Internet Protocol Address or IP Address complete guide

Internet
Protocol(IP)
Department of Computer Sciences
Unit 6
Network Accessing techniques

Learning objectives
Introduction to IP address
Different Types of IP Addresses
Classes of IP address
Ranges of IP address

Learning
Outcomes
Students will be able to define and
describe the IP address

Introduction
The "IP" part of IP address stands for
"Internet Protocol." The "address" part
refers to a unique number that gets linked
to all online activity you do...somewhat
like a return address on a letter you'd send
out.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address)
is a logical numeric address that is
assigned to every single computer, printer,
switch, router or any other device that is
part of a TCP/IP-based network

Cont..
The IP address is the core
component on which the
networking architecture is built;
no network exists without it.
An IP address is a logical address
that is used to uniquely identify
every node in the network.
Because IP addresses are logical, they can
change.
They are similar to addresses in a
town or city because the IP
address gives the network node
an address so that it can
communicate with other nodes or
networks, just like mail is sent to
friends and relatives.

Cont…
• The numerals in an IP address are divided
into 2 parts:
– The network part specifies which
networks this address belongs to and
– The host part further pinpoints the
exact location.

How do IP
addresses work?
• Internet Protocol or IP runs the same manner
as other languages, i.e., applying the set
guidelines to communicate the information.
• All devices obtain, send, and pass information
with other associated devices with the help of
this protocol only.
• By using the same language, the computers
placed anywhere can communicate with one
another.

The process of IP address works in
the following way:
Our computer, smartphone, or any
other Wi-Fi-enabled device firstly
connects to a network that is further
connected to the internet.
The network is responsible for
giving your device access to the
internet.
While working from home, your
device would be probably using that
network provided by your Internet
Service Provider (ISP).
In a professional environment, your
device uses your company network.
Your ISP is responsible to generate the IP address for your device.

Cont…
Your internet request penetrates through
the ISP, and they place the requested data
back to your device using your IP address.
Since they provide you access to the internet, ISP's
are responsible for allocating an IP address to your
computer or respective device.
Your IP address is never consistent and can
change if there occurs any changes in its
internal environment.
For instance, if you turn your modem or router on
or off, it will change your IP address.
Or the user can also connect the ISP to change
their IP address.
When you are out of your home or office,
mainly if you travel and carry your device
with you, your computer won't be accessing
your home IP address anymore.
This is because you will be accessing the different
networks (your phone hotspot, Wi-Fi at a cafe,
resort, or airport, etc.) to connect the device with
the internet.
Therefore, your device will be allocated a different
(temporary) IP address by the ISP of the hotel or
cafe.

Different Types of IP
Addresses
• There are two types of IP
1. private IP addresses,
• These are used inside a network, for example, a
home network that is used by tablets, Wi-Fi
cameras, wireless printers, and desktop PCs.
• These types of IP addresses provide a way for
devices to communicate with a router and the
other devices on the private home network.
• Private IP addresses can be set manually or
assigned automatically by the router.

Cont..
2. public IP addresses,
• These are used on the outside of a network and are assigned by an
ISP.
• It's the main address that a home or business network uses to
communicate with the rest of the networked devices around the
world (for example, the internet).
• It provides a way for the devices in a home, for example, to reach
an ISP, and therefore the outside world, allowing the devices to
access websites and communicate directly with other computers
and servers around the world.
– Both private IP addresses and public IP addresses are either dynamic or
static, which means that, respectively, they either change or they don't
– Static IP addresses are mostly used by web, email and gaming servers
who don’t care much about hiding their locations.

Types of website IP addresses
• Shared IP addresses
– Many startups or individual website makers or various SME websites who don't
want to invest initially in dedicated IP addresses can opt for shared hosting
plans.
– Various web hosting providers are there in the market providing shared hosting
services where two or more websites are hosted on the same server.
– Shared hosting is only feasible for websites that receive average traffic, the
volumes are manageable, and the websites themselves are confined in terms of
the webpages, etc
• Dedicated IP addresses
– Web hosting providers also provide the option to acquire a dedicated IP address.
– Undoubtedly dedicated IP addresses are more secure, and they permit the users
to run their File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server.
– Therefore, it is easier to share and transfer data with many people within a
business, and it also provides the option of anonymous FTP sharing.
– Another advantage of a dedicated IP addresses it the user can easily access the
website using the IP address rather than typing the full domain name.

Classes of IP
address
• Broadly, the IPv4 Addressing system is
divided into five classes of IP Addresses.
• All the five classes are identified by the first
octet of IP Address.
• The first octet referred here is the left most
of all. The octets numbered as follows
depicting dotted decimal notation of IP
Address −

Conti..
The number of networks and the number
of hosts per class can be derived by this
formula −
When calculating hosts' IP
addresses, 2 IP addresses
are decreased because
they cannot be assigned to
hosts,
i.e. the first IP
of a network is
network
number and
the last IP is
reserved for
Broadcast IP.

Class A Address
• The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (zero).
• Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127, i.e.
• Class A addresses only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to
126.x.x.x only. The IP range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback IP
addresses.
• The default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 255.0.0.0
which implies that Class A addressing can have 126 networks
(27
-2) and 16777214 hosts (224
-2).
• Class A IP address format is
thus: 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class B Address
• An IP address which belongs to class B has
the first two bits in the first octet set to 10,
i.e.
• Class B IP Addresses range from 128.0.x.x to
191.255.x.x. The default subnet mask for
Class B is 255.255.x.x.
• Class B has 16384 (214
) Network addresses
and 65534 (216
-2) Host addresses.
• Class B IP address format
is: 10NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HH
HHHHHH

Class C Address
• The first octet of Class C IP address has its first 3 bits
set to 110, that is −
• Class C IP addresses range from 192.0.0.x to
223.255.255.x. The default subnet mask for Class C is
255.255.255.x.
• Class C gives 2097152 (221
) Network addresses and 254
(28
-2) Host addresses.
• Class C IP address format
is: 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHH
H

Class D Address
• Very first four bits of the first octet in Class D
IP addresses are set to 1110, giving a range of
• Class D has IP address range from 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255. Class D is reserved for
Multicasting. In multicasting data is not
destined for a particular host, that is why
there is no need to extract host address from
the IP address, and Class D does not have any
subnet mask.

Class E Address
• This IP Class is reserved for experimental purposes
only for R&D or Study. IP addresses in this class
ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254. Like
Class D, this class too is not equipped with any
subnet mask.

Ranges of IP address
Class Address Range Supports
Class A 1.0.0.1 to
126.255.255.254
Large networks with many devices
Class B 128.1.0.1 to
191.255.255.254
Medium-sized networks.
Class C 192.0.1.1 to
223.255.254.254
small networks (fewer than 256 devices)
Class D 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Reserved for multicast groups.
Class E 240.0.0.0 to
254.255.255.254
Reserved for future use, or Research and
Development Purposes.

IP Address Table
On the basis of ranges, IP addresses are categorized into five address classes which are given
below.
Class Higher bits Network
address bits
Host address
bits
No. of
networks
No.of hosts per
network
Range
A 0 8 24 27
224
0.0.0.0 to
125.255.255.2
55
B 10 16 16 214
216
128.0.0.0 to
191.255.255.2
55
C 110 24 8 221
28
192.0.0.0 to
223.255.255.2
55
D 1110 Not defined
and reserved
for future
Not defined
and reserved
for future
Not defined
and reserved
for future
Not defined
and reserved
for future
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.2
55
E 1111 Not defined
and reserved
for future
Not defined
and reserved
for future
Not defined
and reserved
for future
Not defined
and reserved
for future
240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.2
55

Internet Protocol Address or IP Address complete guide

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