Internet 101: Numbers and Names
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The document provides an overview of the basic concepts and components of the Internet. It describes how the Internet is a decentralized network of interconnected networks that uses TCP/IP protocols for communication. It also discusses Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, the role of organizations like ICANN, IANA and RIRs in managing Internet resources, and how the domain name system (DNS) translates human-friendly domain names to IP addresses through a hierarchical system.
Internet 101: Numbers and Names
- 1. Internet 101 Numbers & Names Gergana Petrova | 31 May 2021
- 2. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 What is the Internet? • Autonomous System (AS) • The Internet has roughly 60,000 interconnected ASs
- 3. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 What is the Internet? • The Internet is a network of interconnected networks • TCP/IP is the standard of communication between all computers on this network • IP = Internet Protocol
- 4. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Unlike the phone system, the Internet is decentralised central of fi ce (switch)
- 5. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Permissionless innovation Disruptive, forces breakthroughs, affects all facets of our lives
- 6. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Standardising organisations The Internet Engineering Task Force • Develop and promote voluntary Internet standards • Open standards organisation, with no formal membership • Rough consensus and running code World Wide Web Consortium • Develop open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web
- 7. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers • Global forum for developing policies for coordination of some of the Internet's core technical elements • Coordinate the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions: - management of the address and routing parameter area (ARPA) top-level domain - administration of certain responsibilities of generic (gTLD) and country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domains - the allocation of Internet numbering resources
- 8. Numbers
- 9. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Protocol (IP) Address • It needs to be globally unique • It is an address, not an identity - Represents a location in a network - If you move, your address is likely to change • IPv4 e.g. 192.0.2.17 (32 bits) • IPv6 e.g. 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (128 bits) -
- 10. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Protocol (IP) Address • The currently used IPv4 only has 4.2 billion addresses • IPv6 functions the same as IPv4 - “Same cardboard box, slightly bigger label on it” • Address is 128 bits long (IPv4 uses 32 bits) - 2^128 addresses available - 340282366920938463463374607431768211456 options
- 11. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 IPv6 Deployment
- 12. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 What is the RIPE community? • Réseaux IP Européens • Established in 1989 • Open, inclusive, bottom-up, transparent • Responsible for making policy, sharing information and best practices • RIPE structures: - Working groups - Mailing lists - RIPE Meetings
- 13. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 What is RIPE NCC? • RIPE Network Coordination Centre • Established in 1992 • Independent, not-for-profit, membership organisation • One of the five RIRs (Regional Internet Registry) • Serving Europe, the Middle East, parts of Central Asia • Around 140 staff based in Amsterdam, Dubai and Moscow
- 14. Gergana Petrova | 13 April 202 1 Where are the RIRs? 14
- 15. Gergana Petrova | 13 April 202 1 What is an RIR? • A Regional Internet Registry (RIR) manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources in a particular region of the world and maintains a unique registry of all IP numbers issued. • Number resources include: - IP addresses (IPv4 and IPv6) - Autonomous System (AS) Numbers - 15
- 16. Gergana Petrova | 13 April 202 1 •Receive large IP address blocks from IANA - Distribute those in smaller blocks to its members - Publish and maintain a list of who has which block - Implement the rules (policies) set by the RIPE community •Support the infrastructure of the Internet through technical coordination •Provide services for the benefit of the Internet community at large Core RIPE NCC Functions 16 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Manages global unallocated address pool RIRs (RIPE NCC, ARIN, APNIC, LACNIC, AFRINIC) Manages regional unallocated address pool allocate assign ISPs/LIRs re-allocate re-assign ISPs/LIRs (customer) End User (customer) End User (customer)
- 17. Names
- 18. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Domain Name System (DNS) • People can’t remember numbers, so we use names - Uniform Resource Locator (URL) • DNS - A naming system for computers, services and other resources - Translates the easy-to-remember domain names to the numerical IP addresses - Hierarchical and decentralised
- 19. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 The Anatomy of a Domain . root First or Top Level Second Level https://www.ripe.net Host Protocol Generic Top Level Domain (gTLD) .com .net .shop .green Country Code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) .uk .za .br
- 20. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Number Resources Our ISP’s Recursive Resolver DNS Server Domain Name Lookup to resolve www.ripe.net The Nearest Root Nameserver
- 21. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Number Resources Our ISP’s Recursive Resolver DNS Server The Nearest Root Nameserver DNS Lookup www.ripe.net Reply with the IP of .net Nameserver
- 22. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Number Resources Our ISP’s Recursive Resolver DNS Server The Nearest Root Nameserver DNS Lookup www.ripe.net Reply with the IP of ripe.net Nameserver The .net Nameserver
- 23. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Number Resources Our ISP’s Recursive Resolver DNS Server The Nearest Root Nameserver The .net Nameserver The ripe.net Nameserver DNS Lookup www.ripe.net Reply with the IP of www.ripe.net
- 24. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Number Resources Our ISP’s Recursive Resolver DNS Server The Nearest Root Nameserver The .net Nameserver The ripe.net Nameserver Reply with the IP of www.ripe.net
- 25. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Internet Number Resources Our ISP’s Recursive Resolver DNS Server The Nearest Root Nameserver The .net Nameserver The ripe.net Nameserver HTTPS request to web server by IP address HTTPS reply to content of web page WWW Host
- 26. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Root Server Instances The 13 root name servers are operated by 12 independent organisations.
- 27. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Root Server Instances
- 28. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 Root Server Instances
- 29. Gergana Petrova | SIDI: Internet 101 | 31 May 2021 More resources ccTLDs and online content explained: • https://www.centr.org/education/cctld-registry.html (scroll down) • By CENTR (Council of European National Top-Level Domain Registries )