Intellectual property rights
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The document discusses intellectual property rights in the Philippines. It defines intellectual property as creations of the mind such as inventions, literary works, designs, and symbols. The IP system in the Philippines aims to foster innovation and creativity by balancing the interests of creators with the public interest. The key types of IP covered are copyrights, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and geographical indications. The document outlines patent requirements, rights conferred by patents, limitations on patent rights, and remedies for patent infringement under Philippine law.
Intellectual property rights
- 2. What is Intellectual Property? Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce. IP is protected in law by, for example, patents, copyright and trademarks, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. By striking the right balance between the interests of innovators and the wider public interest, the IP system aims to foster an environment in which creativity and innovation can flourish.
- 3. THE LAW ON PATENTS IP CODE Republic Act No 8293 An act prescribing the intellectual property code and establishing the intellectual property office, providing for its powers and functions, and for other purposes
- 4. Protection and Enforcement Manila - June 9-10 , 2014 - The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) in coordination with the Philippines Judicial Academy (PHILJA) with the support of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the U.S. Embassy in Manila hosted a two-day Roundtable Discussion for Court of Appeals Justicesand Judges of the Special Commercial Courts at the Hotel Intercontinental, Makati City. The undertaking is consistent with the IPOPHL goal “to ensure a speedy and quality disposition of IPR violation cases” and “ to enhance the capabilities of enforcement agencies and personnel involved in IPR enforcement”. The said goals are part of the Philippine Action Plan on Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Enforcement 2012-2016. The U.S. Trade Representative removed the Philippines from its Special 301 Priority Watchlist in 2006, reflecting improvement in its enforcement of intellectual property rights protection
- 5. Patentable Inventions Any technical solution of a problem in any field of human activity which is new, involves an inventive step and is industrially applicable shall be Patentable. It may be, or may relate to, a product, or process, or an improvement of any of the foregoing. (Section 21)
- 6. Types of Intellectual Property
- 7. Copyright Copyright is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings.
- 8. Patents A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. Generally speaking, a patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others. In exchange for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.
- 9. Trademarks A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks date back to ancient times when craftsmen used to put their signature or "mark" on their products.
- 10. Industrial designs An industrial design constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. A design may consist of three- dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.
- 11. Geographical indications Geographical indications and appellations of origin are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin. Most commonly, a geographical indication includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.
- 12. Non-Patentable Inventions. The following shall be excluded from patent protection: 22.1. Discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; 22.2. Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; 22.3. Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on the human or animal body. This provision shall not apply to products and composition for use in any of these methods; 22.4. Plant varieties or animal breeds or essentially biological process for the production of plants or animals. This provision shall not apply to micro-organisms and non-biological and microbiological processes. Provisions under this subsection shall not preclude Congress to consider the enactment of a law providing sui generis protection of plant varieties and animal breeds and a system of community intellectual rights protection: 22.5. Aesthetic creations; and 22.6. Anything which is contrary to public order or morality
- 13. RIGHT TO A PATENT The right to a patent belongs to the inventor, his heirs, or assigns. When two (2) or more persons have jointly made an invention, the right to a patent shall belong to them jointly. (Section 28)
- 14. REMEDY OF INVENTOR If a person, who was deprived of the patent without his consent or through fraud is declared by final court order or decision to be the true and actual inventor, the court shall order for his substitution as patentee, or at the option of the true inventor, cancel the patent, and award actual and other damages in his favor if warranted by the circumstances. (Section 68)
- 15. PATENT RIGHTS Rights Conferred by Patent (Section 71) 71.1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights: (a) Where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to restrain, prohibit and prevent any unauthorized person or entity from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing that product; (b) Where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to restrain, prevent or prohibit any unauthorized person or entity from using the process, and from manufacturing, dealing in, using, selling or offering for sale, or importing any product obtained directly or indirectly from such process. 71.2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession the patent, and to conclude licensing contracts for the same
- 16. LIMITATION OF PATENT RIGHTS (Section 72) Limitations of Patent Rights. — The owner of a patent has no right to prevent third parties from performing, without his authorization, the acts referred to in Section 71 hereof in the following circumstances: 72.1. (DOCTRINE OF NATIONAL EXHAUSTION) Using a patented product which has been put on the market in the Philippines by the owner of the product, or with his express consent, insofar as such use is performed after that product has been so put on the said market; 72.2. Where the act is done privately and on a non-commercial scale or for a non- commercial purpose: Provided, That it does not significantly prejudice the economic interests of the owner of the patent; 72.3. Where the act consists of making or using exclusively for the purpose of experiments that relate to the subject matter of the patented invention; 72.4. Where the act consists of the preparation for individual cases, in a pharmacy or by a medical professional, of a medicine in accordance with a medical prescription or acts concerning the medicine so prepared; 72.5. Where the invention is used in any ship, vessel, aircraft, or land vehicle of any other country entering the territory of the Philippines temporarily or accidentally: Provided, That such invention is used exclusively for the needs of the ship, vessel, aircraft, or land vehicle and not used for the manufacturing of anything to be sold within the Philippines. (Secs. 38 and 39, R.A. No. 165a)
- 17. USE OF INVENTION BY GOVERNMENT SECTION 74. Use of Invention by Government. 74.1. A Government agency or third person authorized by the Government may exploit the invention even without agreement of the patent owner where: (a) The public interest, in particular, national security, nutrition, health or the development of other sectors, as determined by the appropriate agency of the government, so requires; or (b) A judicial or administrative body has determined that the manner of exploitation, by the owner of the patent or his licensee is anti-competitive. 74.2. The use by the Government, or third person authorized by the Government shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the conditions set forth in Sections 95 to 97 and 100 to 102. (Sec. 41, R.A. No. 165a)
- 18. CIVIL ACTION FOR INFRINGEMENT SECTION 76. CIVIL ACTION FOR INFRINGEMENT. 76.1. The making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing a patented product or a product obtained directly or indirectly from a patented process, or the use of a patented process without the authorization of the patentee constitutes patent infringement. 76.2. Any patentee, or anyone possessing any right, title or interest in and to the patented invention, whose rights have been infringed, may bring a civil action before a court of competent jurisdiction, to recover from the infringer such damages sustained thereby, plus attorney's fees and other expenses of litigation, and to secure an injunction for the protection of his rights. 76.3. If the damages are inadequate or cannot be readily ascertained with reasonable certainty, the court may award by way of damages a sum equivalent to reasonable royalty. 76.4. The court may, according to the circumstances of the case, award damages in a sum above the amount found as actual damages sustained: Provided, That the award does not exceed three (3) times the amount of such actual damages. 76.5. The court may, in its discretion, order that the infringing goods, materials and implements predominantly used in the infringement be disposed of outside the channels of commerce or destroyed, without compensation. 76.6. Anyone who actively induces the infringement of a patent or provides the infringer with a component of a patented product or of a product produced because of a patented process knowing it to be especially adopted for infringing the patented invention and not suitable for substantial non-infringing use shall be liable as a contributory infringer and shall be jointly and severally liable with the infringer. (Sec. 42, R.A. No. 165a)
- 19. CRIMINAL ACTION FOR INFRINGEMENT Criminal Action for Repetition of Infringement. — If infringement is repeated by the infringer or by anyone in connivance with him after finality of the judgment of the court against the infringer, the offenders shall, without prejudice to the institution of a civil action for damages, be criminally liable therefor and, upon conviction, shall suffer imprisonment for the period of not less than six (6) months but not more than three (3) years and/or a fine of not less than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000) but not more than Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000), at the discretion of the court. The criminal action herein provided shall prescribe in three (3) years from date of the commission of the crime. (Section 84)
- 20. Raising awareness of IP
- 21. World IP Day On April 26 every year we celebrate World Intellectual Property Day to promote discussion of the role of IP in encouraging innovation and creativity.
Editor's Notes
- #5: Intellectual property protection in the Philippines is recognized by the Philippine government as vital to the development of domestic and creative activity, facilitates transfer of technology, attracts foreign investments, and ensures market access for our products. Hence, the government resolves to protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people. The use of intellectual property bears a social function. As such, the government promotes the diffusion of knowledge and information for the promotion of national development and progress and the common good. The government policy is to streamline administrative procedures of registering patents, trademarks and copyright, to liberalize the registration on the transfer of technology, and to enhance the enforcement of intellectual property rights in the Philippines.