Internet GIS

Internet GIS
Advanced GIS (ITM 524)
Iwan Setiawan

iwan@agrisoft.co.id

@MySetiawan

Agenda:

• Internet & World Wide Web
• Web Mapping
• Internet GIS
• Web Mapping Services Model
• Spatial Data Infrastructure

Internet
• A global computer network providing
a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using
standardized communication
protocols
• Designed for US Military (http://
dir.yahoo.com/
Computers_and_internet/Internet/
History/)

History of Internet

• ARPANET (Advanced Research
Project Agency Network): 60’s
• UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, Stanford,
Univ. of Utah.
• Internetworking

Internet-based Services
• E-Mail
• Chat (IRC)
• File Transfer (FTP)
• Remote Access (telnet)
• World Wide Web (Web)
• VoIP

Computer Network

Links

Node-A Node-B

Network

Node-C

Computer Network
• Stand-alone computer: A PC by itself
without connecting to other
computers

• Network: Two or more computers and
other devices connected together are
called a network.
• Networking: Concept of connected
computers sharing resources

World Wide Web

• A system of Internet servers that support
specially formatted documents. The
documents are formatted in a markup
language called HTML (HyperText
Markup Language) that supports links to
other documents, as well as graphics,
audio, and video ﬁles.

World Wide Web

• Invented by Tim Berners Lee (1990)
• Maintained by W3C
• Document Format : HTML
• Protocol : HTTP

World Wide Web

• Personal/corporate
• e-Commerce, e-Government, e-
Learning, etc

• News/information/community/
corporate portal

Web Environment

• Web Server
• Web Browser
• HTTP
• URL

HTTP

• HTTP = Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of
the languages spoken over the Internet, to
transmit data.

• Web services, which use HTTP to allow
applications to communicate in order to
exchange business logic, use the the Web to
share

HTTP Request

HTTP HTTP
Web Web Server and
Browser File System

Web Server &
Web Browser
2. Server fetches
Client machine Server machine
document from
local ﬁle

Browser Web server

OS
3. Response

1. Get document request

Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
• Uniform (or universal) resource locator, the
address of a World Wide Web page.

• A URL is one type of Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI); the generic term for all
types of names and addresses that refer to
objects on the World Wide Web.

• Example:
• file://ftp.serverku.co.id/umum/files/webprog.doc

• news://news.serverku.co.id/soc.culture.indonesia

Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
• Every URL consists of some of the
following:
• the scheme name (commonly called protocol),
followed by a colon, two slashes, then, depending on
scheme, a server name (exp. ftp., www., smtp., etc)
followed by a dot (.) then a domain name
(alternatively, IP address), a port number, the path of
the resource to be fetched or the program to be run,
then, for programs such as Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) scripts, a query string, and an optional
fragment identiﬁer.

URL Structure

Protocol Domain Port Resource
Scheme Name Number Location

http ://www.domainname.com :80 /path/subdir/files.html

Web Programming Env.

• Script (Language): HTML, JavaScript,XML, PHP, ASP, etc
• Interface Design: CSS
• Editor: Kedit,vi,notepad, Dreamweaver, Editplus, etc
• Operating System: Windows, Linux, Mac OS
• Web Server: Apache, IIS, PWS
• Web Browser: Navigator, IE, Mozilla, Opera, Chrome, Safari

GIS Concept
vector raster attribute data

Data recording + +
. .
tables . polygons
Data Geo- lines
organization database
..
. points

Data analysis

tables maps

Data output +

GIS Visualization

Basis Data
Spasial

GIS Visualization

www
Visualization
Process
http Internet SIG /
Web Mapping

Basis Data
Spasial

GIS Visualization

www
Visualization
Process
http Internet SIG /
Web Mapping

Cetak
Basis Data
Spasial

GIS Visualization

www
Visualization
Process
http Internet SIG /
Web Mapping

Cetak
Basis Data
Spasial

Multi-Media

Why Publish on Web?
Advantages
– True cross-paltform ability
– Widely available
– Very cheap medium

Disadvantages
– Difﬁcult to charge for use
– Limited audience
– Audio, animation and true interactively not directly
supported
– Limited graphical quality (72 dpi resolution)
– Limited formats (15” screens)
– Limited colour quality (RGB, 256 colours)
• Design should be specially made for WWW

What do I say to whom
and is it effective?

Evolution of
Distributed GIS

High
Distributed
GIServices
Interact Web  Java Beans / Applets
Mapping  Corba / Java
Functionality

Static Web  ActiveX Controls
 Dynamic HTML  Application Server
Mapping  Scripts  DCOM
 Plug-in  Componen – based
Static Map  HTML Forms  ActiveX Controls  XML
Publishing  Tables  Servlets  .Net
 CGI
 HTML  ISAPI
 Static Map  NSAPI
Image

Low

Low Interactivity High

Factors involved in web
map design:
• Analysis of geospatial data and deﬁnition of
map content
• Analysis of required perception levels
• Application of the graphic variables:
• colour, size, orientation, form, value and texture
• derived variables: transparency, shadow, shading
• Application of multi-media elements:
• Animation, sound and video
• Production constraints:
• Technology, manpower, costs

Static Map Publishing
• An electronic copy of a paper map
• Embedding maps as graphic images like GIF,
JPEG, and Portable Network Graphic (PNG)
inside an HTML page.
• A static map publishing does not support
feature data at the client side and does not
have map-rendering tools.
• Acrobat’s PDF ﬁle is another popular method
to publish map on the web.

Embedding Map Images
in HTML Documents
• Make a map as one of the many graphic image formats,
such as GIF, JPEG, and PNG or PDF. Then embed these
map image ﬁles inside the HTML documents using <IMG>
tag or element in the HTML

<IMG SRC=“/maps/kotabogor.gif” ALIGN=“center” ALT=“A
Kota Bogor Maps”>

• The map could also be linked with another map images or
HTML pages

<A HREF=“about_ktbgr.htm”> <IMG SRC=“/maps/
kotabogor.gif”>

Static Map Publishing
• Clickable Maps
refers to a map that links to separate
information about different parts of the map
image

• Architecture of Static Web Publishing
• The Client: Web Browser
• The Glue: HTTP
• The Server: HTTP Server

Architecture of static
map publishing

Tier1 Tier2 Tier3
Map
HTML Servers
Web Document
Browsers HTTP
HTTP DBMS
(HTML &
Forms)
CGI
Application
Servers
Web Internet Web Server
Client TCT/IP Server Applications

Architecture of CGI-
based Internet GIS

User Send
Request Variables
WWW Invoke
WWW CGI GIS
Server
Browser SCRIPT Server
Deliver (http) Translate Return
Results Results Result

Interactive Web Mapping

• More interactions between user and
the client interface and more client-
side processing and functionalities
than static web mapping applications

Work process of
GIS plug-ins
Request GIS
WWW Data Object WWW
Browser Server

Send GIS
Browser does not Data
understand data
type

Search for Plug-ins
or helper programs No GIS Plug-in to
on the local system Support Data

Yes Load GIS
Plug-in

GIS Data
Displayed

Work process of
Java applets

Request GIS
Data Object
WWW WWW Server
Browser (Java Applet)

Send Java Applet
and GIS Data

Java Applet and
GIS Data Display

Work Procces of
ActiveX controls

Request GIS
Data Object
WWW WWW
Browser Server

Send ActiveX Control
and Data Object

GIS Control and
GIS Data
Display

Dynamic architecture
for Web map services
Scenario A (Thin Client) Scenario B (Medium Client)

Client Client

GIS Display GIS Display
Component Component
Container Container
Render

Download

Server Server

Display Display
GIS GIS
Component DEG Component DEG
Container Container
Filter Filter

Internet GIS

• What is Internet GIS:
• Internet GIS is a research and application that
utilizes the Internet to facilitate the access,
processing and dissemination of geographic
information and spatial analysis knowledge.

• Network based GIS that utilizes the Internet to
access remote geographic information and geo-
processing tools.

• Part of Distributed GIS

The impact of Internet
on GIS
• GIS data access
• Provide easy access to acquire GIS data
from different data providers.
• Spatial information dissemination
• General public can directly access and
explore spatial information from their
web browser.
• GIS processing
• Conduct GIS processing and analysis (in
the future..).

Geographic Information
Services Architecture
• Traditional System
• Closed, centralized system (interface program
and data), platform dependent and application
dependent.
• Client/Server System
• Allowed distributed clients to access a server
remotely by using distributed computing
technique such as ODBC (Open database
connectivity).
• Distributed Services
• Can connect and interact with multiple and
heterogeneous systems and platforms at the
same time (online processes of information).

Distributed GIS

• Network based GIS that utilizes the
Internet access and other networking
communication systems to perform
data presentation, data exchange data
analysis and data dissemination.

Distributed GIS
• Integrated Client/Server System
• Thin client: little logic processing at the client server.
• Thick client: most logic processing is performed at the
client side.

• Web Base Interactive System

Distributed GIS
• Cross Platform and Interoperable
• Can be accessible across platform
regardless of what operating system
the user is running.
• Interoperable; the ability to access
many form of GIS data and
functions in the heterogeneous
environment.

Basic Components of
Internet GIS
• The client
• Is a place for users to interact with geographic
information and function in Internet GIS.
• Web Server and Application Server
• Web Server: respond to request from web
browsers via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol).
• Application Server: acts as connector/
translator between the web server and map
server.

Basic Components of
Internet GIS
• Map Server/Spatial Server
• A component that provides GIS function
such as spatial queries, conducts spatial
analysis and generates maps based on the
user’s request. I.e: ArcIMS, Map Server,
MapXtreme
• Data Server
• Holds and serves data, spatial and non-
spatial.

Basic Components of
Mobile GIS
• Mobile Device Clients
• Wireless Communication Networks
• Gateway Services
• Translating the user request to HTTP
request for the web server and send the
output into different format to ﬁts the
user’s mobile devices.
• Internet GIS Server
• Data Server

How Does it Work?
Interfaces based on the
OpenGIS Speciﬁcation

Open Geospastial
Consortium (OGC)

Standard

• WMS (Web Map Service)
• WFS (Web Feature Service)
• WCS (Web Coverage Service)
• G3 (Geoparser, Gazetteer, Geocoder)
• GML (Geographic Markup Language)
• ...

Spatial Data
Infrastructure
Regional

National
National
(FGDC)

Global
(GSDI) Regional

Core component of the SDI

Partnerships


GEOdata

Partnerships


Framework GEOdata

Partnerships


Metadata

Framework GEOdata

Partnerships


Clearinghouse & Web Mapping

Metadata

Framework GEOdata

Partnerships


Clearinghouse & Web Mapping

Metadata

Framework GEOdata

Standards

Partnerships

Tomorrow: A Global Infrastructure Enabled
Through Partnerships, Standards, Technology

Users s
Businesses
s
Citizens
s
Government

Internet

Service Web-Enabled
Clearinghouse Map Catalog
Services
Services Services Registry

Internet

Registered
Data
Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata
Servers
Imagery Elevation Hydrography Demographics Health Geodetic Transportation
Control

Environment Economic Crime

Tomorrow: A Global Infrastructure Enabled
Through Partnerships, Standards, Technology

Users s
Businesses
s
Citizens
s
Government

Internet

Service •E-Commerce Web-Enabled
Clearinghouse Map Catalog •Authentication Services
•Other
Services Services Registry

Internet

Registered
Data
Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata
Servers
Imagery Elevation Hydrography Demographics Health Geodetic Transportation
Control

Environment Economic Crime

Clearing house &
Metadata

• Search and Discovery via Clearinghouse

• Clearinghouse Registration

What is Clearing house?

• Distributed service to locate geospatial
data based on their characteristics
expressed in metadata

• Clearinghouse allows one to pose a
query of all or a portion of the
community in a single session

• Like a spatial AltaVista

Discovery in Clearinghouse
Service Clearinghouse
Registry Nodes

Web Web
Client Server
User Gateway(s)

HTTP protocol Z39.50 protocol

Before OGC Interfaces

Vendor A Vendor B
(Coastlines) (Inland Water)

Vendor C Vendor D
(Coarse elevation (Fine elevation)
with ocean)

Interoperable Web Mapping

Web Mapping Client


Land

Water

Web Mapping Client

Boundaries


GetM
Source A ap

Land

Water

Web Mapping Client

Boundaries


GetM
Source A ap

Land

G etMap
Source B

Water

Web Mapping Client

Boundaries


GetM
Source A ap

Land

G etMap
Source B

Water ap
G etM

Source C
Web Mapping Client

Boundaries

Web Mapping with WMS
Map
Server
Viewer Client
Web Browser
Web Map Servers

Map
Server

internet
Map
Server

Map
Server

With OGC Interfaces

Minutes, Vendor
instead neutral
of days

Up to Format
date neutral
data

Get exactly what you want, not an entire continent

Internet GIS

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Editor's Notes