Internet and open source concepts

By
SACHIDANANDA M H
Lecturer in COMPUTER SCIENCE
Reference: NCERT text book and internet sources

Introduction
 Broadly the term “open source” is used to refer to those
categories of software/programs whose licenses do not impose
much condition.
 Such software, generally, give users freedom to run/use the
software for any purpose.
 There are many categories of software that may be referred to
as open source software

Free Software
 Free software means the software is freely accessible and can
be freely used, changed, improved, copied and distributed by
all who wish to do so. No payments are needed.
 More precisely, it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the user
of the software.
1. To run the program.
2. To study how the program works and adapt it to your needs.
3. Redistribute copies.
4. Improve program

Open source software
 Open source software, on the other hand, can be freely used but it
does not have to be free of charge.
 What is important to know here is that in open source software, the
source code is freely available to the customer.
 The distribution terms of open source software must comply with the
following criteria.
1. Free distribution: The license shall not restrict any party from
selling away the software as a component of aggregate software
distribution containing programs from several different sources.
2. Source code : The program must include source code and must
allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form.

3. Derived works: The license must allow modifications and
derived works.
4. No discriminations among persons or groups.
5. No discrimination against fields of Endeavor
6. Distribution of license: The rights attached to the program
must apply to all whom the program is redistributed.
7. License must not be specific to a product.
8. The license must not restrict other software.
9.License must be technologically neutral: No provision of the
license may be predicated on any individual technology or
style of interface.

OSS and FLOSS
 OSS refers to Open Source Software, which refers to software
whose source code is available to customers and it can be
modified and redistributed without any limitations. An OSS ,ay
come free of cost or with a payment of nominal charges.
 FLOSS refers to Free Libre and Open Source Software or to
Free Livre and Open Source Software. The term FLOSS is
used to refer to software which is both free software as well as
open source software. Here the words Libre(a spanish word)
and Livre(a Portuguese word) mean freedom.

GNU
 GNU refers to GNU’s not UNIX, GNU project emphasizes on
freedom and thus its logo type shows a gnu an animal living in
freedom.
FSF
 FSF is Free Software Foundation. FSF is a non profit
organization created for the purpose of supporting free
software movement.
 Richard Stallman founded FSF in 1985 to support GNU project
and GNU licenses.
 FSF has founded many software developers to write free
software.

OSI
 OSI is Open Source Initiative. It is an organization dedicated to
cause of promoting open source software.
 Bruce Perens and Erics Raymond were the founders of OSI
that was founded in February 1998.

W3C
 W3C is acronym for World Wide Web Consortium.
 W3C is responsible for producing the software standards for
World Wide Web.
 Created in 1994.
Proprietary Software
 It is a software that is neither open nor freely available.
 Its use is regulated and further distribution and modification is
either forbidden or requires special permission by the supplier
or vendor.
 Source code is not available.

Freeware
 The term freeware has no clear definition, but is generally used
for software, which is available free of cost and which allows
copying and further distribution, but not modification and
whose source code is not available.
Shareware
 Shareware is software, which is made available with the right
to redistribute copies, but it is stipulated that if one intends to
use the software, often after a certain period of time, then a
license fee should be paid.
i. In shareware the source code is not available.
ii. Modifications to the software are not allowed.

WWW
 World Wide Web is a set of protocols that allows you to access any
document on the net through a naming system based on URLs.
 WWW also specifies a way-the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to
request and send a document over the internet.
Telnet
 Telnet is an older Internet utility that lets you log on to remote
computer systems.
 Basically, a telnet program gives you a character-based terminal
window on the another system. You get a login prompt on that
system.
 Telnet has been used by people who have logins on remote systems
and want to do serious work there.
 Most notably, you can use telnet to connect to thousands of catalogs
at libraries around the world.

Web Browser
 A web browser is a WWW client that navigates through the
World Wide Web and displays web pages.
 Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are the examples.
Web Server
 Web Server is a WWW server that responds to the requests
made by web browsers.
 Each website has a unique address called URL.

Web page
 The documents residing on web sites are called Web Pages. The Web pages
use HTTP.
1. Home Page: It is the top level web page of a web site.
2. Web Portal: It is a web site, which hosts other web sites.
URL and Domain names
 The internet structure of the World Wide Web is built on a set of rules
called HTTP and a page description language called HTML.
 HTTP uses internet addresses in a special format called a Uniform
Resource Locator. URL looks like this:
type://address/path. Where,
type: specifies the type of the server in which the file is located.
address: address of the server.
path: Tells the location of the file on server.

Some most common domains
 Eg., http://www.pue.kar.nic.in. Here that last ‘in’suggests that
it is based in India.(.in)Sl.no Domain ID Affiliation
1 com Commercial
2 edu Education
3 gov Government
4 mil Military
5 net Network
Resources
6 org Non-profit
organization
7 co Company
8 bz Business

Electronic Commerce
 E-Commerce is the trade of goods and services with the help of
telecommunications and computers.
 It is sophisticated combination of technologies and consumer-based
services integrated to form a new paradigm in business transaction
processing.
Some of the technologies and services used in e-commerce are:
1. Electronic Data interchange(EDI)
2. Email
3. Electronic Funds Transfer(EFT)
4. Electronic Benefits Transfer(EBT)
5. Electronic forms(Online admissions forms for colleges)
6. Digital Cash(DC)
7. Interoperable database access.
8. Bulletin Boards(BBs)

9. Electronic BankingI(EB)
10. Bar-coding -2D, imaging, voice recognition.
11.Security Services such as firewalls, encryption, gateways etc..

Types of e-commerce applications
1. Business-to-business(B2B): The exchange of services,
information and/or products from one business to another
Business partners. Ex: Ebay.com
2. Business-to-Consumer(B2C): The exchange of services,
information and/or product from a business to consumer.
3. Consumer-to-Business(C2B): Customer directly contact with
business vendors by posting their project work with set budge
online so that the needy companies review it and contact the
customer directly with bid. Ex: freelancer.com
4. Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C): Electronic commerce is an
internet facilitated form of busness.

How does eCommerce work?
 The merchant submits a credit card transaction to the
NMAPAY Payment gateway on behalf of a customer via secure
Web site connection, retail store, MOTO center or wireless
device.
 NMAPAY receives the secure transaction information and
passes it via a secure connection to the merchant Bank’s
processor.
 National Merchants Association submits the transaction to the
credit card network.
 The Credit Card Network routes the transaction to the
Customer’s Credit Card Issuing Bank.

 The customer’s Credit Card Issuing Bank approves or declines
the transaction based on the customer’s available funds and
passes the transaction results back to Credit Card Networks.
 The Credit Card Network Relays the transactions results ton
NMA.
 NMA relays the transaction results through NMAPAY(Website).
 NMAPAY stores the transaction results and sends them to the
customer and/or merchant.
 NMA sends the appropriate funds for the transaction to the
Credit Card Network, which passes the funds to the Merchant’s
bank.

Advantages of eCommerce application and
implementation
 Easier entry into new markets, especially geographically
remote markets.
 Creates new markets through the ability to easily and
economical rate potential for customers.
 Global participation.
 Reduce time to complete transaction, particularly from delivery
to payment.
 Optimization of resources.
 Improved marketing intelligence and strategic planning.

IPR-Intellectual Property Rights in India
 IPR-related issues in India like patents, trademarks, copyrights,
designs and geographical indications are governed by the Patents Act
1970 and Patent rules 2003, Trademarks Act 1999 and the Trademark
Rules 2002, Indian Copyrights Act, 1957,Design Act 2000 and Rules
2001 and the Geographical Indications of Goods Act 1999 and Rules
2002.
 IPR plays a key role in almost every sector and has become a crucial
factor for investment decisions by many companies.
 All the above Acts and regulations are at par with international
standards.
 INDIA is now in TRIPS-compliant. This is an international
agreement administered by the World Trade Organization(WTO)

 The very well balanced IPR regime in India acts as an incentive for
foreign players to protect their Intellectual Property in India.
 This can be achieved by the very fact that approximately 80% of
patent fillings in India are from MNCs.
 IPR are considered to achieve economic, social and technological
advancement that protects the ideas and stimulates innovation,
design and helps to the creation of technology.
 The function of IPR regime is also to facilitate the transfer of
technology in the form of joint ventures and licensing.
 The social purpose of IPR is to provide protection for the
results of investment in the development of new technology,
thus giving the incentive and means of finance for further
research and development of knowledge base

Internet and open source concepts

Internet and open source concepts

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