this book or on its cover
are used for identification purposes only and are the property of their respective owners.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London
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Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.
Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro

5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data .....................................3
Introduction...............................................................................................................8
Chapter 1. Having Linux and Windows on the Same PC...............................10
1.1 Partitions ......................................................................................................10
1.2 Filesystems..................................................................................................10
1.3 Partition Naming .........................................................................................13
1.4 Linux and Windows 95/98.........................................................................14
1.5 Setting up Linux and Windows 3x/9x on Separate Partitions..............18
1.6 Partitioning an Existing Hard Drive..........................................................19
Chapter 2. Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows .......................................29
2.1 Accessing ext2 Partitions with DOS and Windows 3.1 ........................29
2.2 ltools..............................................................................................................29
2.3 Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows 9x ...........................................31
2.4 Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows NT and 2000 ........................33
Chapter 3. Mounting Windows Partitions with Linux .......................................34
3.1 Accessing Compressed DOS/Windows Drives with Linux ..................34
3.2 Adding a Partition to the fstab...............................................................35
Chapter 4. Emulators............................................................................................37
4.1 DOS ..............................................................................................................37
4.2 Windows.......................................................................................................37
4.3 VMware ........................................................................................................38
4.4 FreeMWare..................................................................................................43
4.5 Win4Lin ........................................................................................................43
4.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................43
Chapter 5. Internet Applications .........................................................................45
5.1 Web Server Compatibility..........................................................................45
5.2 FrontPage Extensions ...............................................................................46
5.3 Using Microsoft Office Files on the Web.................................................47
5.4 Web Browsers.............................................................................................47
5.5 Email.............................................................................................................49
5.6 Streaming Media.........................................................................................51
5.7 Chat ..............................................................................................................55
5.8 Instant Messaging ......................................................................................56
5.9 Internet Security..........................................................................................56
Chapter 6. Business Applications.......................................................................61
6.1 Microsoft Office...........................................................................................61
6.2 Corel WordPerfect Office ..........................................................................61
6.3 Other Commercial Productivity Suites ....................................................63
6.4 Open Source Office Suites .......................................................................64
6.5 Web-Based Suites......................................................................................64
6.6 Reading and Writing Microsoft Office Files ............................................66
6.7 Exporting MS Office Files..........................................................................66
6.8 Importing and Exporting MS Office Files with Linux .............................68
6.9 Using MS Office Documents with Star Office ........................................69
6.10 Checkpoints When Importing and Exporting .......................................71
6.11 Financial Programs ..................................................................................72
6.12 Graphics Programs ..................................................................................73
6.13 The Last Word ..........................................................................................76
6.14 Conclusions...............................................................................................76

6
Chapter 7. Databases...........................................................................................77
Using Databases...............................................................................................77
Choosing a Database.......................................................................................78
Connecting Databases.....................................................................................78
ODBC..................................................................................................................79
Chapter 8. Fun and Games.................................................................................80
8.1 Games..........................................................................................................80
8.2 Game Servers and Extras.........................................................................83
8.3 Classic Games............................................................................................83
Chapter 9. The Linux Desktop ............................................................................84
9.1 Switching Desktops....................................................................................84
9.2 Configuring Desktops.................................................................................85
9.3 Themes ........................................................................................................87
9.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................90
Chapter 10. Running Applications through a Network ....................................91
10.1 X-Windows ................................................................................................91
10.2 Citrix WinFrame........................................................................................92
10.3 VNC ............................................................................................................94
10.4 Conclusion...............................................................................................109
Chapter 11. Introduction to Windows and Linux Networking .......................110
11.1 Net BIOS..................................................................................................110
11.2 TCP/IP and Active Directory.................................................................110
11.3 Net BIOS over ICP/IP............................................................................112
Chapter 12. Introduction to Samba ..................................................................113
12.1 How Samba Started...............................................................................113
12.2 How Samba Works ................................................................................113
Chapter 13. Setting Up Samba as a Windows NT Server............................115
13.1 Setting up Samba as a Stand-Alone Windows NT File Server.......115
13.2 Adding a Samba Server to an Existing Network ...............................124
13.3 Samba as a Primary Domain Controller.............................................125
Chapter 14. Connecting Linux to Windows PCs ............................................127
14.1 smbclient Command-Line Options ......................................................128
14.2 smbclient Commands ............................................................................131
14.3 smbtar ......................................................................................................137
14.4 smbprint...................................................................................................138
14.5 smbfs........................................................................................................138
14.6 Sharity ......................................................................................................139
14.7 Conclusion...............................................................................................140
Chapter 15. Printing with Samba......................................................................141
15.1 printtool ....................................................................................................141
15.2 Testing the Printer..................................................................................145
15.3 Setting up Samba for Printing ..............................................................146
15.4 Automatic Print Driver Installation .......................................................147
Chapter 16. Using NFS and NIS in Linux and Windows...............................151
16.1 Setting up Linux as an NFS Server.....................................................151
16.2 Using an NFS Client on Linux ..............................................................154
16.3 Using NFS on Windows ........................................................................156
16.4 Setting up an NIS Server on Linux ......................................................158
16.5 Setting up an NIS Client on Linux........................................................161
16.6 NIS Support for Windows......................................................................163

7
Chapter 17. Implementing FTP, Telnet and Other UNIX Protocols in
Windows ...............................................................................................................166
17.1 Setting Up the FTP Server for Windows.............................................167
17.2 Setting up FTP for Linux .......................................................................168
17.3 telnet and Remote Services for Linux.................................................168
17.4 Secure Shell (SSH)................................................................................169
Appendix A. Disk Error Codes ..........................................................................178
Appendix B. Samba Documentation ................................................................180
The GNU License............................................................................................180
The Samba FAQ .............................................................................................184
Just what is SMB?...........................................................................................205
Appendix C. Samba Man Pages.......................................................................215
Lmhosts (5) ......................................................................................................215
nmbd..................................................................................................................216
Samba (7).........................................................................................................219
smb.conf (5) .....................................................................................................221
smbclient (1).....................................................................................................293
Installation ........................................................................................................303
Diagnostics.......................................................................................................304
Version..............................................................................................................304
Author................................................................................................................304
smbd (8)............................................................................................................304
smbpasswd (5) ................................................................................................310
smbpasswd (8) ................................................................................................313
Appendix D. TCP/IP Documentation................................................................318
TCP/IP Network Resources List ...................................................................318
Private IP Network Addresses ......................................................................348

8
Introduction
In early 1998, I was looking at re-installing Windows 95 for the third time. Granted, I
stress computers more than the average user, but this was getting old. I had been
playing around with Linux since early 1995 and it looked like a good time to use it as my
primary desktop.
I already knew how to install and configure Linux, but I had never used it as a desktop. I
found plenty of books on Linux configuration, a few on using it as a server, but nothing on
using it as a desktop. Instead I had to scour the Internet for useful information. What I
have tried to do for this book is compile what I have learned over the past two years.
Hopefully, this will save you the time and frustration of finding it yourselves.
So, how does Linux compare to Windows? As with anything else, each one has its own
strengths and weaknesses.
Windows is king of the desktop for good reason. It has a polished interface and more
end-user applications than any other operating system. It is also pre-installed on most
new PCs, making it an easy, safe choice for most PCs. These factors combine to give
Windows about 90% of the desktop market.
Linux is based on UNIX and inherits its security and stability from it. Linux is the most
popular choice for public Web servers and it also holds about 25% of the small server
market. It is also free (or nearly so) and comes packed with lots of useful tools for
programming and server management.
These distinctions aren't permanent, however. Several groups are working on polishing
Linux's interface. There is also a rush to develop more end-user applications for Linux.
Large PC makers such as Dell, Compaq, and IBM are starting to offer Linux pre-installed
on PCs.
While the market for Linux is comparatively small, Linux grew from less than 1% of the
desktop market in 1998 to about 4% in 1999. This is amazing considering the Apple
Macintosh, which has been around for 15 years, is holding at 5% of the desktop market.
Windows is also working to gain a foothold in the traditional strengths of the UNIX (and
Linux) market: security, stability, and scalability. Microsoft put billions of dollars into the
recently released Windows 2000 to address these issues. While the jury is still out on
whether it succeeded, early reports say that Windows 2000 is much improved over
earlier versions of Windows in these areas.
There are also many other reasons for choosing an operating system. They can often
draw fanatical devotion (just ask a dedicated MacIntosh user). Despite (or maybe
because of) its success, Microsoft has some very dedicated enemies. Just search the
Internet for "Satan" or "Antichrist" and you will be surprised how many anti-Microsoft sites
you hit. The Microsoft Antitrust case was also pushed forward by some dedicated foes.
Some users try Linux as an alternative to Windows. It may not be the best way to choose
an operating system, but never discount the power of fanatical devotion.
Such devotion is not necessary. Linux and Windows can peacefully coexist on the same
computer. It is even possible to run Linux and Windows at the same time! The whole first
section of this book is devoted to making coexistence as easy as possible.
The middle section is dedicated to finding useful applications for your Linux systems.
Sometimes the same application is available for both Linux and Windows; in other cases,

9
equivalent applications are available; and in a few cases, the applications are only
available for Windows. The good news is that most people can do everything they need
to do with either Linux or Windows.
The last section deals with networking. This is a rather advanced topic, but networking is
moving from the Fortune 500 into homes and small businesses at a rapid rate.
Networking is getting inexpensive enough to offer the same advantages that large
businesses have long enjoyed: sharing files, printers, and Internet connections. The
increasing use of high-speed Internet connections in the home will continue to drive up
demand for home networking.
Fortunately, both Linux and Windows have programs that allow easy connection to each
other. Samba allows Linux to act as a Windows file server. Additionally, the NFS and
LPD programs allow Windows to use Linux's native protocols.
So which is better, Linux or Windows? That is like asking whether a car or truck is better.
They are built for different purposes. Windows plays the traditional role of the car; it is
more polished and aimed at the mass market. Linux plays the traditional role of a truck; it
is durable and intended to be used as a work vehicle. But like cars and trucks, the roles
are starting to overlap. Linux is becoming more polished and easier to use and Windows
is concentrating more on security and stability. Windows is still the choice for most users'
desktops, but it is no longer the only choice. As you will see in this book, Linux is a solid
choice for a server and a viable alternative in the desktop market.

10
Chapter 1. Having Linux and Windows on the Same
PC
Section 1.1. Partitions
Section 1.2. Filesystems
Section 1.3. Partition Naming
Section 1.4. Linux and Windows 95/98
Section 1.5. Setting up Linux and Windows 3x/9x on Separate Partitions
Section 1.6. Partitioning an Existing Hard Drive
1.1 Partitions
There is no need to get rid of Windows to run Linux. In fact, there are many ways to run
both of them on the same PC. Each operating system has its own strengths and
weaknesses, so often having both on the same PC can be an advantage.
Before the actual installation, we need to go over some basics of Linux and Windows
such as partitions and filesystems.
A partition is a way of sectioning off space on a hard drive. Most PCs have their hard
drive partitioned into one large drive. It doesn't have to be this way. Drives can be divided
into several partitions. This is often done to separate the programs from the data and
also for storing multiple operating systems on the same drive.
The first section of a hard drive contains information on the partitions, including where the
start and end of each partition is located. It also contains the location of the boot loader,
which starts loading the operating system. Each operating system has its own boot
loader. Windows 3x, 95, and 98 use IO.SYS and DOS.SYS, Windows NT uses
NTLOADER, and Linux uses LILO. There are also commercial and shareware boot
loaders, such as Norton System Commander, that are designed to make it easier to boot
with multiple configurations and multiple operating systems.
1.2 Filesystems
There are also several different filesystems used by Linux and Windows. A filesystem is
simply a way of organizing files on a partition. Windows uses FAT, FAT16, FAT32
(VFAT), and NTFS (NT Filesystem). The native filesystem for Linux is ext2, although it
supports many other filesystems.
FAT is the original filesystem used by DOS. It is an eight-bit filesystem and will support
partitions of up to 32 MB. This was no problem in the early 1980s, when most PCs didn't
even have hard drives.
FAT supports the following file attributes:
• Read-only— When set, the file can't be deleted or changed.
• Archive— Determines whether a file has been changed. This is used by many
backup programs.
• Hidden— The file doesn't show up in the directory contents.

11
• System— Used for system files. System files are treated differently by the
operating system.
Later, as hard drives came into use, the 32 MB limitation of FAT became a burden and
an improved FAT16 replaced it. FAT16 increased the available size of the filesystem to 2
GB. Other than the filesystem size, FAT16 is essentially the same as the original FAT
filesystem. FAT16 is supported by DOS 4.0 and greater, all versions of Windows, and all
current versions of Linux.
With Windows 95 release 2, Microsoft introduced FAT32. This increased the size of the
filesystem to 2 terabytes, which is larger than any hard drives currently available for PCs.
It is also faster and more robust than FAT16.
NTFS is the native filesystem for Windows NT and 2000. Like FAT32, it also supports 2-
terabyte filesystem sizes, but the boot partition is currently limited to 7.8 GB. For some
files such as database files, NTFS can support up to 16 exabytes. NTFS offers better
reliability and security than any FAT-based filesystem.
The reliability factors are beyond the scope of this book, but NTFS security
considerations need to be covered. First of all, everything in the filesystem has an owner.
By default, the user who creates an object (anything in the filesystem is an object) is the
owner. The owner has full rights to the object unless the rights are taken away.
There are also groups, which contain users. Three special group accounts are:
administrator, everyone, and guest.
• The administrator account has all rights to the filesystem. This account can
change, create, and delete all objects as well as change the rights of other
accounts.
• Everyone is a group that includes all the user accounts on the system. This
account is used to change the rights for every user on the system.
• The guest account is a default account with minimal rights. It is often used for
accounts such as FTP access accounts, which only need access to a few specific
files.
Files in NTFS have the same attributes as files in the FAT filesystem: read-only, hidden,
system, and archive. Each user and group can also be assigned rights to objects in the
NTFS filesystem. The rights that can be assigned are:
• List folder contents— Shows up in a directory listing.
• Read— Can read the contents of the object.
• Read and execute— Can read and execute the object.
• Write— Can change or delete the object.
• Modify— Can change the rights on the file.
• Full control— Has all of the above rights.
There are three settings for the rights: allow, deny, and inherited.
• Allow— Allows rights on the object.
• Deny— Takes away rights on the object.

12
• Inherited— If neither allow nor deny is specified, the object will inherit the rights
of the directory above it.
To view the rights of an object on NTFS, right-click on the object and choose Properties.
Then select the Security tab.
Ext or ext2 is the native filesystem for Linux partitions. Ext is the original filesystem for
Linux and ext2 is an improved version of it. Objects (such as files, directories, and
devices) in Linux support three properties: read, write, and execute.
• Read— If set, allows the object to show up in a directory listing and be read.
• Write— If set, allows the object to be written and deleted.
• Execute— If set, allows the object to be executed. This must also be set for
directories.
An object has three sets of rights: owner, group, and everyone.
• Owner— The user who created the file, unless it is changed.
• Group— The group that owns the file is the group to which the owner belongs,
unless it is changed.
• Everyone— The right for all other users on the system.
To view the rights of an object, type ls -l <object name> . For example, to find
the rights of index.txt, type ls -l index.txt. The output of this command is as
follows:
-rwxrwxr-- 1 root root 6230 Dec 21 00:12 index.txt
Let's examine what this output means, starting with the first character:
• First character— This is a special attribute such as a directory, link, or device
driver. A link in Linux is similar to a shortcut in Windows.
• Next three characters (rwx)— The owner has read, write, and execute
properties.
• Next three characters (rwx)— The group has read, write, and execute
properties.
• Next three characters (r--)— Everyone has the read property.
• 1 root— The owner's ID number and name.
• root— The group name, which is also root.
• 6230— The size of the file in bytes.
• Dec 21 00:12— The last date and time the file was modified.
• index.txt— The filename.

13
You can change the rights of a file with chmod. The owner and group can be changed
with chown.
There is one special account in Linux: root. The root account is created automatically
when Linux is installed and it has full rights to all objects in the filesystem.
1.3 Partition Naming
Linux and Windows have different ways of naming partitions. Windows simply assigns
each partition a letter starting with C. Letters A and B are reserved for floppy drives, since
the first PCs came with two floppy drives. The remaining drive letters are assigned as
follows:
1. The first primary partition on each drive.
2. The volumes inside the extended partitions on each drive.
3. The remaining primary partitions on each drive.
4. The CD-ROM drive.
For example, if you had two hard drives each with two primary partitions with two
volumes in extended partitions on each drive, they would be named as follows:
• C:The first primary partition on the first drive.
• D:The first primary partition on the second drive.
• E:The first extended partition on the first drive.
• F:The second extended partition on the first drive.
• G:The first extended partition on the second drive.
• H:The second extended partition on the second drive.
• I:The second partition on the first drive.
• J:The second partition on the second drive.
• K:The CD-ROM drive.
These drive letters can't be changed in Windows 3x and 9x, but they can easily be
changed in Windows NT and 2000.
Figure 1.1. Disk Administration for Windows 2000.

14
For Windows NT, go to Start -> Programs -> Administrative Tools -> Disk Administrator.
For Windows 2000, go to Start -> Programs -> Administrative Tools ->Configure Your
Server. From here, choose File Server -> Open Computer Management, then choose
Storage -> Disk Management. This allows you to change the partitions and drive letters.
You can change the drive letter by simply right-clicking on the drive and then choosing
Change Drive Letter and Path. You can then add, edit, or delete the drive. One note,
though: You cannot change your boot partition. This is good because the system won't
boot if you do!
Linux treats partitions differently. The first two letters denote the type of drive, the next
letter is the drive letter, and the last character is the partition number of the drive. There
are four main drive types: IDE (hd), SCSI (sd), ESDI ( ed), and RAID (md, rd, or ida).
For example, hda1 is an IDE drive (hd), it is the first IDE drive (a), and the first partition
(1). sdc5 would represent a SCSI drive (sd), the third SCSI drive (c), and the fifth
partition (5).
1.4 Linux and Windows 95/98
First, let's go over what happens when Linux and Windows 9x boot up.
1.4.1 Booting Linux
When Linux boots, it loads the LILO program, which stands for LInux LOader. This then
loads the kernel, which is the core of the operating system. Finally, modules are loaded
from the /etc/rc.d directory. Actually, the Linux boot process is a little more
complicated than this, but this description is good enough for our purposes.
The LILO program is configured by using the /etc/lilo.conf file. A typical
lilo.conf would look like this:
boot=/dev/hda

15
map=/boot/map
install=/boot/boot.b
prompt
timeout=50
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.13-4mdk
label=linux
root=/dev/hda5
read-only
Let's go over the lines one at a time:
• boot— This is the device that contains the boot files.
• map— This is the location of the map file. The map file is a binary file containing
disk parameters for the system. The default is /boot/map.
• install— This is the file that is installed as the boot sector. The default is
/boot/boot.b.
• prompt timeout— This is how long it waits before booting in tenths of a
second. This allows time to enter boot parameters manually. In the above
example, it is five seconds (50 tenths of a second). If you have a multiple boot
system, pressing <SHIFT> will bring up the boot choices. You can set up to 16
different boot configurations.
• image— This is the kernel. The parameters below are kernel parameters:
o label— The name that shows up on the boot menu.
o root— The location of the filesystem.
o read— The filesystem is mounted read only so that it can be checked for
errors with fsck. It is then remounted as read/write.
These aren't the only parameters for lilo.conf.
1.4.2 Troubleshooting LILO
LILO loads the four letters in "LILO" as it goes through the four stages of loading. This
can be helpful in troubleshooting. If LILO stops while loading, the letters displayed tell
where it failed:
• (<nothing>)— No part of LILO has been loaded. LILO either isn't installed or
the partition on which its boot sector is located isn't active.
• L <error> ...— The first-stage boot loader has been loaded and started,
but it can't load the second-stage boot loader. The two-digit error codes indicate
the type of problem. (See the section titled "Disk Error Codes" in Appendix A.)
This condition usually indicates a media failure or a geometry mismatch.
• LI— The first-stage boot loader was able to load the second-stage boot loader,
but could not execute it. This can either be caused by a geometry mismatch or by
moving /boot/boot.b without running the map installer.

16
• LIL— The second-stage boot loader has been started, but it can't load the
descriptor table from the map file. This is typically caused by a media failure or by
a geometry mismatch.
• LIL?— The second-stage boot loader has been loaded at an incorrect address.
This is typically caused by a subtle geometry mismatch or by moving
/boot/boot.b without running the map installer.
• LIL-— The descriptor table is corrupt. This can either be caused by a geometry
mismatch or by moving /boot/map without running the map installer.
• LILO— All parts of LILO have been successfully loaded.
If Linux doesn't load, it will give an error code. The meanings of the error codes are listed
in Appendix A.
1.4.3 Booting Windows 9x
The way Windows boots is slightly different. The partition points to the boot sector, which
loads the two text files config.sys and autoexec.bat. It then loads the Windows
equivalent of the Linux kernel, win.com. The configuration file for win.com is the
Registry, which consists of two binary files: system.dat and user. dat. While
config.sys and autoexec.bat are text files, Registry files need to be edited with
regedit.
There are several ways to install Linux and Windows 3x/9x on the same machine. They
are listed below, starting with UMSDOS. Before anything is done, back up your hard
drive and run scandisk on the hard drive to correct any errors. This will save you a lot
of trouble down the road.
1.4.4 UMSDOS
The easiest way to install Linux on a Windows 9x machine is to use UMSDOS, which
allows Linux to co-exist with Windows on a FAT or FAT32 partition. It allows Linux to boot
directly from a command prompt on the FAT partition. On the plus side, you avoid re-
partitioning the hard drive or disturbing the existing Windows installation. On the minus
side, you do lose the security and robustness of Linux's native ext2 filesystem.
If you plan on using UMSDOS, it is best to choose a distribution with an automated
UMSDOS install. Most modern distributions have a UMSDOS install. One Linux
distribution designed to easily install as UMSDOS is Phat Linux. It is a hefty download, so
unless you have a fast connection and a lot of time, you might want to buy the CD-ROM.
As a bonus, you also get technical support with the purchase.
Phat Linux was originally put together by two high school kids who wanted an easy way
to install Linux. To install it, unzip the files to the phat directory and run linux.bat.
This should start booting up into Linux. If it hangs during the bootup, it may be necessary
to reboot, press F8 on bootup, and choose the Safe Mode command prompt. After the
bootup, there will be a menu that lets you choose the configuration to set up the video,
sound, and networking. The linux.bat is only three lines, as shown below:
loadlin vmlinuz initrd=ramdisk.gz mem=96M
echo Linux failed to load.
pause

17
The first line actually loads Phat Linux. The command is broken down below:
• loadlin— This is the loader for UMSDOS.
• vmlinuz— This is the Linux kernel.
• initrd— Points to a memory image. Phat Linux uses a compressed memory
image to start the operating system.
• ramdisk.gz— A compressed file that contains the complete Linux filesystem.
This can also be a directory.
• Mem— The amount of memory in megabytes.
Phat Linux is based on Red Hat with a KDE desktop, so anyone familiar with Red Hat
should be able to use Phat Linux.
UMSDOS can easily be installed manually since support for it has been built into the
Linux kernel for some time. Most distributions will set up everything for you, but knowing
how it works will help with troubleshooting.
The default directory in which to install UMSDOS is linux. This acts like the root
directory for Linux. Under this are the standard Linux directories of bin, etc, lib,
root, sbin, tmp, usr, and var.
Then there is the problem of swap space. Normally, Linux creates a separate swap
partition. This has the advantage of being fast and robust. With UMSDOS, however, it is
usually better to create a swap file. To create a swap file, type the following:
dd if=/dev/zero bs=<block size> count=<number of blocks>
of=/<swap
file name> mkswap /<swap file name> <swap file size in
bytes>
sync
swapon /<swap file name>
Then add the following to your /etc/fstab:
/<swap file name> swap swap defaults
To determine the block size, run chkdsk and it will list the number of bytes in each
allocation unit. For example, if our block size is 2048 and we want to create a 16 MB
swap file called swap, we would enter the following commands:
dd if=dev/zero bs=2048 count=8 of=/swap
mkswap /swap 16384
sync
swapon swap
Then we would add the following to the /etc/fstab:
/swap swap swap defaults

18
1.4.5 Booting with UMSDOS
loadlin is the loader for UMSDOS. From a DOS prompt, its command would look like
this:
loadlin <Linux kernel> root=<root for UMSDOS>
For example, if the kernel is located at c:linuxbootvmlinuz and UMSDOS is
installed in c:linux, the command for loadlin would be:
loadlin c:linuxbootvmlinuz rw root=c:linux
The rw option tells loadlin to load the Linux filesystem with the read and write
options. You can also load it read-only (ro) if needed.
You can also copy loadlin.exe and vmlinuz to a bootable DOS floppy if you want
to use a boot floppy to load Linux. This will save you the trouble of configuring the boot
loader.
1.4.6 Managing UMSDOS Filesystems
UMSDOS puts a file called --linux-.--- in each directory. This file stores the
extended attributes for the Linux files. As we discussed above, DOS only supports read,
write, hidden, archive, and system attributes. Linux also has user, group, and executable
attributes. These are stored in the --linux-.--- file.
The --linux-.--- file is maintained with the umssync utility. This utility will create the
--linux-.--- file if it doesn't exist. If the file does exist, umssync will update Linux
attributes stored in the file. It is a good idea to run this utility often to keep the information
up-to-date. The following line can be added to cron jobs or rc.d (see your user
manual for an explanation of how to do this):
/sbin/umssync -r99 -c -i+ <root of Linux file system>
The -c option will only update existing --linux-.--- files and not create new files.
Directories without the --linux-.--- file in them are ignored by Linux.
1.4.7 Working with DOS and UMSDOS
Files created by DOS are invisible to Linux unless umssync is used. If you try to create a
file in Linux with the same name as a DOS file, it will say that the file already exists.
Other than that, there are no problems with running DOS and UMSDOS on the same
partition. You can even use a DOS defragmentation utility on the partition without
affecting the UMSDOS filesystem.
1.5 Setting up Linux and Windows 3x/9x on Separate
Partitions
Before working with partitions on any drive, make a good backup of all current partitions
and have a DOS boot floppy. If done right, the existing files should be unharmed, but
there is always a chance of something going wrong.

19
The easiest way to load Linux on a separate partition is to load it onto a different drive. If I
have a primary IDE drive on the first IDE port with Windows 98 on it (hda1) and I put a
primary drive as the second IDE port for Linux, it would be hdb. During the install, I
would simply install a Linux partition and swap drive on hdc. The only choice I have left
then is whether to boot with LILO or loadlin.
1.5.1 Using LILO to Dual Boot
To use LILO, install LILO onto hda. The installation program will usually ask you where
to install LILO. You will need to check the documentation for instructions on how to
install LILO, since it varies with different installation programs.
Next, you need to edit /etc/lilo.conf. It will look something like this:
boot=/dev/hdc
map=/boot/map
prompt
timeout=50
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.13-4mdk
label=linux
root=/dev/hdc5
read-only
Add this to the end of lilo.conf:
other=/dev/hda1
table=/dev/hda
label=Windows98
This will give you the choice of "linux" or "Windows98" on bootup.
1.5.2 Using loadlin to Boot Up
Of course, loadlin can also be used to load Linux from the second drive. First put
loadlin and vmlinuz onto your Windows partition. During bootup, press F8 and
choose the Safe Mode command prompt. In the above example, we would run loadlin
from the root of C: with the following parameters:
loadlin vmlinuz root=/dev/hdc5 ro
This would load the kernel vmlinuz, set the Linux root to partition 5 on the primary
drive on the second IDE port (hdc5), and set the root to read-only (ro). Change
these settings to match the drive on which that Linux was installed.
1.6 Partitioning an Existing Hard Drive
Although the best way to load Linux on a separate partition is to load it onto its own hard
drive, not everyone has more than one hard drive. With hard drives selling for about $100
these days, it is less of a problem, but if you must, load Linux onto a separate partition on
the same hard drive as Windows. There are several programs that allow you to
manipulate partitions. If you have 200-1200 MB available on your hard drive, you can
create a Linux partition out of the free space.

20
The first thing to do before manipulating the partitions is to back up your hard drive. Next,
run scandisk on the drive in thorough mode to make sure there are no errors that
could cause problems. Then defragment the hard drive with the Windows defrag
program. This will move all the files to the beginning of the drive and free up space at the
end of the drive for a new partition.
Before we repartition the drive, keep in mind that the boot partition of both operating
systems must be within the first 1024 cylinders of the hard drive. This is within the first
504 MB on most hard drives. This is a limitation of PC hardware that dates back to when
the maximum size of hard drives was 504 MB.
Once we have backed up and checked the drive, we need to decide how to partition the
drive: the hard way or the easy way. Let's start with the hard way.
Figure 1.2. Disk partitioning.

21
1.6.1 fdisk
If you have all your data backed up (THIS WILL DESTROY ALL DATA ON THE DRIVE),
you can use fdisk to re-partition the drive. First, boot to DOS in Safe Mode. Then run
windowsfdisk. Choose Delete Partition. Then choose Extended. Then delete the
primary partition. Once this is done, use fdisk to create a DOS partition.
Once you have created the DOS partition, install Windows and all your applications on it.
Then restore your data. This is a lot of work and will probably take several hours. There
is an easier way.

22
1.6.2 Resizing Existing Partitions
There are several programs that will resize a partition. There is the commercial program
Partition Magic that has a nice graphical interface, and it works with all PC partitions. It is
well worth its price. Partition Magic is available at http://www.powerquest.com.
Many Linux installation programs allow the hard drive to be re-partitioned during
installation. Instructions should be included in your distribution's documentation. If your
distribution doesn't allow this, you can do it manually with FIPS.
1.6.3 FIPS
If you don't mind a text-based interface, there is FIPS, which is a DOS program that
resizes partitions. It is on most Linux distribution CD-ROMs under the subdirectory
/dosutils. Otherwise, you can get a copy of it at: http://www.igd.fhg.de/nashaefe/fips/
Compared to many other programs, FIPS has few command-line switches. Those it has
are listed below:
• -t or -test— This doesn't write anything to disk.
• -d or -debug— This will write errors to the file FIPSINFO.DBG. It can help in
diagnosing problems.
• -h or -help or -?— The help text.
• -n<num>— The drive number to split.
1.6.4 Restrictions of FIPS
There are some restrictions on what you can do with FIPS. The first is that your hard
drive must support using INT 13 for low-level disk access. There are a few older Adaptec
drive controllers that don't support INT 13, but almost all other drives do, including all
newer Adaptec drive controllers.
FIPS also will not work with FAT12. FAT12 is used on partitions that are smaller than 10
MB. This shouldn't cause any problems since it would be useless to split a 10 MB
partition anyhow.
You can only split standard FAT and FAT32 partitions. FIPS will not work on extended
partitions, NTFS, HPFS (Os2's filesystem), Linux, or any other non-FAT partition.
FIPS will not work with disk managers such as OnTrack. You must uninstall OnTrack,
which requires deleting the partition and re-installing (see "fdisk" above).
Also, don't reduce the original partition to less than 4085 clusters. A FAT partition needs
at least 4085 clusters. There is FAT12 for smaller partitions.
And lastly, you can't create a new partition on a drive if it already has four partitions. This
is because FAT only supports four partitions to a disk.
There are a few special situations that require extra steps to re-partiton. If you are using
Windows 3.1, any disk compression software (Stacker, DoubleSpace, or SuperStor), or
disk mirroring software (Image or Mirror), see the section below entitled "Special
Situations with FIPS".
1.6.5 Using FIPS
If your partition doesn't have any of the restrictions listed above, FIPS can be used to
resize your partition. There are three things that need to be done before you resize the
partition:
1. Back up your data—Something may go wrong.

23
2. Run scandisk or chkdsk /f—This will correct errors on the drive.
3. Run defrag—This will free up space at the end of the drive.
If there is no space available at the end of the drive, check for hidden or system files by
typing:
cd
Then type one of the following:
• dir /a:h /s— Searches for hidden files.
• dir /a:s /s— Searches for system files.
First, check to see what these files do so that you don't delete any important files. Don't,
for instance, delete or move the io.com or dos.com or your system will not boot!
For example, the programs IMAGE and MIRROR create the files image.idx and
mirror.fil. These files are used to recover a corrupted disk and they are created
each time the system boots. To delete these files, first change the attributes with the
commands:
attrib -r -s -h image.idx
attrib -r -s -h mirror.fil
You can then delete the file normally (del image.idx or del mirror.fil).
Next, make a bootable floppy and copy the files RESTORRB.EXE, FIPS.EXE, and
ERRORS.TXT to this disk. You can make a bootable floppy with format a: /s or
sys a:. Some PCs are set so that they won't boot off a floppy. Consult your computer's
documentation (or a local computer guru) for instructions on how to enable booting from
a floppy.
Now that the disk is prepared, boot from the floppy you just created. At the prompt, type
FIPS. You can exit at any time by pressing <CTRL> c. FIPS will first try to detect the
operating system you are using. Since we booted off a DOS floppy, there should be not
problem. It will next try to detect your hard disks. Then it will read the partitions on each
drive and display the partition table such as the one shown below (from FIPS.DOC):
| | Start | | End |
Start |Number of|
Part.|bootable|Head Cyl. Sector|System|Head Cyl. Sector|
Sector |Sectors | MB
-----+--------+----------------+------+----------------+----
----+---------+----
1 | yes | 0 148 1| 83h| 15 295 63|
149184| 149184| 72
2 | no | 1 0 1| 06h| 15 139 63|
63| 141057| 68
3 | no | 0 140 1| 06h| 15 147 63|
141120| 8064| 3
4 | no | 0 0 0| 00h| 0 0 0|
0| 0| 0
This is a lot of information. The most important data is the number of megabytes. FIPS
will next check the root sector for errors. If you have more than one partition, you will be

24
asked which partition to split. Once you choose a partition, FIPS will show the drive
information:
Bytes per sector: 512
Sectors per cluster: 8
Reserved sectors: 1
Number of FATs: 2
Number of rootdirectory entries: 512
Number of sectors (short): 0
Media descriptor byte: f8h
Sectors per FAT: 145
Sectors per track: 63
Drive heads: 16
Hidden sectors: 63
Number of sectors (long): 141057
Physical drive number: 80h
Signature: 29h
FIPS will then check the drive for errors and free space. If it exits with an error message,
make sure you did all of the preparation steps above.
If there are no errors, FIPS will show the size of the original and new partitions. Use the
left and right cursor (arrow) keys to change the size of the two partitions. Once you have
them at the desired size, press <ENTER>.
FIPS will then recheck the new partition to make sure it is empty. It will show the changes
to be made to the partition. You may press r to re-edit or c to continue. It will then ask if
you want to write the changes to disk. Answer y to save the changes and FIPS will exit.
Reboot the machine to save the changes.
After rebooting, use scandisk to check both partitions to make sure they are okay. If
there are errors, you can restore the partition by rebooting with the DOS disk and running
restorrb.
The new partition is a standard DOS partition when first created. When you install Linux,
you can use the installation program to delete the new partition and create a Linux
partition. Just be sure you delete the correct partition!
Booting Linux to a new partition is no different than booting it on a new hard drive. See
the previous sections on dual booting with Linux and Windows 3x/9x.
1.6.6 Special Situations with FIPS
Windows 3.1. If you are using Windows 3.1, you must delete the swap
file before splitting the drive. To do this, go the Control Panel (in the Main
folder) and choose 386 enhanced. Then choose the Virtual Memory, and
change to none. After the drive is split, you can turn the swap file back on.
Stacker, SuperStor, DoubleSpace, and other Disk Compression
Programs. These programs create a compressed volume on any disk
with a compressed file on it. Then they move all the files to the
compressed volume and rename the volumes. The uncompressed
volume is typically C: and it contains the boot files and compression
program. The compressed volume is D: and it contains the compressed
file.
Splitting this drive can be tricky. Be sure to get a good backup because if the
compressed file is damaged, the whole drive becomes unreadable. The following steps
should allow you to add a new partition to a compressed drive:

25
1. 1. Make sure you have enough free space on the compressed drive to create the
new partition.
2. 2. Use the disk checking software that comes with the drive to check for errors.
3. 3. If you are running Windows 3.1, remove the swap file.
4. 4. Use the disk compression utilities to decrease the size of the compressed
volume.
5. 5. Defragment the compressed volume (D:).
6. 6. Use FIPS and split the compressed volume (D:)
If the compressed volume can't be defragmented, try the following steps:
1. 1. Copy your disk defragmentation utility (for example, defrag.exe or dis-
korg.exe) and attrib.exe (in C:DOS) to the bootable floppy drive.
2. 2. Boot with the floppy and remove all the hidden and system attributes from the
files on the compressed drive (D:). Use dir /a:h and dir/a:s to find the
hidden and system files.
3. 3. Defragment the compressed partition (D:).
After this is done, you should be able to split the drive.
1.6.7 NTFS Partitions
Unfortunately, FIPS and UMSDOS don't work on NTFS partitions. You either have to
delete the partition and re-create it or use a commercial partition utility such as Partition
Magic. Partition Magic is available in most large computer stores. Information on it is
available at http://www.powerquest.com.
Before manipulating NTFS partitions, make a rescue disk, which saves important system
information to a diskette so it can be restored if something goes wrong. For Windows NT,
use Start -> Run, type in rdisk, and choose Make Emergency Repair Disk. For
Windows 2000, go to Start -> Accessories -> System Tools -> Backup. On the Welcome
tab is a button for Emergency Repair Disk. Follow the instructions.
Windows NT and 2000 don't use fdisk. They have their own partitioning program
called Disk Administrator. During the install, you are asked how big to make the partition.
By default, the partition will be the entire drive. NT partitions are limited to 4GB on the
boot partition and 7.5GB on all other partitions. Windows 2000 doesn't have this
limitation.
Once there is free space on the drive, install Linux on the free space. If Linux and NT are
on the same drive, you will want to use NT as the boot loader and install LILO on the
Linux partition. Most distributions allow you to specify where to install the boot loader.
See your distribution's documentation and help files for information on this.
If you have Linux and NT on separate drives, you can use LILO. See the section below
titled "Using LILO".
Before we start manipulating the NTFS partition, we need to download BootPart by G.
Vollant. This program can create and manipulate NTFS boot sectors. Go to
http://www.winimage.com/bootpart.htm.
1.6.8 Using NT's Boot Loader
The boot process for Windows NT is different than Windows 3x/9x. The main difference
we need to be concerned with is that Windows NT uses a file instead of the partition's
boot record to load the operating system. This means that we will have to make a boot
file for Linux if we want to use Windows NT's boot loader to load Linux.
To create a Linux boot file, we need to copy the boot sector of the Linux partition to a file.
To do this, boot from a Linux rescue diskette and use dd to copy the boot sector to a file.
If you don't have a rescue diskette, you can create one in Windows by running the

26
program rawwrite.exe, which can be found in the dosutils directory on a Linux
installation CD-ROM. Once the program is open, choose the Write option, and then
choose the rescue.imq file in the images directory on the Linux installation CD-
ROM (Figure 1.3).
Figure 1.3. Use RawWrite on your Linux installation CD-ROM to copy the rescue
image to the A: drive.
Boot off the rescue diskette and copy the boot partition to the floppy as follows:
dd if=<Linux partition> of=<name of file> bs=512 count=1
Let's go over the command step by step:
• if— The location at which to start copying. In this case, we are starting at the
beginning of the Linux partition.
• of— The output file's name.
• bs— The block size. The boot sector is 512 bytes.
• count— The number of blocks copied. We are only copying one block-the boot
sector.
Let's use an example of having Linux on hda2 (the second partition on the first hard
drive) and let's name the file boot.lnx (the Linux boot sector):
dd if=/dev/hda2 of=boot.lnx bs=512 count=1
Next, copy the file boot.lnx to a DOS formatted floppy:
mcopy boot.lnx a:

27
mcopy is part of the mtools programs. For more information go to
http://www.tux.org/pub/tux/knaff/mtools. You could also use these commands to copy
boot.lnx to a floppy:
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
cp boot.lnx /mnt/floppy
umount /mnt/floppy
Now, reboot into NT, log in as administrator, and copy boot.lnx from A: to the root of
C:. Then, edit boot.ini. First, take off the system and read-only attributes:
attrib -s -r c:boot.ini
Next, edit boot.ini with notepad and add a line for booting to Linux:
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)WINNT
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)WINNT="Windows NT
Workstation
Version 4.0
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)WINNT="Windows NT
Workstation
Version 4.0 [VGA mode] /basevideo /sos
C:BOOT.LNX="Linux"
The last line will load Linux. When you are done editing and saving boot.ini, change
the attributes back:
attrib +s +r c:boot.ini
When you boot up NT, you will get the following menu, which allows you to select the
system to boot:
OS Loader V4.00
Please select the operating system to start:
Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0
Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0 [VGA mode]
Linux
If you change the boot sector of Linux, you must make a new boot.lnx. This usually only
happens when you upgrade the Linux kernel.
All these steps can be done automatically with BootPart. Simply run the BootPart
program and choose the location of the Linux partition. It will edit the boot.ini and
create the Linux boot file automatically.
1.6.9 Using LILO
Windows NT requires its own master boot record on the drive. To boot NT from LILO,
NT must be loaded on a separate drive. To use LILO to boot to NT, Linux must be on
the first drive and NT on the second drive.

28
If we install LILO on the first partition, we must modify lilo. conf. Most Linux
installation programs allow you to create a LILO menu item for another OS (operating
system). Check your manuals to see if it is supported. If not, manually edit the
lilo.conf, which will look something like this:
boot=/dev/hda
map=/boot/map
default=linux
keytable=/boot/us.klt
prompt
timeout=50
message=/boot/message image=/boot/vmlinuz
label=linux
root=/dev/hda5
read-only
If Windows NT is on the second drive, add the following to the end of lilo.conf:
other=/dev/hdb1
table=/dev/hda
loader=/boot/any_d.b
label=WindowsNT
This is what the added lines mean:
• other— This points to the first partition on the second hard drive (dev/hdb1).
• table— This is where the drive table is. This is required by LILO.
• loader=/boot/any_d.b— Required when not booting from the primary
drive.
• label— The name for the section.

29
Chapter 2. Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows
Section 2.1. Accessing ext2 Partitions with DOS and Windows 3.1
Section 2.2. ltools
Section 2.3. Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows 9x
Section 2.4. Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows NT and 2000
2.1 Accessing ext2 Partitions with DOS and Windows 3.1
Two tools are used to access ext2 (Linux native) filesystems from DOS. One is ext2
tools, which provides read-only access, and is available here: ftp:
//sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ext2/. There is also ltools, which gives
read and write access to ext2 partitions.
2.2 ltools
ltools provides command-line tools, a Web server that allows access with a browser,
and a Java tool. The command-line tools mimic the functions of many DOS utilities. They
run in DOS and all versions of Windows (3x, 9x, and NT). They should also work with
Windows 2000, although they haven't been extensively tested with it.
There is some unusual behavior when writing to the ext2 filesystem with ltools. Any
write operation will set the filesystem to "not clean." This will cause no problems except
that fsck (the disk checking tool for Linux) will run the next time the system is booted.
Also, while running ltools in a Windows 9x DOS box, the hard drive will lock during
use. This will require a floppy disk in your system even if the floppy is not used. The
floppy drive will spin, but nothing will be changed on it.
The ltools use the Linux-style forward slashes (/) for directories and DOS-style
wildcards. For example, all the files in the /root directory would be /root/*.*.
ltools comes with the following programs:
• ldir [-h | -v | -? | -part] [-s/dev/hd..]
[Linux_Directory]— Performs like the dir command in DOS or ls in
Linux. The switches have the following meanings:
o -h -?— The help screen.
o -v— The version information.
o -s— The Linux drive name e.g., /dev/hda1, etc.
o -part— Lists all partitions on the drive.
o Linux_Directory— The directory on the ext2 filesystem. The default is /.
• lread [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] Linux_File
[DOS_File]— Lists or copies a file. Works like type or copy in DOS. The
switches are used to denote:
o -h -?— The help screen.
o -v— The version information.
o -s— The Linux drive name, e.g., /dev/hda1, etc.

30
o Linux_File— The Linux file to be viewed or copied.
o DOS_File— The DOS file to copy to. This must be a valid DOS filename.
Long filenames are supported under Windows 9x.
• ldrive /dev/hd..— This sets the default Linux partition. If no partition name is
given in the command, it will default to this. For example, to set the default
partition to hda1, the command would be ldrive /dev/hda1.
• lcd <directory name>— Sets the default directory for the Linux partition. This will
be used if no directory is given otherwise. For example, to set the default
directory to /root, the command would be lcd /root/.
• ldel [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] Linux_File— Deletes a file, directory, or link using
the following switches:
o -h -?— Help.
o -v— Version.
o -s— The Linux partition.
• lchange [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] Linux_File—
o -h -?— Help.
o -v— Version.
o -s— The Linux partition.
o -f— Changes the file attributes of the Linux file like chmod. Uses octal
numbers. See your manual for chmod for details.
o -u— Changes user ID like chown. See your manual for chown.
o -g— Changes group ID like chown. See your manual for chown.
• lwrite [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] DOS_PathDOS_File Linux_File— Copies a
file. The switches are the same as lchange.
• ren [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] Linux_File_old_name
Linux_File_new_name— Renames a Linux file, directory, or symbolic link. The
switches are the same as lchange.
• lmkdir [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID]
new_Linux_directory— Makes a Linux directory. The switches are the same as
lchange.
• lln [-h | -v | -? ] [-s/dev/hd..] [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] LinuxLinkTarget
Linux-LinkSource— Creates a new symbolic link. A symbolic link is similar to a
shortcut in Windows. The switches are the same as lchange.
2.2.1 Graphical Interfaces for ltools

31
ltools comes with two graphical interfaces: LREADsrv and LREADgui. While they do
work, if you want a graphical interface for Windows 9x, NT, or 2000, there are better tools
available.
LREADsrv. LREADsrv is a part of ltools that lets you use your Web browser to read
and write to the ext2 partition. It also requires some .GIF and .HTM files to run. When
ltools are extracted, they put LREADsrv and all the required files in the /bin
directory.
To use LREADsrv, first make sure the command-line tools work properly. LREADsrv
uses theses tools to access the ext2 partition. Then run LREADsrv and connect your
browser to http://localhost.
If you already have a Web server on your PC, you don't need to load LREADsrv. Simply
load the file http://zzzhlp.htm. You can also read the drive from a remote machine by
putting in the host name or IP address as in http://10.0.0.1/zzzhlp.htm.
LREADsrv is alpha software. It still has many bugs to iron out, including:
1. It is not a multi-user program. Multiple users can lead to corrupted files or
directories!
2. Its error checking is weak. The errors of the underlying applications often won't
show up in the browser window.
LREADgui. LREADgui is a Java interface for Java Runtime version 1.1 or higher. It gives
a graphical interface to ltools. For it to work, you must have ltools in your path and
the ldrive set to the proper ext2 partition.
There is also an LREADjav that allows up to three different remote hosts to connect to
LREADgui. Just set the remote hosts and port number (the default is 1605) in the remote
menu to LREADgui.
LREADjav, like all Java programs, requires a relatively fast machine to operate on (a 200
MHz machine is considered slow for a Java program)! The screen also tends to flicker on
long directory listings. These problems have more to do with Java itself than the
LREADjav program.
2.3 Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows 9x
FSDEXT2 allows read-only access of an ext2 partition from Windows 9x. It is no longer
being actively developed, but it works and is available at http://www.yip-
ton.demon.co.uk/.
For read and write access, there is Explore2fs. It looks and behaves like the Windows
Explorer and works with Windows 9x and NT. It is available at
http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/explore2fs.htm.
Explor2fs supports a wide range of features, including:
• Drag and drop.
• Support for all block sizes.
• Support for floppy disks 1.44MB and 120MB.
• Supports Zip and Jaz drives.
• Supports Windows 98 extended partition scheme.
• Fast write support. As fast, if not faster, than reading.
• Export file(s).
• Export file as text.
• Export directory.
• View / execute file.
• View symbolic links.
• Import file.
• Import directory.
• umask for new files.

32
• Delete file.
• Delete directory.
• Make directory.
• Rename.
• Modify file mode (via Properties box).
• Change uid and gid.
• Create device nodes.
• Create symbolic links.
• Large disk support.
Some features to be added to future versions are:
• Format / create filesystem.
• Import .tgz file. This is the native compression format for UNIX, like ZIP is for
Windows.
• Language support.
When it first starts, Explore2fs is in read-only mode. To enable write support, go to View -
> Options, then choose the Debug tab. There is a check box to enable write support.
Restart the program to enable write support.
Explore2fs shows only the ext2 partitions. To manipulate a file on the ext2 partition, right-
click on the file. This will pull up a menu with the following items on it:
• Properties
• Export File
• Export as Text
• Rename
• Delete
• Import File
• Create
The Properties option pulls up a box that has two tabs: File and Attribute. The File tab
shows all the properties of the file and the Attribute tab shows the properties that can be
changed.
The Export File and Export File as Text options will bring up a Save As box that will allow
you to save the file to a Windows drive. The only difference between the command is the
Export File as Text will convert a UNIX text file to a DOS/Windows text file.
The View option will open the file with the default Windows text editor.
The Rename and Delete options do exactly what they say.
The Import File option will bring up a box that will allow you to choose files to copy from a
Windows partition to the current directory on the ext2 drive.
The Create option will allow you to make a new character device, block device, or
symbolic link. These are the three basic types of Linux files. See your Linux reference
material for an explanation of these files.
Figure 2.1. Explore2fs.

33
2.4 Accessing ext2 Partitions with Windows NT and 2000
Ext2fsnt is a driver that allows Windows NT and 2000 to read from and write to ext2
partitions. It is available at http://www.chat.ru/~ashedel/ext2fsnt/. You will also need the
RAR archiver to extract the file (http://www.rarsoft.com). Just keep in mind that this is
beta software, so there is a chance that it can damage your filesystems! It is important to
use the included sync.exe after manipulating ext2 volumes to make sure the changes
are flushed from the cache.
To install Ext2fsnt, log in as an administrator, extract the files, and copy the file
ext2.sys to your %systemroot%system32drivers directory. The default
%system-root% is c:winnt.
Next, merge ext2.reg. To do this, go to Start-> Run and type in regedit. Then
choose Registry and Import Registry File. Find the ext2.reg file.
Reboot the machine to activate the driver. Edit the go.cmd to add your ext2 partitions,
then run go.cmd.
On a Windows NT system, you can replace the file
%systemroot%system32driv-ersrs_rec.sys with the version that comes
with Ext2fsnt instead of having to run go.cmd every time you need to access the
ext2 filesystem. Do not replace this driver on a Windows 2000 system! The driver is not
fully supported on Windows 2000.
After installation, set up the ext2 partitions as Windows drives. With Windows NT, add
them to the Registry. For example, to set up the second partition on the first hard drive as
E:, add the following line to to the registry:
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession
ManagerDOS Devices]
"E:"="DeviceHarddisk0Partition2"
For Windows 2000, simply use the Disk Management tool to assign drive letters.

34
Chapter 3. Mounting Windows Partitions with Linux
Fortunately, most Windows filesystems are supported by the Linux kernel. The mount
command can be used to mount the partition:
mount [options] device directory
For example, to mount the first partition on the first drive into the directory
/mnt/drivec:
mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/drivec
Now, changing the directory to /mnt/drivec (cd /mnt/drivec) will show the
contents of the first partition, which would be the C: drive in Windows.
The mount command will usually detect the filesystem type on the partition. If not, use
the -t option to specify the filesystem type. The supported Windows filesystems are:
• iso9600—Standard CD-ROMs. Newer kernels have support for Rock Ridge
Extensions and Joliet Drives (used by Windows 9x CD-ROMs).
• Msdos—FAT16 and FAT12.
• Ntfs—NTFS.
• Umsdos—A UMSDOS partition on a FAT partition.
• Vfat—FAT32.
For example, to load an NTFS partition:
mount -t ntfs /dev/hda1/ /mnt/drivec
A word of caution: The NTFS drivers are read and write, but use the write mode at your
own risk!
If your kernel doesn't have support for these filesystems, there are kernel patches for
different filesystems, including the UDF filesystem. The UDF filesystem is used on DVD
CD-ROMs and some CD-R and CD-RW drives. Unfortunately, the UDF modules for
Linux are currently read-only.
Adding new filesystem support to the kernel requires recompiling your kernel. If this isn't
covered in the user manual, there are instructions on compiling kernels at
http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html.
The kernel patches for the various filesystems are at:
• FAT32— http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaf-fee/fat32.html.
• Joliet CD-ROMs— http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/joliet.html.
• NTFS—http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~loewis/ntfs/.
• UDF—http://trylinux.com/projects/udf/.
3.1 Accessing Compressed DOS/Windows Drives with
Linux
Unlike other drivers, support for compressed drives is not built into most kernels. There
are two programs that allow access to compressed DOS/Windows drives: thsfs and
DMSDOS. thsfs allows read-only support for Double Space and Drive Space (Microsoft's
disk compression programs). thsfs is available at ftp://ftp.ai-lab.fh-
furtwan-gen.de/pub/ os/linux/local/thsfs.tgz.

35
The other program, DMSDOS, uses the loopback device to allow read and write access
to compressed drives. It supports Double Space Drive Space, and Stacker (a third-party
drive compression program). Like other filesystem support, it is a kernel patch and it is
available at: http://fb9nt.uni-duisburg.de/mitarbeiter/gockel/software/dmsdos/.
Once DMSDOS is added to the kernel, the compressed drives can be loaded like
ordinary FAT partitions except that a loopback is added. For example, to load a
compressed FAT16 drive that is the first partition on the first drive, type:
mount /dev/hda1 /DOS mount -t msdos -o loop
/DOS/dblspace.001 /mnt
The partition is mounted on /DOS and the compressed virtual filesystem (cvf) is mounted
on /mnt. The cvf is used to mount compressed data and /DOS is used to mount
decompressed data.
DMSDOS should detect the type of compression used for the drive, but there are options
that can be used if there are problems mounting the drive. The DMSDOS options use the
following format:
DMSDOS -t <partition type> -o cvf_options=option1+option2...
There are five option types for DMSDOS. The DMSDOS documentation has a list of all
the values for each option:
• comp:xxx—This specifies the compression type. Since DMSDOS will
automatically detect the compression type, this is seldom used.
• cf:xxx—This is a whole number from 1 to 12. 1 is the fastest, but gives the
least compression; 12 is the slowest, but gives the most compression.
• bitfaterrs:xxx—This is what to do if errors are found on the compressed
partition. The default is to set the partition to read-only.
• loglevel:xxx—This creates a log file that is useful in troubleshooting. Look
at the dmsdos.h in the source code for an explanation of log levels.
• speedup:xxx—This should not be used unless you know what you are doing.
This sets how the drive is accessed. Setting it too low will cause DMSDOS to be
very slow and setting it too high could corrupt the drive.
3.1.1 Some Problems with DMSDOS
Of course, accessing a compressed partition is slower than accessing an uncompressed
partition because of the compression and decompression involved. This can be kept to a
minimum by defragmenting the compressed partition. Double Space, Drive Space, and
Stacker come with defragmentation utilities that should be used on a regular basis.
Using DOSEmu with DMSDOS can also cause problems. DOSEmu will often write
directly to disk and bypass the DMSDOS file caching. You may need to unmount the
compressed partition to use DOSEmu and avoid corrupting the partition or crashing the
system.
The DMSDOS documentation contains an extensive list of error codes and kernel
messages.
3.2 Adding a Partition to the fstab
The file /etc/fstab is a text file that stores information on mountable drive systems.
Adding an entry to this file will save having to enter long command lines every time you
need to mount a partition. A typical fstab file would look something like this:

36
/dev/hda1 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2
/dev/hda5 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda6 swap_upgrade swap defaults 0 0
/mnt/floppy /mnt/floppy supermount fs=vfat,dev=/dev/fd0 0 0
/mnt/cdrom /mnt/cdrom supermount fs=iso9660,dev=/dev/cdrom 0
0
This entry is broken down into six sections, which are separated by a space:
1. The device or remote filesystem to mount.
2. The mount point.
3. The filesystem type.
4. The mount options.
5. Which filesystems to dump. A 0 means don't dump.
6. The fschk priority. The root filesystem should be first (1) and the other
filesystems should be second (2). 0 means to skip.
Adding a compressed drive to the fstab is rather tricky since it requires two entries:
one for the compressed volume space (cvs) and another for the drive itself.
/DOS/drvspace.001 /DOSF msdos loop 1 0
/dev/hda1 /DOS msdos defaults 1 0
The first line loads the cvs as follows:
• /DOS/drvspace.001—The compression driver.
• /DOSF—The directory used by the compression program.
• msdos—The filesystem type.
• loop—This option is required for the compression drive.
• 1—Set the dump to on.
• 0—Don't fsck the drive.
The second line mounts the drive:
• /dev/hda1—The actual drive to mount.
• /DOS—The mount directory on the Linux partition.
• msdos—The filesystem type.
• defaults—Use the default mount options.
• 1—Set dumb to on.
• 0—Don't fschk the drive. (This could corrupt the drive!)
Some of these settings may vary with your setup. Also, depending on your system, you
may have to reverse the order of the two lines since the cvs must be loaded first.

37
Chapter 4. Emulators
Emulators are programs that allow you to run an application written for one OS (operating
system) on another OS. In this chapter, we will focus on emulators that allow Windows
and DOS programs to run on Linux machines. There are no emulators to run Linux
programs on Windows, but on the other hand, most programs are available for Windows.
4.1 DOS
Linux can run most DOS programs using DOSEmu. There are thousands of DOS
programs that are still useful. Ten years ago, DOS was the most popular OS for PCs,
with both Microsoft (MS-DOS) and Digital Research (DR-DOS) selling their own version
of it. Today, you can get copies of DOS for Caldera at http://www.caldera.com and
FreeDOS at http://www/Freedos.org. DOS is still used in many embedded devices such
as scanners and cash registers because it is small and has many development tools
available for it.
Caldera purchased DR-DOS from Novell in the mid 1990s and now targets it toward
embedded applications. You can download it from their Web site, but you must pay for it
if you choose to use it. It is the best debugged and most complete version of DOS
currently available. It also has a lot of extra features that weren't included in MS-DOS
such as multitasking, TCP/IP, and a Web browser.
FreeDOS is a project started in 1994 by Jim Hall. It is under the GPL and thus is free and
open source. It is currently used by Linux as part of DOSEmu, which is included in almost
every Linux distribution. To use it, simply type dosemu <dos program> from the
command prompt.
FreeDOS and DOSEmu are good programs to have on a low-end computer. FreeDOS
will run on an 8088 (the original IBM PC) with 640KB of memory. Linux will run on a 386
with 4 MB of RAM (although X11 requires 8 MB just to load).
So what can you do with DOS programs? You can turn an old PC into a machine that
can surf the Web and use email. If you have a 386/33 with at least 4 MB of RAM (which
you can find thrown in dumpsters), you can run the Arachne Web browser found at
http://home.arachne.cz. This program contains a graphical Web browser, an email client,
and a PPP dialer. While it doesn't support many of the fancier features of the Web such
as Java, it does support frames and graphics. It can be run inside Linux using DOSEmu
and there is a Linux port in the works.
4.2 Windows
Wabi is a commercial program that allows Windows 3x applications to run inside of X-
Windows. It is available for many commercial versions of UNIX as well as Linux. The
good news is that it runs Windows 3.1 programs very well. The bad news is that it is not
currently being developed or supported on the Linux platform. Caldera has extensive
documentation on Wabi at: http://www.caldera.com/support/docs/wabil.
TWIN is a GNU project whose goal is to write UNIX libraries that emulate Windows 32-bit
APIs (Application Program Interfaces). Its two goals are to allow Windows to be compiled
on UNIX (and Linux) and to allow Intel versions of UNIX to run Windows programs. Its
libraries are supported on HPUX, AIX, and Solaris as well as Linux. Although it started as
a separate project, the TWIN project has merged with the WINE (WINE Is Not an
Emulator) project. For more information on the TWIN project, go to
http://www.willows.com.
The WINE project's goal is to allow Windows programs to run natively on Intel versions of
UNIX. WINE technically is not an emulator since it provides low-level compatibility for
Windows programs running on Linux, which gives it a significant speed advantage over
using emulation.

38
WINE currently works under Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris, and it is included with most
current Linux distributions. If you don't have a copy of WINE, you can obtain source code
or RPMs at http://www.winehq.com.
After WINE is installed, you must configure the wine.conf file. The format is the same
as a Windows .ini file. See Appendix A for details on configuration.
After WINE is configured, you can install Windows programs. Start X-Windows and open
a terminal window. To install a Windows program, type wine <Windows setup
program>. After the program is set up, you can run it from a terminal window by typing
wine <Windows executable>.
WINE is currently in development and it has had varied success in running Windows
programs. Most Windows 3x programs run without problems, but Win32 programs
(Windows 9x and NT programs) have had mixed success. For example, Microsoft
PowerPoint 2000 is reported to work perfectly under WINE, but Microsoft Outlook doesn't
work at all. For an up-to-date list of Windows programs compatible with WINE, go to
http://www.winehq.com/Apps/query.cgi.
Windows emulators for Linux are not currently good enough for production use, although
they are rapidly improving. Keep an eye on WINE. Corel has been supporting the WINE
project and is developing libraries that allow Windows applications to run better with
WINE. Corel is currently using WINE to port its WordPerfect Suite to Linux. At the rate of
its current development, it will eventually be good enough to run most Windows programs
without a problem.
4.3 VMware
VMware is a program that allows a PC to run an OS inside another OS. It currently runs
under Windows NT, Windows 2000, and Linux. This is not emulation, but a real session
of another OS. The OS (the guest OS) runs as a separate session inside of the main OS
(the host OS).
When VMware is started, it opens a window that shows a bootup screen. This looks like
a PC booting up, complete with the BIOS setup (see Figure 4.1). It then boots into a
running session of the guest OS (see Figure 4.2). This is made possible by the VMware
virtual platform, which emulates the BIOS of a PC inside of a host OS. This emulation
ability allows the installation of virually any PC OS on top of this virtual platform. If you
have problems with the installation, see the section "Known Problems with VMWare."
Both the Linux and Windows versions of VMware install easily. The following is a brief
explanation of VMware. Complete installation instructions are available at
http://www.vmware.com/ support/linux/doc/ for Linux and
http://www.vmware.com/support/win/doc/ for Windows.
Figure 4.1. VMware creates a virtual machine inside of Windows or Linux.

39
Figure 4.2. VMware is running Linux inside of a Windows NT.
For the Linux version, download the archive for Linux from www.vmware.com. Next,
unpack the archive as follows, where xxx represents the version number of VMware:
tar zxf vmware-forlinux-xxx.tar.gz
Once it is extracted, go to the directory that is created by VMware:
cd vmware-distrib

40
To install, you must be logged in as administrator or equivalent. Run the installation
program by typing:
./install.pl
When the installation is complete, go to the vmware directory and run the configuration
utility. This will configure VMware for your system. There will be several questions. In
most cases, the defaults should be used:
vmware-config.pl
When the configuration is complete, you will need to install the license. This is obtained
from VMware via email. Once you receive this license, make a directory called .vmware
in the vmware executable directory and copy the file named license to that directory.
The installation for Windows NT or 2000 is pretty straightforward. You must be logged in
as administrator or equivalent to install the program. First, download and run the
installation program. The program will have a name like vmware-nt-xxx.exe, where
xxx is the version number.
To install the license for Windows, double-click on the license file that you get from
http://www.vmware.com. This will add the following license key to your Registry:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREVMware, Inc.VMware for Windows
NTLicense
After installation, VMware must be configured. To configurate VMware for Windows, run
the Configuration Wizard in the vmware folder (under Programs). For Linux, start X-
Windows then type vmware from a terminal prompt.
First, you must decide how much RAM and disk space to allocate to the guest OS.
Remember that this RAM and disk space will be taken away from the host OS. To allow
both operating systems to operate, you need a 266 MHz Pention II, about 128 MB of total
RAM, and at least 500 MB of free disk space on your system, although more is always
better. This configuration allows you to allocate up to half of your RAM and 500 MB to
1000 MB of disk space to the host OS. VMware does not re-partition the hard drive; it
merely creates a file on your current drive which acts as a virtual drive. Be sure to allow
some free space since VMware requires about 50 MB or more of swap space.
Next, if the guest OS is Linux or Windows, install the appropriate VMware tools for that
OS. VMware tools for Windows and Linux are included with VMware. These can be
accessed by going to Settings -> VMware Tools Install. These and tools for others OSs
can also be downloaded from http://www.vmware.com. The compressed file is small
enough to fit on a floppy, or the tools can be downloaded directly into the guest OS.
To install the tools for Linux, unpack the tools with the following command:
tar zxf vmware-toolsxxx.tar.gz (xxx is the version number)
Then go to the directory vmware-tools and run ./install.pl.
For Windows, simply run the downloaded file vmware-toolsxxx.exe, where xxx is
the version number.
When installing the tools, be sure to install the toolbox and video drivers. The VMware
tools will install their own video driver, which increases the graphics speed of the guest
OS. They will also set the video settings of the guest OS to be the same as the host OS.
For example, if the host OS is set to 800x600 at 16 million colors, the guest OS will be
set to the same. Without the VMware tools, the video settings of the host OS will only
support 640x480 at 16 colors.
4.3.1 How Well Does it Work?

41
VMware works very well as long as your system meets at least the minimum
requirements listed above. It allows you to open another OS inside your Windows
NT/2000 or Linux system. The host OS runs at almost normal speed and the guest OS
runs at about one-half to one-quarter normal speed, depending on what you are doing.
Both operating systems share the devices on the PC. The applications in each OS can
share data and can even cut and paste between the host and guest operating systems.
4.3.2 Known Problems with VMware
As with any program, not everything works as it is supposed to. These deviations are
called bugs by most software companies, although a few companies still insist on calling
them features. VMware is a rapidly evolving product with a new version coming out every
few months. The VMware support page is at http://www.vmware.com/support/. If you
don't find the solution to your problem here, fill out an incident report at
http://www.vmware.com/forms/Incident-login.cfm. There is also a handy search form on
this page that they encourage you to use before filing an incident report.
4.3.3 Tuning VMware
Many of the tuning parameters are mentioned in the installation and configuration
discussions above. If the host or guest OS is sluggish, check the configuration
parameters first. Make sure that there is enough memory and disk space allocated to
each OS. If an OS doesn't have enough memory or disk space, reconfiguring your
system may help. If there still isn't enough disk space or memory to run both operating
systems properly, consider upgrading your PC.
Other than that, installing the VMware toolkit can have a great effect on the speed of the
guest OS. The toolkit has enhanced video drivers designed for the VMware guest
session. There is a VMware tools version for Windows 95, NT, and 2000, Linux, and
FreeBSD (a version of UNIX).
If Windows is your guest OS, you can get better video performance if you use direct draw
mode (not to be confused with Microsoft's Direct Draw). The default for VMware is to use
GDI, which is the video system that is used by Windows. Direct draw is faster, but not
supported by all systems. If you have video problems after installing direct draw, change
back to GDI. To switch to direct draw mode, go to Settings -> Current VM Graphics and
change the GDI to Direct Draw.
The guest OS is also more responsive in the full-screen mode. To open it in full-screen
mode, click on the Full Screen command on the menu. If your screen appears blank or
distorted in full-screen mode, check your refresh rate. VMware defaults to a 75 MHz scan
rate and some systems won't support it. If this is the case, you can change the scan rate
by going to the Settings -> Global Preferences menu as shown in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.3. Getting to the Global Preferences Screen.

42
You can toggle back from full-screen to windowed mode by pressing <CTRL>-<ALT>-
<ESC>. If you are using direct draw mode, however, your cursor may turn into a black
block when you toggle. If this is a problem, you can switch back to GDI mode by using
the Display tab on Global Preferences (see Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4. Setting the Graphics option to Direct Draw in the Global Preferences
Screen.
You can also adjust the priority of the guest OS with the Priority tab (see Figure 4.5). The
priority can be turned down if the guest OS is using too many resources, or it can be
turned up to increase the responsiveness of the guest OS.
Figure 4.5. Adjusting the guest operating system's priority in Global Preferences.

43
Another thing to watch for: If you have a DOS session running in VMware, it will use up
CPU cycles even when it is idle. This can be fixed by installing the program CpuIdle,
which can be downloaded from http://www.bugcomputer.com/cpuidle/. Install it according
to the instructions that come with it, except don't use the -cpu option. When this option
is enabled, it can cause problems on some systems.
Also, make sure that CD-ROM autoplay is disabled in both the guest and host OS.
Autoplay constantly polls the CD drive for autoplay files, which dramatically slows down
performance.
4.4 FreeMWare
FreeMWare is an open source project that allows a Windows session to be opened
inside of Linux. While it is early beta right now, it promises to offer an open source
alternative to VMware. It is also licensed under the LGPL (LesserGNU Public License).
The main difference between LGPL and GPL is that the LGPL is less restrictive on its
use or redistribution. For more information on LPGL, go to
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.htm/. For more information on FreeMWare, go to
http://www.freemware.org.
4.5 Win4Lin
Win4Lin is the "new kid on the block." It allows Linux users to run a Windows session in
Linux, but not the other way around. It is faster than VMware, runs with much less
memory (it can easily run with 32 MB of RAM), and sells for about $40.
I've had the chance to play with the early version of it, and it seems faster, but it isn't as
stable as VMware. In its defense, I reviewed a beta version, so these bugs should be
worked out over time.
4.6 Conclusion
Currently, the best way to run Windows programs on an Intel Linux platform is with
VMware. Most Windows programs will run VMware without a problem. The downside is
that it is closed source, commercial software. It also requires you to buy a copy of

44
Windows to run Windows programs. This may not be a problem since Windows is
bundled with most PCs, however.
FreeMWare is a promising open source project that is currently not developed enough for
normal use.
The WINE project currently only runs a limited number of Windows programs. It is,
however, free and open source (under the GPL) and is progressing rapidly.

45
Chapter 5. Internet Applications
The Internet has grown from a communications network for government agencies in the
late 1960s to the engine that is driving the U.S. economy in the late 1990s. The different
strengths of Linux and Windows make it not only possible to mix environments, but
desirable.
Due to its UNIX heritage, Linux's native TCP/IP protocol support, stability, and low cost
make it ideal as a server. According to a count of servers by leb.net
(http://leb.net/hzo/ioscount/), Linux is the most popular server on the Internet. Linux also
runs Apache, which is by far the most popular Web server on the Internet according to a
Netcraft survey (http://www.netcraft.com/survey/).
Although Linux is starting to catch up, Windows still has a lot more end-user applications
than any other OS. Many applications such as Microsoft Office, Media Player, Out-look,
and Exchange are not available for Linux. According to International Data Corporation
(http://www.idc.com/), Microsoft Windows has about 87% of the desktop OS market as
compared to about 4% for Linux. This gives tremendous incentive for companies to
release the Windows version of desktop programs first.
This chapter is not going to cover every Internet application or go into details about the
configuration of any of them. Those subjects would take much more than one book to
cover. Instead, I intend to cover some of the common interoperability issues in dealing
with mixed environments on the Internet.
5.1 Web Server Compatibility
Let's start with the Web since it seems to be getting the most press lately. Web servers
are relatively simple. They take text files (HTML files) and transfer them using the HTTP
protocol. These text files tell the Internet browser how to display a page and where to
download the graphics, sounds, programs, and other files needed to render the page.
The three most popular Web servers are Apache, Internet Information Server (IIS), and
Netscape, which together make up about 85% of the server market.
Apache is a free, open source Web server that, although there is a Windows version
available, is run primarily on UNIX platforms such as Linux. IIS is included with Windows
NT and 2000 Server and is available only for Windows. Netscape is available in versions
for Windows and most flavors of UNIX, including Linux.
Since most Web standards are set by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Web
servers tend to look the same to end-users. The two main problems of compatibility tend
to be in connecting to databases and generating dynamic Web pages.
Most large Internet sites today store their data in a database and use this data to
generate Web pages on the fly. For information on interoperability between Linux- and
Windows- based databases, see Chapter 7.
The traditional way of creating dynamic Web pages is to write CGI scripts. Today, there
are several programs that make generating dynamic Web pages easier. Two of the most
popular of these tools are PHP and Active Server Pages (ASP). PHP is an open source
program designed to run with UNIX and Apache. ASP is a Microsoft product designed to
run with Windows and IIS. Both of these programs are available in both UNIX and
Windows versions.
5.1.1 PHP
Both the Linux and Windows versions of PHP are available at http://www.php.net/. They
are available in both source code and binary versions. The Windows binaries are up-to-
date, but if you want the latest Linux code, you may have to compile it yourself.

46
There are some special considerations when connecting PHP to a Microsoft database.
On a Windows machine, simply use the ODBC drivers. If you need instructions on setting
up ODBC, go to http://www.php.net/manual/config-odbc.html.
It is a little more complicated on a Linux machine. To connect to a Microsoft SQL server,
use the PHP Sybase modules at http://www.php.net/extra/ctlib-linux-elf.tar.gz. SQL
Server and Sybase are mostly protocol-compatible.
It's not simple to connect to a Microsoft Access database from a Linux machine either.
The easiest and most robust method would be to use Open Database Connectivity
(ODBC) drivers. See the section in the databases chapter (Chapter 7) on ODBC for
information on using ODBC with Linux.
5.1.2 Active Server Pages
Active Server Pages (ASP) is included with Microsoft IIS. One use for a Linux machine
with ASP is as a back-end database. ASP uses ODBC for database support, and the
ODBC drivers from OpenLink can be used to connect to the Linux database for a
Microsoft machine running ASP.
IASP by Halcyon Software replicates the ASP functions on Linux and many other
platforms. It adds many functions to ASP such as Java Server Pages and full Java
support. It can even be used with Microsoft's ASP to add extra functions. There is a free
development version and the full version starts at $495
(http://www.halcyonsoftware.com).
Chili!Soft has a beta version of ASP for Linux that is also worth a look. Its price is
expected to be $995 per server (http://www.chilisoft.com/).
Another option is to convert ASP pages to PHP and use PHP on both platforms.
Considering that PHP is free, this might be a good option if cost is a consideration. There
is a free program called ASP2PHP that converts ASP pages to PHP pages. The basic
syntax of the program is asp2php myaspfile.asp, where myaspfile.asp is the
ASP file to convert. It also comes with a nice GUI tool, gtkasp2php, which makes
conversion as easy as point and click. The program is available at
http://home.i1.net/~naken/asp2php/.
5.2 FrontPage Extensions
FrontPage is a popular Microsoft Web authoring tool. FrontPage Extensions are needed
on a Web server to take advantage of FrontPage features such as:
• Letting multiple users simultaneously collaborate on the same Web site and Web
server (multi-user authoring).
• Letting users write directly to the Web server with Microsoft FrontPage using a
PC or laptop computer from anywhere in the world via the Internet (remote
authoring).
• Letting users include forms on their Web site and specify how the results of those
forms are handled without the users having to write their own scripts.
• Letting users include discussion webs on their Web site.
• Providing full text search capability on a Web site.
• Letting users include hit counters on their Web site.
Of course, all of these functions can be done without FrontPage Extensions. FrontPage
Extensions are only required to take advantage of these functions in Microsoft
FrontPage.
Microsoft's IIS automatically installs FrontPage Extensions. Apache doesn't include
FrontPage Extensions, but they can be downloaded from http://www.rtr.com/fpsup-
port/download.htm. Instructions for installing FrontPage Extensions on Apache for Linux

47
are available at http://www.e-gineer.com/instructions/install-frontpage-extensions-for-
apache-on-linux.phtml.
5.3 Using Microsoft Office Files on the Web
Microsoft Office programs are often used to create Web documents. All the standard
Office programs (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) have a Save As HTML option. This is
convenient for quickly creating HTML documents, but Office tends to put non-standard
characters in the HTML. These documents then look bad when viewed with a non-
Microsoft browser.
HTML documents created with Office have the following non-standard characters:
• The semicolon is missing at the end of numeric character escapes (e.g.,
=).
• Numeric renderings of special characters (e.g., < > &).
• Unquoted <table> tags containing non-alphanumeric characters.
• PowerPoint mis-nests <font> and <strong> tags.
• PowerPoint uses <ul> and </ul> tags to accomplish paragraph breaks.
• Office misses <tr> tags in text-only slides.
• Office places extra </p> tags.
• Office places unmatched <li> tags in headings.
• Office uses "paragraph-long lines," which leads to lines that scroll off the page.
Fortunately, there is a program called demoroniser (
http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/demoroniser/) that will correct these flaws in HTML
documents created with Office. It is a freeware Perl script that converts the non-standard
characters into standard HTML tags. Perl is installed by default on most Linux
distributions. A Win32 version of Perl is available at
(http://www.ActiveState.com/ActivePerl/download.htm). If you have Windows 95, you will
also need DCOM ( http://www.microsoft.com/com/resources/downloads.asp).
The syntax of demoroniser is:
demoroniser [ -u ] [ -wcols ] [ infile ] [ outfile ]
where:
• -u-Help.
• -w-Sets the character length of the lines. The default is 72.
5.4 Web Browsers
One advantage of the Web is that the Web page tells the browser what a page should
look like and the browser actually renders the Web page. This means that Web pages
download fast and there are Web browsers available for every OS. It also means that the
browser choice makes a big difference in how Web pages look and not every browser will
properly render every Web page.
5.4.1 Browsers Available for Both Linux and Windows
The browser choice for cross-platform compatibility is currently Netscape. It has versions
for most major platforms and supports all the major standards, including frames, image
maps, plugins, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), Java, and Java Script. It is included in most
Linux distributions and a Windows version can be obtained at http://www.netscape.com.

48
Star Office has a built-in browser that works very well. It renders pages well, but lacks
some of the advanced features such as SSL, interlaced GIFs, and Java. See the section
on productivity applications for more on Star Office (http://www.sun.com/staroffice).
There are a couple of other browsers that deserve a mention: Lynx and Arachne. Lynx is
one of the oldest browsers and it is available for almost every OS. Even though it is a
text-only browser, it is useful for debugging Web pages. It is very picky about HTML
syntax. It is also good for checking to see if Web pages have the proper alt tags that
arenecessary for text readers used for handicapped access to Web pages
(http://lynx.browser.org/).
Arachne deserves mention because it is the only graphical DOS browser. It can be run
under DOSEmu under Linux and in a DOS window under Windows. It is a small, compact
browser that can run on an 8086 (the original IBM PC) with 640KB of memory. There is
also a Linux version in the works (http://home.arachne.cz/).
5.4.2 Windows Browsers
Since about 90% of all desktops run Windows, there are several browsers that are
available for Windows but not Linux. The most popular Web browser for Windows is
Microsoft's own Internet Explorer (IE). It supports all the major standards as well as some
Microsoft-specific functions such as ActiveX and VBscript, which offer similar functionality
to Java and Java Script. The main difference is that ActiveX and VBscript are specific to
the Windows platform, whereas Java and Java Script are cross-platform.
Opera is another popular browser for Windows. It supports all the major standards and is
still small and fast. It will run on a 386 with 8 MB of RAM. There is also a Linux version in
the works. Unlike other browsers, Opera is not free; it costs $35 (
http://www.opera.com/).
5.4.3 Up-and-coming Browsers
There are two open source browsers that are poised to give the other browsers a run for
their money: KFM and Mozilla. KFM is the file manager for the graphical interface KDE.
Just type in the URL in the location window of KFM and it will load a Web page. It doesn't
support all of the major standards, but it is being rapidly improved ( http://www.kde.org).
Mozilla is the open source version of Netscape's browser. It was originally started when
Netscape opened up the source code to its browser in early 1998. What started as bug
fixes turned into a complete rewrite of the Netscape rendering engine. Mozilla is
noticeably faster than the Netscape browser and it is becoming more stable as
development continues. It is scheduled to eventually replace the Netscape browser when
it becomes stable enough (http://www.mozilla.org).
5.4.4 Browser Plugins
Browser plugins are programs that add extra functions such as sound and animation to
browsers. Almost all plugins are available for the Windows versions of Internet Explorer
and Netscape. The choice of plugins for Linux is much more limited. Currently, Netscape
is the only Linux browser that supports plugins. The plugins supported by Netscape for
Linux are:
• Real Player—Plays streaming audio and video. See the section on streaming
video later in this chapter.
• Cult3D—A 3-D viewer.
• DjVu—A document viewer.
• Flash Player—A viewer for vector graphics and animation.
• Gig—Renders data-driven, interactive graphics.
• Hypercosm3D Player—Renders 3-D computer graphics.

49
• MpegTV—Plays streaming MPEG video.
• Plugger—Displays inline pictures, sound, and video.
• TANGO Interactive—An interactive, multimedia, collaborative tool.
• Tcl/Tk—A scripting tool.
• Ump—Plays MIDI audio files.
• X11R6.3 Remote Execution—Allows an X11 application to be embedded into a
Web page.
• XVIEW—A picture viewer.
Current versions of Netscape plugins can be found at
http://www.netscape.com/plugins/search_pi.html.
There is also an Xswallow plugin for the Linux version of Netscape that supports many
data types, including:
• vrml1 and vrml2—Popular 3-D formats.
• midi—A music format.
• sun audio—An audio format.
• mpeg—A video and audio format.
• avi—A video format.
Xswallow is available at http://www.csn.ul.ie/~caolan/docs/Xswallow.html.
5.5 Email
Email is the original killer application on the Internet. Until the Web took off, email took up
most of the Internet's bandwidth. There are several Internet email standards. A brief
overview of them would include:
• Mail Transport Protocol:
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)-Allows transfer of mail between
mail servers.
• Remote Mail Retrival Protocols:
o POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)-Downloads full messages to the
client.
o IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol version 4)-Allows the actual
messages to be stored on a server and only the headers are downloaded.
• Message Formats:
o RCF822-This is the standard format for ASCII (text) messages.
o MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)-Allows multi-part
messages and non-ASCII (non-text) attachments such as sounds and
graphics.
These are very simplified explanations of the major Internet mail standards. A complete
list of the standards is available at http://www.imc.org/rfcs.html.
5.5.1 Mail Clients
There are several popular mail clients that are available for both Linux and Windows. The
simplest is PINE (Program for Internet News and Email, or PINE, is not Elm, depending
on who you ask).
PINE is a command-line mail program, but it supports all the major Internet mail
standards listed above. It also has advanced features such as a message digest,
address book, spell checker, and a news reader. Most Linux distributions include a copy
of PINE. The Windows version and more information on PINE are at
http://www.washington.edu/pine/.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

TABLE GÉNÉRALE
DES MATIÈRES
DU TABLEAU DE PARIS.
Les tomes sont indiqués par les chiffres romains: I, II, III, IV;
a, marque la première partie; b, la seconde. Les chiffres arabes
indiquent la pagination.
A.
Abailard, III, a, 553.
Abattoir de Villejuif, III, a, 661.
Abattoirs de Paris, leur nombre, IV, b, 536.
—Description, 537.
Abbaye Notre-Dame-aux-Bois, IV, a, 292.
Abbés de Saint-Vincent de Senlis (hôtel des), III, a, 615.
Abbés de Saint-Denis, leur hôtel, III, b, 709.
Abbon, auteur d'un poëme latin sur le siége de Paris par les
Normands, I, a, 29.
Académies, I, b, 802.
—— françoise, son origine, I, b, 802.
—Son état au 17e
siècle, ib.
—Ce qu'elle fut au 18e
, 803.
—Son triomphe à la révolution, ib.
—Rampe sous le tyran, ib.
—Ce qu'elle est aujourd'hui, ib.

—— royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, I, b, 804.
—Ses services, ib.
—— des Sciences, reçut une forme régulière en 1699, I, b, 805.
—Son but, ib.
—— de Peinture et Sculpture, I, b, 806.
—Ses succès, 807.
—— d'Architecture, I, b, 808.
Adam, clerc du Roi, lègue deux maisons dans Paris à l'Hôtel-
Dieu, I, a, 372.
Affaires étrangères (nouvel hôtel des), IV, b, 531.
Agathe (les filles de Sainte-), origine, III, b, 485.
Agio, ce que c'étoit, IV, b, 49.
Agnès (chapelle Sainte-) ou Saint-Eustache, II, a, 298.
Agnès (communauté de Sainte-), II, a, 313.
—Zèle et charité de ces religieuses, 314.
Agnès de Russie, femme de Henri Ier
, I, b, 543.
Agobard rejette les épreuves de l'eau, du feu, etc., I, a, 352.
Agriculture (société royale d'), II, b, 1137.
Aides (cour des), son origine, I, a, 185.
—Costume des membres de cette cour, 188.
—Ses attributions, ib.
—Lieu de ses séances, 189.
—Son rang dans les cérémonies, ib.
Aignan (la chapelle Saint-), I, a, 280.
—Son origine et son emplacement, ib.
—— (hôtel Saint-), II, b, 1004.
Aiguillon (le duc d') excite en Bretagne une opposition
séditieuse, IV, b, 361.
Alais (Jean), tradition sur ce personnage, II, a, 298.
Albiac (hôtel d') détruit, III, a, 615.
Albigeois, I, b, 691.
Albret (hôtel d'), II, b, 1319; III, b, 569.
Alençon (hôtel d'), I, b, 594 et 827.
Alexandre VIII succède à Innocent XI, IV, a, 130.
Alexia, défaite des Gaulois auprès de cette ville, I, 10.

Aligre (hôtel d'), I, b, 832.
—— (ancien hôtel d') détruit, II, a, 329.
Allemands (collége des), III, a, 598.
Amalarion, diacre, rédige une règle pour les chanoines, I, a, 358.
Ambigu-Comique, II, b, 1133.
Amboise (le cardinal d'), sa réponse aux députés de l'Université,
II, b, 906.
—— (hôtel d'), détruit, III, a, 614.
Ambroise, (séminaire Saint-), II, b, 1370.
Amelot, anecdote sur ce Janséniste, IV, a, 181, note.
Amet (le père), confesseur de Marguerite de Valois, II, a, 217.
Amiot (Jacques), maître de la librairie, II, a, 187.
Amortissement, I, a, 223.
Anastase (Sainte-), II, b, 1163.
Anceline, avocat, III, a, 374.
Andelot (d'), chef des réformés, III, a, 4.
—Sa mort, 150.
André-des-Arcs (quartier Saint-), sa position et son origine, III,
b, 599.
—Église de ce nom, 617.
—Curiosités, 622.
—Circonscription, 625.
—Hospice de ce nom, 627.
Angevilliers (hôtel d'), I, b, 832.
Angleterre, son gouvernement, IV, b, 80.
—Son commerce maritime, 82.
—Crédit public, 83.
—Pourquoi elle exclut les catholiques des affaires, 84.
—Payoit une pension à Dubois, 85.
Anglois (rois), vassaux des rois de France, II, a, 13.
Anglois (les), envahissent la France à la faveur des troubles
civils, II, a, 151.
—Pourquoi ne sont pas demeurés maîtres de la France sous
Charles VII, 371.
—Songent à s'emparer du Canada, IV, b, 272.

Angloises (religieuses), origine, II, b, 1269.
—Église, 1270, III, a, 464.
—Curiosités de leur église, 455.
—Les filles angloises, 536.
Angoulême (hôtel des comtes d'), détruit, II, b, 1316.
Anjou (le duc d'), frère du roi Charles V, II, a, 77.
—Sa régence, 79.
—Appelé au trône de Naples, 83.
—Ses exactions avant de quitter la France, 83-89.
—Part pour la conquête de Naples, 89.
—Sa mort, III, a, 257.
—— (hôtel d'), détruit, II, b, 851.
Anne (communauté Sainte-), I, b, 969.
Anne (chapelle Sainte-), II, a, 555.
Anne-la-Royale (communauté de Sainte-), III, b, 446.
Anne d'Autriche, régente, III, b, 110.
—Accusée de trop de familiarité avec Mazarin, 117.
—Reçoit le parlement au Palais-Royal à la journée des
Barricades, 150.
—Emmène le roi à Ruel, 156.
—Ramène le roi à Paris, 160.
—Quitte une seconde fois Paris, 165.
—Désire la paix, 186.
—Revient à Paris avec le Roi, 197.
Annonciades célestes, institution de cet ordre, II, b, 1184.
—Leur établissement à Paris, 1185.
—Genre de vie, ib.
—Curiosités de l'église, 1186.
—— du Saint-Esprit, origine, II, b, 1273.
—Supprimées, 1277.
Annonciation (Filles de l'), IV, a, 256.
Antoine (le Petit-Saint-), origine, II, b, 1167.
—Établissement de ces religieux à Paris, 1167.
—Changement dans l'administration, 1171.
—Maison rebâtie, 1172.
—Église, ib.

Antoine (abbaye Saint-), II, b, 1298.
Antoine (M.), architecte, auteur du dépôt des archives au Palais-
de-Justice, I, a, 164.
—Restaure ce palais après un incendie, ib.
Appels d'abus et appelants, IV, b, 200 et suiv.
Aqueducs de Belleville, I, b, 833.
—Réparés sous Henri IV, 834.
Arc de triomphe de la barrière du Trône, II, b, 1309.
—Pourquoi appelée du Trône, 1310.
Arcades de la Chambre des Comptes, I, a, 169.
—Mérite de ce monument, 405.
Archevêché, I, a, 327.
—Érigé en 1622, 354.
Arcis (Saint-Pierre-des-), étymologie de ce nom, I, a, 256.
—Détails sur cette église, curiosités, tableaux, ib.
—Paroisse au commencement du 12e
siècle, 258.
—Ses droits curiaux, ib.
Arcueil (aqueduc d'), I, b, 834.
—Alimente 14 fontaines, 835.
Ardents (mal des), I, a, 289.
Argenson (hôtel d'), II, b, 1319.
Armagnac (le comte d'), fait connétable, II, a, 144.
—Son retour à Paris, 147.
—Difficultés que lui suscite la reine, 149.
—Arrêté, 154.
—Sa mort, 156.
Armagnac (la faction des), II, a, 117.
—Poursuivis dans Paris par les bouchers, 120.
—Aux portes de Paris, 124.
—Défection parmi eux, 125.
—Le dauphin les favorise, 127.
—Doivent exciter moins d'indignation que les Bourguignons,
134.

—Réflexions en leur faveur, 136.
—Leur conduite à Paris, 140.
Arnauld, retiré à Port-Royal-des-Champs, IV, a, 179, note.
Arnaud (Jacqueline-Marie-Angélique), réforme l'abbaye de Port-
Royal, IV, a, 338.
Arnolfini, moine espagnol député aux frondeurs, III, b, 182.
—Introduit dans le parlement, 184.
—Sa harangue, 185.
Arquebuse (hôtel de l'), II, b, 1333.
Arques (la journée d'), III, a, 336.
Arras (collége d'), III, a, 598.
Arsenal (l'), ancienneté des établissements de ce genre, II, b,
953.
—Arsenal particulier de Paris, ib.
—Devient la propriété des rois, 954.
—Henri IV l'augmente, ib.
—Grand et petit, 955.
—Inscription, 956.
—Changements et réparations, 975.
Artois (hôtel du comte d') détruit, II, a, 459.
Asfelt (marquis d'), IV, b, 105.
Assomption (les religieuses de l'), leur couvent, I, b, 999.
—Appelées d'abord Haudriettes, ib.
—Au faubourg Saint-Honoré, 1001.
—Attaquées juridiquement par les héritiers de Jean Haudri,
1003.
—Fondation de l'église actuelle, 1004.
Aubin (bataille de Saint-), II, b, 894.
Aubriot (Hugues), prévôt de Paris, I, b, 539, II, a, 70.
—Pose la première pierre de la Bastille, 72.
Audran (Gérard), sa sépulture, III, b, 361.
Audrouet du Cerceau, commença le Pont-Neuf, I, a, 91.
Augustin (saint), restaurateur de la vie commune en Occident, I,
a, 356.

Augustins (les grands), III, b, 600.
—Époque de leur établissement à Paris, 602.
—Accroissement, 603.
—S'établissent dans la rue qui porte leur nom, 607.
—Église et curiosités, 608.
—Bibliothèque, 612.
—Leurs querelles, 614.
—Quai, 750.
Augustins réformés (ou petits), IV, b, 391.
—Curiosités de l'église, 394.
—Bibliothèque, 395.
Aumont (hôtel d'), II, b, 965.
Aure (les filles de sainte), III, b, 438.
Auroux, capitaine de quartier, III, a, 374.
Austerlitz (pont d'), III, a, 660.
Autriche (maison d'), sa politique, III, b, 76.
—Se met à la tête du parti catholique, ib.
—Justifiée d'avoir aspiré à la monarchie universelle, 79.
Autun (collége d'), III, b, 685.
Auvergne (le comte d'), III, b, 27.
Avançon (Guillaume d'), archevêque d'Embrun, II, a, 216.
Ave Maria (les religieuses de l'), II, b, 917.
—Origine, 918.
—Austérités, 923.
—Curiosités du couvent, 924.
—Sépultures, ib.
Avenues des Invalides et de l'École-Militaire, IV, b, 455.
Avoués des églises. Ce que c'étoit, I, a, 207.
Avoie (les religieuses de sainte). Origine, II, b, 989.
—Statuts, 991.
—Adoptent la règle des Ursulines, ib.
—Église, 993.
Avoie (fontaine Sainte-), II, b, 1012.
Azincourt (bataille d'), II, a, 143.

Baillet (Jean), trésorier général, assassiné, I, b, 552, II, a, 42.
Bailliage du palais, I, a, 190.
—Du Temple, II, b, 1187.
Banque de France, II, a, 367.
—— de Law, IV, b, 29.
—Sa chute, 52.
—On essaie en vain de la relever, 53.
Bar (hôtel des comtes de), III, a, 615.
Barbe (collége et communauté de Sainte-), III, b, 482.
—Discipline, 535.
—Saint Ignace de Loyola y avoit étudié, 536.
Barbeaux (hôtel des), II, b, 963.
Barbette (hôtel), II, b, 1313.
Barnabites. Leur couvent, I, a, 224.
—Origine et emplacement, 227.
Barre (Jean de la), gardien de la bibliothèque, II, a, 186.
Barre (hôtel de), II, b, 962.
Barricades (journée des), III, a, 298; III, b, 150.
Barrière (Jean de la), abbé commandataire des Feuillants, I, b,
983.
—Merveilles de sa vie, 984.
—Vient à Paris, ib.
—Henri III envoie des seigneurs au devant de lui, ib.
Barrière avoit comploté la mort de Henri IV, III, a, 434.
Barrières de Paris, I, b, 1074; II, a, 260-562; II, b, 765-1344;
III, a, 631, b, 573; IV, a, 368, b, 497.
Barry (la du), IV, b, 362.
Barthélemi (Saint-), église royale et paroissiale, I, a, 250.
—Par qui desservie, 252.
—Confiée aux religieux de St-Benoît, 253.
Barthélemi (massacre de la Saint-). Ne doit pas retomber sur la
religion, III. a, 153.
—La reine y détermine le roi, 177.
—Préparatifs, 181.

—Signal du massacre, 185.
—Scènes en divers lieux, 186.
—N'a eu lieu qu'à Paris, 196.
—N'eut lieu que par représailles, 204.
Basoche, I, a, 166.
Basochiens (les) jouent des pièces de théâtre, IV, a, 312.
Baschi (Mathieu de) réforme les frères de saint François, I, b,
992.
Bassompierre (le maréchal de) à la Bastille, III, b, 74.
Baudoyer (place), étymologie, II, b, 834.
Baudrier; le clergé en obtient les honneurs, I, a, 205.
Bavière (hôtel de), III, a, 615.
Bayeux (collége de), III, b, 697.
Beaufort (le duc de), son rôle, III, b, 172.
—Accusé, 206.
—Nommé gouverneur de Paris, 305.
—Suit Gaston dans son exil, 317.
Beaugé (bataille de), II, a, 161.
Beaujeu (madame de), II, b, 880.
—Déconcerte les projets du duc d'Orléans, 883.
—Veut le faire enlever, 889.
—Sa conduite impolitique, 893.
Beaujon, conseiller d'état et receveur des finances, I, b, 1035.
Beaujon (chapelle), dédiée à saint Nicolas.
—Sa description, I, b, 1035.
—Intérieur, 1036.
—Architecture de cette église, 1037.
Beaujon (hospice), son emplacement et ses fondateurs, I, b,
1038.
Beaumont (M. de), archevêque de Paris, nouvel Athanase, IV, b,
240.
—Prend le parti des jésuites, 339.
Beautreillis (hôtel), II, b, 960.
Beautru (hôtel de), II, a, 249.
Beauvais (hôtel de), II, b, 965;
II, b, 1331;

IV, b.
Bedfort (le duc de) fait prêter serment au roi d'Angleterre par le
parlement, II, a, 373.
—Assiége Meulan, ib.
—Son retour en France après la bataille de Montargis, 383.
—Fait les derniers efforts contre le roi de France, 384.
—Ouvre la campagne, 385.
—Assiége Orléans et est repoussé par la Pucelle, 389.
—Abandonne Paris, 392.
—Y rentre, 396.
—Se retire, 406.
—Meurt, 407.
Béguines, II, b, 917.
Belle-Isle (le comte et maréchal de), IV, b, 118.
—Sa retraite, 124.
—Fait la guerre en Provence, 147.
—Combat à Exiles, ib.
Bénédictines de la Ville-l'Évêque, I, b, 1026.
—Deviennent plus austères, 1027.
—Ce monastère, d'abord prieuré dépendant de Montmartre,
1027.
—Leurs différends avec ce couvent, 1028.
—Curiosités de leur église, ib.
—Église détruite, ib.
—— de Notre-Dame de Liesse, IV, a, 260.
—Fondation, 261.
Bénédictins anglais, III, b, 453.
—Église, 456.
Bénéfices, leur origine, I, a, 77.
Bénéfices royaux, I, a, 203, 208.
Benoît (Saint-), quartier, III, b, 337.
—Église collégiale et paroissiale, 355.
—Particularités sur le chevet de cette église, 359.
—Circonscription, 362.
Bertichram, Bertchram ou Bertrand, évêque du Mans, I, b, 741.

Bernard (Saint) engage inutilement les jeunes gens de Paris à
embrasser la vie monastique, I, a, 281.
Bernard (porte Saint-), origine, III, a, 438.
—Renouvelée, 439.
Bernardins (les), origine, III, a, 450.
—Église, 454.
Bernin (le chevalier), architecte et statuaire, I, b, 787.
—Détails sur ce personnage, 788.
—Son plan du Louvre critiqué, 790.
Bernis (l'abbé de), son caractère, IV, b, 278.
—Se charge du traité entre la France et l'Autriche, 279.
Berulle (le cardinal de), fondateur de l'Oratoire, I, b, 810.
—Achète l'hôtel du Bouchage, 812.
—Bâtit une nouvelle maison, 813.
Berry (duc de), frère du roi Charles V, I, a, 77.
—Perd la confiance des Parisiens, 119.
—Assiégé dans Bourges, 126.
—Reçoit des ambassadeurs anglais, 141.
—Sa mort, 145.
—— (ancien hôtel de), II, a, 341.
Bertholot (François), fonde une maison.
Berwik fait la guerre en Alsace, IV, b, 104.
—Assiége Philisbourg et y meurt, 105.
Besançon (hôtel de), III, b, 715.
Beze (Théodore de), III, a, 74.
Bibliothèque royale, son origine et ses progrès, II, a, 182.
—Fondée par Charles V, 184.
—Presqu'entièrement détruite sous Charles VI, 185.
—Son état sous Louis XI, François Ier
, 186.
—Ordonnance de Henri II en sa faveur, ib.
—Sous les rois suivants, 187.
—Bâtiments, 190.
—Dépôt des livres imprimés, 191.

—Manuscrits, 194.
—Médailles, 197.
—Estampes, 201.
—de la ville, II, b, 1262.
—Devient un magasin d'armes, 1266.
Bièvre, petite rivière, III, a, 627.
Biscornet, serrurier de la façade Notre-Dame, I, a, 310.
Blaise (chapelle Saint-) et Saint-Louis, III, b, 344.
Blanche (la reine), son administration pendant la minorité de son
fils, I, b, 694.
—Soin qu'elle mit à le bien élever, 695.
—Échappe à une embuscade près d'Étampes, 696.
—Délivrée à Montlhéri, 697.
—Traite rigoureusement l'Université, ib.
—Sa régence, 704.
—Favorise les affranchissements, 707.
—Sa mort, 708.
Blancs-Manteaux (monastère des), II, b, 998.
—Concession de Philippe de Valois, 1001.
—Église, 1002.
—Curiosités, bibliothèque, 1003.
—Marché, 1370.
Blanc-Menil, président du parlement, III, b, 2.
Blois (Charles de), ses démêlés avec Jean de Montfort, II, a, 21.
Blondel, auteur d'un Traité sur l'architecture, I, b, 934.
Boileau, son tombeau dans la Sainte-Chapelle, I, a, 116.
Bois-Bourdon, ses intrigues avec la reine, II, a, 150.
Bois-Dauphin, maréchal de France, III, b, 20.
Boissy (collége de), III, b, 686.
Bonald (de), montre les avantages de la féodalité, I, a, Avert.,
73.
—Cité, 217.
Bonami, académicien, a répandu des lumières sur les antiquités
de Paris, I, a, avert. XIII, note.

Boncourt (collége de), III, a, 609.
Bonfons, retouche le livre de Corrozet sur Paris, I, a, Avert. iij.
Bonneau (Marie), fondatrice des Miramionnes, III, a, 444.
Bons-Enfants (collége des), II, a, 320.
—Boursiers nommés par l'évêque, 321.
—L'enseignement y cesse, 332.
—Annexé au chapitre, ib.
—— (le séminaire des), Voy. Firmin (Saint-).
Bont (chapelle Saint-), II, b, 821.
Boucherie (grande), I, b, 537.
—Bouchers de Paris pendant les troubles du règne de Charles
VI, 540.
—Grande boucherie rasée par les ordres du duc d'Orléans, ib.
—Rétablie, 541.
Bouchers, leur milice, et leurs cruautés, II, a, 155.
Boufflers, IV, a, 147.
—Au siége de Lille, 160.
Bouillon (le duc de), frustré du commandement de l'armée, III,
b, 5.
—Ses services, 9.
—S'aigrit et excite le prince de Condé, 11.
Bouillon (hôtel de), IV, b, 478.
Boulevards anciens, II, b, 1343.
Bouquet (Geneviève), dite du saint nom de Jésus, réforme les
religieuses de l'Hôtel-Dieu, I, a, 373.
Bourbon (Louis de), fait bâtir un hôpital pour les pélerins, I, b,
578.
Bourbon (Antoine de), roi de Navarre, III, a, 39.
—Attaché à la réforme, 40.
—Se rend aux états généraux, 62.
—Ébranlé par les variations des réformés au colloque de
Poissy, 76.
—Gagné par les Guises, 77.
—Catholique, 81.
—Blessé à la prise de Rouen, 105.

Bourbon (le cardinal de), proclamé roi, III, a, 335.
—Sa mort, 346.
Bourbon (le duc de) intente un procès aux princes légitimés, IV,
b, 21.
—Issue de ce procès, 23.
—Premier ministre, 83.
—Son ministère pire que celui de Dubois, 87.
—Est menacé de perdre le pouvoir, 89.
—renvoie l'Infante d'Espagne, ib.
—Fait épouser au roi Marie Leczinska, 90.
—Exilé à Chantilly, 91.
—Mendie le secours des Anglais, 122.
—Entre dans Paris, 124.
—traite avec les Anglais, 137.
—Fuit et demande la paix, 140.
—Offre en vain ses services contre les Anglais, 143.
—S'unit à Henri V, 149.
—Délivre la reine, 151.
—Rentre dans Paris, 156.
Bourbon, célèbre poëte latin, I, b, 880.
Bourbon (hôtel de la duchesse de), II, a, 252.
Bourbon (le palais), IV, b, 450.
Bourbon (hôtel de), III, a, 615; IV, a, 363.
Bourgeois (grande confrérie des), I, a, 267.
Bourgogne (le duc de), frère du roi Charles V, II, a, 77.
—premier ministre, 101.
—Sa mort, 102.
Bourgogne (hôtel de), II, a, 556.
—Devient la propriété des confrères de la passion, 558.
—Leur salle louée aux comédiens d'Italie, 559, III, b, 569.
—— (collége de), III, b, 692.
—— (le duc de), IV, a, 147.
—— (le duc de) élève de Fénélon, IV, b, 4.
Bourguignons. Leur faction, II, a, 117.
—Les paysans prennent ce nom pour se livrer à divers excès,
121.

—restent maîtres des environs de Paris, 125.
—Nouveaux excès, 129.
—Reçoivent un coup mortel, 133.
—Abandonnés du duc de Bourgogne, 134.
—Conspiration contre le roi, 146.
—rentrent dans Paris, 153.
—Versent des torrents de sang, 155.
Bourse (la), II, a, 291.
Bouthellier, maçon de Notre-Dame, I, a, 309.
Boutteville veut émouvoir le peuple en faveur de Condé, III, b,
213.
Bretagne (le duc de) devient le chef des mécontents, II, a, 611.
—Fait de fausses promesses, 612.
—Devient chef de la ligue des grands vassaux, 613.
—Condamné à Tours par la noblesse, 618.
—Paix de Conflans, 635.
Brétigny (paix de), II, a, 63.
Bretonvilliers (hôtel de), I, a, 418.
—Par qui bâti, 419.
—Ce qu'il devint en 1719, 419.
—Décoré par Bourdon et par Baptiste, ib.
Breul (dom Jacques du) retouche l'ouvrage de Corrozet et
Bonfons, I, a, Avert. IV, jugement sur son travail, ib.
Brissac (le maréchal de) défend Paris, III, a, 102.
—Médite d'y introduire Henri IV, 415.
—Livre Paris au roi, 421.
Brisson (président du parlement), III, a, 322.
—Sa mort, 375.
Broglie, IV, b, 302.
Brongniart, architecte de l'Église des Capucines (Chaussée
d'Antin), II, a, 245.
—De la Bourse, 292.
Broussel, conseiller, devient l'idole du peuple, III, b, 134.
—Envoyé en exil, 142.
—Troubles à son occasion, 143.
—Son retour, 163.

Bullion (hôtel de), II, a, 342.
Bureau des Pauvres (grand), II, b, 820.
Bureaux (l'isle aux), ce que c'était, I, a, 8.
C.
Cabinet d'histoire naturelle, III, a, 494.
Caboche et cabochiens, II, a, 123.
Caillard (Pierre), gouverneur du Louvre, II, a, 60.
Calais (hôtel), II, a, 341.
Calvaire (le), II, a, 455.
—— (les religieuses du), II, b, 1088, 1090.
—— (les dames du), IV, a, 281.
—Chapelle, 284.
Calvin, son portrait, III, a, 3.
—Retiré à Genève, 4.
Calvinistes (les) se font craindre, III, a, 21.
—Brûlés, 22.
—Leurs premières églises, ib.
—Leurs progrès, 23.
—Se défendent l'épée à la main auprès de la Sorbonne, 26.
—Conquête de leur parti, 28.
—Deviennent un parti politique, 41.
Cambray (collége de), III, b, 512.
Cambrai (place), III, b, 578.
Cambis (hôtel de), II, b, 1135.
Camisards, révoltés des Cévennes, IV, a, 150.
Camulogène, général des parisiens, I, a, 9.
—Défait par Labiénus, ib.
Camus (hôtel le) II, b, 1135.
Canning (lord), rapprochement curieux d'une de ses démarches
avec la conduite de Walpole envers Fleury, IV, b, 101, note.
Canaye, détails sur cette famille, III, a, 538.
Capets, obstacles qu'ils eurent à vaincre dans l'origine, II, a, 5.
—Cessation du plaid général, 6.

—Nouvel ordre de succession, 7.
—Désignoient, jusqu'à Louis VIII, l'héritier du trône, 9.
—Cherchent un appui dans le peuple, 10.
—Ne comprirent pas assez la nécessité de la puissance
spirituelle, 11.
Capétiens, flattent le tiers-état, II, b, 590.
—Auraient dû chercher plutôt leur appui dans la puissance
spirituelle, 591.
Capuce, signe de ralliement des factieux, II, a, 40.
Capucines (monastère des), II, a, 171.
—Sa construction, 172.
—Leur régle, 173.
—Transférées rue Neuve-des-petits-Champs, 174.
—Portail de leur église, ib.
—Intérieur, 175.
Capucins (les), origine, I, b, 992.
—S'établissent à Picpus, 994.
—Catherine de Médicis leur donne une maison, 995.
—Église, 996.
—Ne méritaient pas les dédains de la philosophie moderne,
997.
—Curiosité de leur église, 998.
—Bibliothèque, ib.
—— de la Chaussée d'Antin, II, a, 243.
—Église, 244.
—— du Marais, II, b, 1084.
—— du quartier Saint-Benoît, III, b, 486.
Cardinal (Palais-), V. Palais-Royal.
Carlos (l'infant don) envahit le royaume de Naples, IV, b, 106.
Carmélites de la rue du Chapon, II, b, 683.
—— (les), III, b, 462.
—— (les), IV, b, 447.

Carmes billettes, II, b, 978.
—Embrassent le tiers-ordre, 981.
—Leur relâchement, 982.
—On laisse cet ordre s'éteindre, 983.
—Église, 984.
Carmes (les), III, b, 346.
—Leur arrivée en France avec saint Louis, 347.
—Église, 350.
Carmes déchaussés, IV, a, 269.
—Église, 271.
—Monastère, 272.
Carnavalet (hôtel de), II, b, 1327.
Carrouge (la dame de) accuse Legris d'avoir attenté à son
honneur, II, a, 165.
Carrousel (le plan du), I, b, 912.
—Origine de ce nom, 913.
—Détails sur les carrousels, 914.
Cas royaux, I, b, 514-516.
Cas de conscience, IV, a, 168.
Capel (hôtel de), IV, a, 365.
Catherine (l'hôpital Sainte-), I, b, 570.
—Son plus ancien titre, 571.
—Par qui administré anciennement, ib.
—Religieuses, 572.
—Statue de sainte Catherine, 573.
Catherine du Val-des-Écoliers (les chanoines réguliers de sainte),
I, b, 1214.
—Leurs progrès, 1218.
—Église, 1220.
—Réparations, 1223.
Catholiques (la religion). Son influence sur l'homme et la société,
IV, a, 187.
—Régulatrice universelle, 188.
Catholiques (les Nouvelles-). But de cette communauté, II, a,
178.

—Libéralités à leur égard, 180.
—Leur maison, 181.
—Curiosités, ib.
Catinat, IV, a, 142.
—Rappelé, 143.
Caumont (Anne de) fonde le monastère des Filles-Saint-Thomas,
II, a, 230.
Célestins, II, b, 935.
—Introduits en France, ib.
—Affection de Charles V pour eux, 937.
—Église, 938.
—Richesse de leur couvent, 940.
—Curiosités, ib.
—Chapelles, 942.
—Vitraux, 950.
Cent-Filles (les), III, a, 505.
César fait rebâtir Paris, I, a, disc. prél., 9.
Chaillot, village près de Paris, I, b, 1039.
—Origine et étymologie de ce nom, 1040.
—Coutume singulière qui y régnoit, 1042.
—Église, 1097.
—Dépendoit du prieuré de Saint-Martin-des-Champs, 1045.
—Position remarquable de Chaillot, 1044.
Chalotais (la), IV, b, 333.
—Sa dispute avec l'abbé Georgel au sujet des Jésuites, 334,
note.
Chambre des comptes. Son origine, I, a, 180.
—Étoit résidente à Paris, 181.
—But de cette institution, 182.
—Divers ordres d'officiers et leurs fonctions, 183.
—Dignité du président, ib.
—Droits honorifiques de ce magistrat, 184.
—Bâtiment de la chambre des comptes, ib.
—Arcades de la chambre des comptes, 405.
—— du domaine et du trésor, I, a, 190.

—— de saint Louis, III, b, 137.
—Cesse de s'assembler, 139.
—— royale et syndicale des imprimeurs et libraires de Paris, III,
b, 723.
Chamillart (hôtel de), II, a, 330.
Champagne (Philippe de), peintre, I, b, 879.
Champ-de-Mars, I, a, 133; IV, b, 469.
Champigny (Jean-Simon de), évêque de Paris, I, b, 585.
Champeaux (Guillaume de), III, a, 552.
Champs-Élysées, I, b, 1017.
Chanai (collége de), III, a, 584.
—Nombre de boursiers, 585.
Chancellerie du palais, I, a, 190.
Change (pont au), I, a, 88-391.
Chanoines. Leur origine, I, a, 355.
—Louis-le-Débonnaire leur donne une règle fixe, 358.
—— De Paris, sous le nom de Frères de sainte Marie, 258.
Chantier du roi, II, b, 964.
Chapelle (la Sainte-), I, a, 107.
—Anciennes chapelles sur le même terrain, 110.
—Chapelle de Saint-Nicolas, 111.
—Saint Louis la fait bâtir pour y déposer la couronne d'épines,
ib.
—Ses vitraux, 114.
—Basse Sainte-Chapelle, 115.
—Par qui elle était desservie, 116.
—Reliques et autres objets précieux, 118.
—Tableaux, 120.
—Sculptures, 121.
—Tombeaux, ib.
—Cérémonie du vendredi saint, ib.
—Trésor des chartres, 123.
Chapitre. Ce que c'est, I, a, 355.
Charenton (attaque de), III, b, 176.

Charité (les filles de la), II, a, 548.
—Fondation, 549.
—Composées d'abord de filles de campagne, 551.
—Appelées sœurs grises, 552.
—— Notre-Dame (hôpital de la), I, b, 1244.
—Vœux des religieuses, 1245.
—— (frères de la), origine, IV, b, 397.
—S'établissent rue des Saints-Pères, 398.
—Curiosités de l'hospice, 400.
—Fontaine, 491.
Charlemagne et les Carlovingiens, I, a, 65.
—Ce qu'il faisoit avant de se mettre en campagne, 135.
—Interdit au clergé le service militaire, 206.
—Chute des Carlovingiens, I, b, 48.
Charles-le-Mauvais deux fois emprisonné au Louvre, I, b, 771; II,
a, 25.
—S'évade, 35.
—Gouverneur général de Paris, 52.
—Veut traiter, 53.
—Devient suspect, 54.
Charles, dauphin. Idée qu'on avoit de lui, II, a, 26.
—Est fait lieutenant général du royaume, ib.
—Va trouver à Metz l'empereur Charles IV, 28.
—Revient à Paris et harangue le peuple, 37.
—Conduite de Charles envers Marcel et Charles-le-Mauvais,
39.
—Harangue le peuple aux halles, 41.
—Contient les factieux, 43.
—Demande la vie à Marcel, 47.
—Signe un traité rédigé par les factieux, 43.
—Quitte Paris, 49.
—Demande qu'on lui livre les chefs de la faction, 52.
—Se prépare à rentrer dans Paris, 52.
—Se justifie devant le peuple d'avoir fait arrêter douze
bourgeois, 61.
—Devient roi, 68.
É

—— V. État de la France à son avènement, 68.
—— Merveilles des cinq premières années de son règne, 69.
—Fixe la majorité des rois à quatorze ans, 73.
—Sa mort, 75.
—Bienfaits de son règne, 76.
—— VI. Sa minorité, II, a, 79.
—Son sacre, 80.
—Troubles; états-généraux, 82.
—Sédition, 85.
—Marche au secours du comte de Flandre, 90.
—Exécutions terribles, 92.
—Paix avec les Flamands, 94.
—Anecdote de la forêt du Mans, 98.
—Premiers signes d'aliénation, 99.
—Naissance de son cinquième fils, 102.
—Fin malheureuse de ce règne, 103.
—Troubles des Armagnacs et des Bourguignons, 117.
—Reçoit son épouse, 156.
—Sa mort, 162.
—— VII. Monte sur le trône, II, a, 372.
—Sacré, ib.
—Conspiration en sa faveur, 374.
—Revers, 375.
—Bataille de Verneuil, 376.
—Ce qui le sauve, 378.
—Il offre l'épée de connétable à Richemont, 380.
—Est abandonné du duc de Bretagne, 383.
—Ses défenseurs assiégés dans Orléans, 385.
—Journée aux harengs, 386.
—La pucelle, 387.
—Charles est conduit à Reims et sacré de nouveau, 389.
—S'avance jusqu'à Dammartin, 391.
—Reprend Saint-Denis, 393.
—Succès, 399.
—Se réconcilie avec le duc de Bourgogne, 406.
—Sa valeur à Montereau Faut-Yonne, 415.

—Entre à Paris, ib.
—Sa mort, 420.
—— le Téméraire, duc de Bourgogne, II, b, 639.
—Son ambition, 647.
—Cède aux troupes du roi, 649.
—Perdu par ses succès, 651.
—— VIII. II, b, 880.
—États de Tours, 881.
—Son armée triomphe à Saint-Aubin, 894.
—Se marie, 895.
—Fait revivre ses prétentions sur Naples, 897.
—Conquête de l'Italie, 898.
—Demande des secours aux Parisiens, 900.
—Mort du roi Charles VIII, 902.
Charles IX s'avoue auteur de la Saint-Barthélemy, 209.
—Sa mort, 218.
—— IV donne ses états à Louis XIV, IV, a, 27.
—— II, roi d'Angleterre, IV, a, 50.
—Sa politique, 51.
—Révoque la liberté de conscience, ib.
—Fait épouser sa fille au prince d'Orange, 76.
Charni (le sire de) frappe Marcel d'un coup de hache, II, a, 59.
Charni (hôtel de), II, b, 854.
Charniers (les), II, a, 451.
—Inscription, 452.
—Curiosités, ib.
—Démolis, 458.
Charollais (le comte de), chef des mécontents, II, b, 611.
—À la tête des flamands, 621.
—Veut s'emparer de Paris, 623.
—Fuit à Montlhéri, 625.
—Revient contre Paris, 627.
—Entre en conférence avec les parisiens, 628.
—Veut passer la Seine, 632.
—Conférences, 633.
—Fait la paix, 635.

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