Week 3 groups coomunities
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This document discusses types of groups, stages of group development, roles in groups, community organizing, and social service work. It covers: 1) Different types of groups including recreational, educational, problem-solving, self-help, socialization, and therapeutic groups. 2) The typical stages of group development which include orientation, authority, negotiation, functional, and disintegration stages. 3) Key roles that individuals may take on in groups such as the scapegoat, deviant, leader, and gatekeeper. 4) Models of community work including locality development, social planning, social action, and pragmatic approaches. 5) The core skills and roles involved in community organizing,
Week 3 groups coomunities
- 1. WORKING WITH GROUPS AND COMMUNITIES 1
- 2. Types of Groups (Zastrow, 1981) Recreation or Skill groups To provide activities: enjoyment & exercise, skills development Professional leaders or be leaderless Educational groups Acquire knowledge & learn complex skills Leader is a professional with expertise Resembles a class Problem-solving & Decision- making groups SSW providers and clients may be involved SSW meet to work on practice issues Clients meet to influence policy Formal leader or a leader emerges Self-help groups Emphasize confession, testimony and reconcurrence support Member have internal understanding Members are highly motivated and dedicated “helper therapy” process Operate within a minimal budget Socialization groups Develop/change attitudes and behaviours Become more socially acceptable Social skill development, self confidence and planning for the future Skilled leadership Therapeutic or Treatment groups Severe emotional or personal problems Leadership requires considerable skill Explore problems & develop strategies 2
- 3. Stages of Group Development (Zastrow, 1981) 1. Orientation • Commitment • Task roles emerge 2. Authority • Members challenge • Power and control conflict • Resolved - sharing of feelings • Drop out 3. Negotiation • norms and task roles • cohesion and sharing 4. Functional • implement plans and accomplish tasks • few groups reach the end of this stage 5. Disintegration • Generally disband at this stage • Goals accomplished • SSW bring a treatment to an end • Enable the members to move on 3
- 4. Group Work Intervention Steps (Zastrow, 1981) Intake • meet individually • gather information • assess need for change • evaluates capacity for group Assessment & Planning • group process intervention plan developed Group Intervention • group roles, norms, expectations, values, emerge • influence the activities and relationships • SSW facilitates Evaluation and Termination • dealing with issues arising from termination • evaluate process 4
- 5. Roles & Group Dynamics (Shulman, 1979) • Personalities are translated into group interactions • Roles emerge in the interplay of group dynamic and group process • Roles and patterns function within the dynamics or process of group to move towards stability Common roles • Scapegoat • Deviant • Leader • Gatekeeper • Defensive • Quiet 5
- 6. Community Organizing & Social Service Work 6
- 7. Community Organizing & Social Service Work Definition Community Organization is a social intervention which seeks to maximize the ability of disadvantaged people to influence their environment, by developing power to: acquire resources; change inadequate institutions and laws; or build new ones, more responsive to their needs and those of all human beings. (Lee,1999 p.55) 7
- 8. Types of Communities (Hick, 2006, p.99) Geographic Community (Hick 2006) • Specific neighborhood • City district or local ward • Specific geographical boundaries 8
- 9. Membership Community (Hick 2006) Sense of belonging to a specific group 9
- 10. Self Help Community (Hick 2006) Consisting of people with similar problems or difficulties 10
- 11. MODELS OF COMMUNITY WORK (Lee, 1999; Hick 2010; Rothman, 1970) 11
- 12. Locality Development (Rothman as referenced in Hick 2010, p. 123) • Participation of a broad range of people • Focus on goal determination and action • Emphasizes community building • Enable people to solve their own problems • Improve communication and achieve consensus 12
- 13. Social Planning (Rothman as referenced in Hick 2010, p. 123) • Gather information/data about a particular problem • Deliberately planned and controlled process • Not system change 13
- 14. Social Action (Rothman as referenced in Hick 2010, p. 123) • Disadvantaged groups • Redistribute power • Take action - exploiting or oppressing • Conflict, confrontation, direct action 14
- 15. 4. Pragmatic (Lee, 1999) • Address complex organizational and developmental needs and social/political constraints • Direct participation of the community • Identify local social problems • Produce structural change 15
- 16. Model Locality Development Social Planning Social Action Pragmatic Description Community initiative to identify & achieve community goals Experts using technical expertise –identify & plan how to address designated social problems Organization of disadvantaged to make demand for social justice Addresses complex organizational & developmental community needs & social/political constraints Relationship of Worker & Community People are subjects and co-workers on problems People are objects of intervention People are subjects & co- workers on problems People are subjects & co- workers on problems Primary Worker Role Catalyst/facilitator Expert planner Catalyst /facilitator Facilitator/ agitator & strategist Primary Means Consensus Statistics & Reports Conflict, confrontation & negotiation Conflict, confrontation & consensus Ends Suitable sharing of community resources among members Improved services Readjustment of power between community & institutions Empowerment and social justice 16
- 17. Core Skills in Community Organizing (Lee, 1999) Listening Information gathering Analysis Facilitation Negotiation 17
- 18. Roles in Community Organizing (Lee, 1999) Initiator • Getting things started • Stimulating awareness • Encouraging the belief - possibility of change Encourager/ supporter • Encourage people to believe in themselves and their abilities and the ability to learn Popular Educator • Assist people to examine their old and new experiences • so they can identify the root of their problems, • the things they know and what they need to learn in order to • come together and confront oppressive systems Mediator • Assisting people to see their common humanity or at least common interests • May involve reaching an understanding of legitimate needs • Building mutually respectful and trusting relationships Planner • Strategist, advisor • Researcher, issues identification, prioritizing • Must be able to plan a course of action with the community 18
- 19. Community Work Intervention Steps (Lee, 1999) 19 1. Entry 2. Data Collection and Analysis 3. Goal Setting 4. Action Setting 5. Action Taking 6. Evaluation & Termination/Re- planning
- 20. References Compton, B R., Galaway B., & Cournoyer. B. R. (2005). Social work processes. 7th Edition. Toronto, Thompson Brooks/Cole. Hick, S. (2006). Social work in Canada an introduction. 2nd Edition. Toronto, Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. Hick, S. (2010). Social work in Canada an introduction. Toronto, ON., Canada: Thompson Educational Publishing. Lee, B. (1999). Pragmatics of community organization. Mississauga, Common Act Press. Shulman, L. (1979). The skills of helping individuals and groups. Itasca, Illinois, F.E. Peacock Publishers, Inc. Wittaker, J. K. (1974). Models of group development: Implications for social group work process” In Robert W. Klenk, and Robert M. Ryan. The Practice of Social Work. 2nd Edition. Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company. Zastrow, C. (1981). The Practice of social work. Homewood, Illinois, The Dorsey Press. 20