Lecture 2 defining stereotypes, prejudice & discrimination
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This document defines key terms related to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. It defines stereotypes as beliefs about personal attributes of social groups that can be overgeneralized and inaccurate. Prejudice is defined as preconceived negative judgments, while discrimination refers to unjustified negative behavior toward group members. Stereotypes ignore individual distinctiveness and discourage further investigation. Stereotypes are a type of generalization that function to create or sustain social inequalities through caricature and misrepresentation. Prejudice can stem from cognitive biases like stereotypes, a desire to categorize in-groups and out-groups, and illusionary correlations. Social and motivational factors like societal pressures, competition for resources, and social identity can also
Lecture 2 defining stereotypes, prejudice & discrimination
- 2. Defining Terms (Myers 2005) •Stereotype (Cognition) • A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people • Sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, resistant to new information” •Prejudice (Cognition) • Preconceived negative judgment •Discrimination (Behaviour) • Unjustified negative behaviour towards or its members
- 3. Stereotype ( Mullaly, B 2009) Sweeping statement(s) of how a person views a group or individual – how they should look or act. -Ignores distinctiveness of the individual -Represents the end point of a person’s understanding -Discourages further investigation
- 4. Stereotype or generalization https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm •Generalizations • “A statement based on a finite set of observations and experiences which claims to hold true for the larger set, even for those cases that have not been seen or experienced” • All statements – facts or fiction - require us to make generalizations • They offer a theory about how things are in general – an effort to categorize things
- 5. Stereotype or generalization https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm •Stereotypes: • A a particular kind of generalization • A subset of generalization.
- 6. Stereotype or generalization https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm • Stereotypes • Come from - a history of socio-political struggle between unequal groups within a region, nation, or society • present generalizations which function to create or sustain inequalities of value, power, and/or wealth among socially constructed groups (by race, age, sex, class, religion etc.) • are intended to harm or have a negative effect as regards the object of the stereotype, or can reasonably be predicted to do so • circulate repeatedly and systematically in a culture so that they are accepted as "common sense" truths by many people in the culture, even those who are the object of the stereotype
- 7. Stereotype or generalization https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/gjay/www/Whiteness/stereotypes.htm • Stereotypes (continued) • disguise or distort the truth through caricature and misrepresentation based on only partial aspects of a person or situation • appeal to the prejudices of the audience, exploiting these by attaching them to emotions of pleasure or hatred that are reinforced often by casting stereotypes within frameworks of entertainment
- 8. Common stereotypes • List some common stereotypes in our society today. • Does every group have stereotypes about it? • Which groups have the most stereotypes? • Which has the fewest?
- 9. Prejudice A preconceived negative judgement
- 10. The link between Prejudice & Discrimination • Does prejudice automatically lead to discrimination? • Resources • Tapped
- 11. Where does prejudice come from? (Myers 2005) •Cognitive • Stereotypes • Perceived similarities & differences •Society • Unequal status – which groups do we belong to •Motivation • Competition for resources • Frustration & Aggression – the scapegoat
- 12. Cognitive sources of prejudice (Myers 2005) • To figure out people • Categories • The “in-group” - diversity • & “out-group” – homogony • Categorization has consequences • In-group seen more positively • Illusionary correlation – over estimation of negative behaviours among the out-group
- 13. Forming Perceptions (www.nationalserviceresources.org/filemanager/.../B6Diversity) • Life, experiences teach us about our place in a group or society • We tend to be: • Be raised in groups just like us • Gravitate to similar people • Be uncomfortable with differences
- 14. Forming Perceptions (con’t) (www.nationalserviceresources.org/filemanager/.../B6Diversity) • We mistakenly believe that: • Surface similarities – people who are similar to us on the surface must be similar in other ways • Surface difference – people who are different to us on the surface must be different n other ways • We view others through lens of group stereotype
- 15. Social sources of prejudice (Myers 2005) • Societal pressures • Competition for scarce resources • More or less prejudice in hard economic times? • Why? • Implicit messages of the “norm” • What is important about these crayons?
- 16. Social sources of prejudice (continued) • Society pays more attention to some things than others • What was so important about the last American presidential election?
- 17. Motivational sources of prejudice (Myers 2005) • Social identity • Sense of belonging • In group vs out group • Which do we want to be better? • What are the clothes telling us?
- 18. Reference • Myer, D., (2005). Social psychology. 8th Ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. • Mullaly, B., (2009). Challenging Oppression and Confronting Privilege. Canada: Oxford Press