Internet of things security "Hardware Security"

Contents
 What’s the Internet of Things?
 Tecnologies and Applications of IoT
 Challenges and Issues in IoT
 Recent IoT Hacks
 Hardware Security in IOT
 Conclusion

What’s the Internet of Things
 From any time ,any place connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for
anything!

The Internet of Things
 Internet of Things refers to the concept that the Internet is no longer just a global
network for people to communicate with one another using computers, but it is
also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with the world around
them.
 The Internet of Things, also called the Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless
network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring,
such as household appliances.
“Internet of Objects” “Machine-to-Machine Era” “Internet of Everything”

The internet of things is a combination of:

Tecnologies
 RFID
 WiFi IEEE 802.11
 Barcode e QR Code
 ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
 Sensors and smartphones

Top Applications
 Traffic monitoring
 Health
 Security
 Transport and Logistics
 Daily life and domotics

Challenges and Issues
Privacy
Security

The Security Problems of Perception Layer Data
Information Collection and Transmission:
 The main equipment in perception layer includes RFID, zigbee, all kinds of sensors
 Sensor nodes have many varieties and high heterogeneity. They have generally
simple structure and processor. These make them could not have complex security
protection capability.
 When data are collected, the way of information transmission is basically the
wireless network transmission. The signals are exposed in the public place. If it
lacks effective protection measures, the signals will be monitored, intercepted, and
disturbed easily.

Several common kinds of attack:
 1) Node Capture: Key nodes are controlled easily by the attackers such as gateway node.
It may leaks all information, including group communication key, radio key, matching
key etc, and then threats the security of the entire network.
 2) Fake Node and Malicious Data: The attackers add a node to the system, and input
fake code or data. They stop transmitting real data. The sleep of the energy limited
node is denied. They consume precious energy of nodes, and potentially control or
destroy the entire network.
 3) SCA (Side Channel Attack): Attacker attacks encryption devices, through the side
channel leakage information in the process of the device operation, such as time
consumption, power consumption, or electromagnetic radiation.
 4) Timing Attack: By analyzing the time required for executing encryption algorithm, to
obtain key information.

Security in embedded devices
 The solution selected for security in embedded devices is always a question of
trade-off between security, flexibility, performance, power consumption and cost.
Existing Solutions to these problems are divided into three approaches:
A. Software only Approach
B. Hardware only Approach
C. Hybrid Approach

Hardware only Approach Security
 There are many existing solutions to counter different attacks.
Encryption of information is used for confidentiality.
The most popular cipher algorithms are: RSA, ECC, AES,3DES.
 Most of these algorithms and processes are very much computationally
intensive. So, we require dedicated hardware or Digital Signal Processors (DSP).
 This approach makes use of ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits)
and FPGA to implement a given cryptography algorithm in hardware. This
policy allow controlling precisely the parameters energy, computation capacity
and time constraints but it is generally not optimum for the flexibility and cost
parameters. In [7] a new logic style for secure IC against differential power
analysis is presented.

Perception Layer Security Measures:
 1) RFID Security Measures:
a) Access Control: Mainly in order to prevent the user's privacy leaks, to protect the
information in the RFID tags can not be read at will. Including label failure, chip protection,
antenna energy analysis, etc.
b) Data Encryption: For the data security of RFID system, it’s very necessary to encrypt the
RFID signal using the appropriate algorithm.
 2) Wireless Sensor Network Security Measures:
a) Secret Key Algorithms: Key algorithm mainly includes symmetric key algorithm and
asymmetric keys algorithm. Asymmetric keys algorithm mainly use RAS (Rivest-Shamir-
Adleman) and ECC (Elliptic Curves Cryptography).
b) Security Routing Protocol: The efficient security routing protocol algorithm generally
uses the following mechanisms: clustering mechanism, data fusion mechanism,

Hardware security system for WLANs:
 At the end hosts, the encryption and authentication services are performed before
the data are passed to a radio card. Thus, the expensive security part is applied to
the data prior to its delivery to a low-performance processor at the wireless card.
 At the access point (AP), the increasing complexity of security protocols signifies
the need to improve the performance of network processing hardware for real-
time cryptographic processing. The cryptographic algorithms’ throughput and
delay can be improved by implementing the algorithms in specialized processors
using an application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC) solution or a field-
programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation.
 Several hardware implementations to enhance the performance of cryptographic
algorithms as AES, DES, RSA, HMAC, MD5, HASH algorithms.

Automotive Applications Security:
 Modern cars are no longer mere mechanical devices and they are dominated by a
large number of IT systems that guide a wide number of embedded systems called
Electronic Control Unit (ECU).
 ECUs relying on information received from open communication channels created
by other ECUs or even other vehicles that are not under its control leaves the doors
wide open for manipulations or misuse.
 we need a vehicular hardware security module (HSM) that enables a holistic
protection of in-vehicle ECUs and their communications.
 In order to ensure some security aspects in automotive environment, it is needed a
hardware implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm or
any other algorithm as ECC/RSA, DES.

EVITA General Approach Microcontroller
security extension

Hardware Bluetooth Security:
 The Bluetooth security layer uses four key elements:
a Bluetooth device address, two separate key types (authentication and encryption),
and a random number generation.
 Bluetooth can implement its security layer’s key-generation mechanism and
authentication in software or hardware. Software implementation usually satisfies
user requirements, but in time-critical applications or processing-constrained
devices, a hardware implementation is preferable.

Conclusion
 The IoT is growing quickly, bringing devices such as smart meters, smart homes,
wearable electronics and a host of other applications to the attention of businesses,
governments, the general public, and hackers. Basic security flaws have been identified
in some systems, which could carry serious risks for consumers and for operators such
as utility companies.
 Hardware-based solutions developed to secure computers connected to the Internet of
People can also be used to overcome the challenges facing IoT applications, and are
quickly adapting to meet the needs of resource-constrained embedded systems.
 Embedded Security for IoT will be crucial and important with strong security
mechanisms which will prevent damages and economical losses offering new business
opportunities.
 IoT Hardware security architecture is still in its exploratory stage, so it’s facing more
severe challenges in security than expected.

Internet of things security "Hardware Security"

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