intergroup relationships
- 1. M S . R A B I A S H A B B I R N U T R I T I O N A L P SYC H O LO G I ST INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS
- 2. CONTENTS Prejudice Discrimination Racism Aversive racism Stereotypes Subtypes Categorization Social categorization Inner processes at work Why prejudice exists Self assessment 2
- 3. PREJUDICE “prejudice is an antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because he is a group member.” (GORDON ALLPORT 1954) It can also be defined as: a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group 3
- 4. DISCRIMINATION refers to unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. Prejudice can exist without discrimination, if people hold negative views but don’t act unfairly Discrimination can be defined as the differential treatment of individuals, based on their membership in a particular group. 4
- 5. RACISM & AVERSIVE RACISM Racism is a prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race. It can also exist with or without discrimination. AVERSIVE RACISM- simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward minorities. SEXISM- prejudice based on gender. 5
- 6. STEREOTYPE beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits. Stereotypes refer to what we believe or think about various groups. They can be good or bad. For example, one might stereotype older people as wise or as slow. 6
- 7. STEREOTYPES ARE DIFFICULT TO CHANGE One reason is that people tend to throw exceptions to the rule into a separate category, called a SUBTYPE For example, if a man meets a woman who doesn’t fit the stereotype of the warm and nurturing woman, he can either discard or modify his stereotype of women, or he can put her into a subtype, such as “career woman”. 7
- 8. Categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a general stereotype SUBTYPES
- 9. ABC’s OF INTERGROUP RELATIONSHIPS Prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes are the ABCs of intergroup relationships. The Affective component is prejudice, the Behavioral component is discrimination, and the Cognitive component is stereotyping. 9
- 10. An example that fits perfectly When viewing an ambiguous scene with a possibly dangerous man who may or may not be armed, participants are more likely to shoot at the man if he is black than if he is white. 10
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- 12. CATEGORIZATION the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into groups process of categorization makes it much easier to make sense of a complicated world. 12
- 13. SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION the process of sorting people into groups on the basis of characteristics they have in common (e.g., race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation) 13
- 14. CONSEQUENCES OF STEREOTYPES & PREJUDICE Biased judgments based on stereotypes and prejudices are not only unfair and immoral; in some cases, they can have lethal consequences. For instance, A research using computer simulations (similar to video games) has found that people, whether police officers or college students, are more likely to mistakenly shoot at unarmed black suspects than unarmed white suspects i.e., when a research participant sees an ambiguous scene with a possibly dangerous man who may or may not be armed, the participant is more likely to shoot at the man if he is black than if he is white (even if he is not actually armed). 14
- 15. For example, when sorting people into heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual categories, the sorter belongs to one of the categories and feels emotionally attached to it. EMOTIONS-creating difference b/w sorting things & sorting people 15
- 16. OUT GROUP & IN GROUP MEMBERS (THEM v/s US) Out group members people who belong to a different group or category than we do In group members people who belong to the same group or category as we do 16
- 17. OUT GROUP HOMOGENEITY BIAS They all are alike If you have seen one, you have seen all It is an assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another STUDY one of the earliest studies of outgroup homogeneity used campus fraternities at a university. The researchers found that students believed that the members of their own fraternity had many different traits, values, and activities, but that members of other fraternities were much more similar to each other 17
- 18. -GEORGE AIKEN former U.S senator IF WE WERE TO WAKE UP SOME MORNING AND FIND THAT EVERYONE WAS THE SAME COLOR, CREED AND RACE; WE WOULD FIND SOME OTHER CAUSE FOR PREJUDICE BY NOON. 18
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- 21. INNER PROCESSES A CONTRIBUTION TO STEREOTYPING & PREJUDICE
- 22. 1. SALIENCE A psychological term meaning “obviousness” SUPPOSE, If you were, say, the first atheist to arrive in a region of Christians, people would pay extra attention to what you say and do, because of the “obvious” odd nature of your beliefs that completely “out stands” them. So, the next atheists to arrive would have to cope with that stereotype. 22
- 23. 2. SCAPEGOAT THEORY the idea that blaming problems and misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes toward these outgroups Its similar to making external attributions 23
- 24. 3. SELF SERVING BIAS the tendency for people to take credit for success but refuse blame for problems and failures 24
- 25. 4. CONFIRMATION BIAS the tendency to focus more on evidence that supports one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts them 25
- 27. “The greatestandnoblest pleasure which mencan have in thisworldis to discover newtruths;andthe nextis to shake offold prejudices.” Frederick the Great 18th-century King of Prussia 27