Internet protocol version six for under graduate students

CHAPTER 1
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
(IPV6)
nyaz.ali@uog.edu.iq
Nyaz A. Ali

Why We Need More Address Space
 To understand the IP addressing issues facing network
administrators today, consider that the IPv4 address
space provides approximately 4,294,967,296 unique
addresses.
 Of these, only 3.7 billion addresses are assignable
because the IPv4 addressing system separates the
addresses into classes and reserves addresses for
multicasting, testing, and other specific uses.
 See figure below (IPV4)

 Based on figures below as recent as January 2007,
about 2.4 billion of the available IPv4 addresses are
already assigned to end users or ISPs. That leaves
roughly 1.3 billion addresses still available from the
IPv4 address space. although this seemingly large
number, IPv4 address space is running out.
 In figure below see just how fast this has happened
over the past 14 years.

 Over the past decade, the Internet community has
analyzed IPv4 address exhaustion and published
mountains of reports. Some reports predict IPv4
address exhaustion by 2010, and others say it
will not happen until 2013. In figure see how the
available address space is shrinking.
 The growth of the Internet, matched by increasing
computing power, has extended the reach of IP-
based applications.

2.4 billion IPv4 reserved

The pool of numbers is shrinking for the
following reasons
:
 Population growth - The Internet population is growing. In
November 2005, Cisco estimated that there were
approximately 973 million users. This number has doubled since
then. In addition, users stay on longer, reserving IP addresses for
longer periods and are contacting more and more peers daily.
 Mobile users - Industry has delivered more than one billion
mobile phones. More than 100 million IP-enabled mobile
devices, including personal digital assistants (PDAs), pen tablets,
notepads, and barcode readers, have been delivered. More
and more IP-enabled mobile devices are coming online every
day. Old mobile phones did not need IP addresses, but new
ones do.

The pool of numbers is shrinking for the following
reasons
:
 Transportation - There will be more than one billion
automobiles by 2008. Newer models are IP-enabled to allow
remote monitoring to provide timely maintenance and support.
Lufthansa already provides Internet connectivity on their
flights. More carriers, including ships at sea, will provide similar
services.
 Consumer electronics - The newest home appliances allow
remote monitoring using IP technology. Digital Video Recorders
(DVRs) that download and update program guides from the
Internet are an example. Home networking can connect these
appliances. (smart house)

Cars produced in the world
year cars produced in the world
2016 72,105,435
2015 68,539,516
2014 67,782,035
2013 65,745,403
2012 63,081,024
2011 59,897,273
2010 58,264,852
2009 47,772,598
2008 52,726,117

Reasons for Using IPv6
 Movement to change from IPv4 to IPv6 has already begun,
particularly in Europe, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific region.
 These areas are exhausting their allotted (reserved) IPv4
addresses, which makes IPv6 all the more attractive and
necessary.
 Japan officially started the move in 2000 when the
Japanese government mandated (order) the incorporation
of IPv6 and set a deadline of 2005 to upgrade existing
systems in every business and public sector.
 Korea, China, and Malaysia have launched similar
program.

 In 2002, the European Community IPv6 Task Force created
a strategic alliance to forward IPv6 adoption worldwide.
 The North American IPv6 Task Force has set out to attract
(encourage) the North American markets to adopt IPv6.
 The first significant North American advances are coming
from the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).
 Looking into the future and knowing the advantages of IP-
enabled devices, DoD mandated, as early as 2003, that
all new equipment purchased not only be IP-enabled, but
also be IPv6-capable.

 In fact, all U.S. government agencies must start using
IPv6 across their core networks by 2008, and the
agencies are working to meet that deadline.
 The ability to scale networks for future demands
requires a limitless supply of IP addresses and
improved mobility that DHCP and NAT alone cannot
meet.
 IPv6 satisfies the increasingly complex requirements of
hierarchical addressing that IPv4 does not provide.

 Given the huge installed base of IPv4 in the world, it is not
difficult to appreciate that transitioning to IPv6 from IPv4
deployments is a challenge. There are, however, a variety of
techniques, including an auto-configuration option, to make
the transition easier. The transition mechanism you use depends
on the needs of your network.
 Figure below compares the binary and alphanumeric
representations of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
 An IPv6 address is a 128-bit binary value, which can be
displayed as 32 hexadecimal digits. IPv6 should provide
sufficient addresses for future Internet growth needs for many
years to come.

 There are enough IPv6 addresses to allocate more than the
entire IPv4 Internet address space to everyone on the
planet. See figure below.
 So what happened to IPv5? IPv5 was used to define an
experimental real-time streaming protocol. To avoid any
confusion, it was decided to not use IPv5 and name the new
IP protocol IPv6.
 IPv6 would not exist were it not for the recognized
weakening (exhaustion)of available IPv4 addresses.
However, beyond the increased IP address space, the
development of IPv6 has presented opportunities to apply
lessons learned from the limitations of IPv4 to create a
protocol with new and improved features.

 A simplified header architecture and protocol
operation translates into reduced operational expenses.
 Built-in security features mean easier security practices
that are deeply lacking in many current networks.
 However, perhaps the most significant improvement
offered by IPv6 is the address auto-configuration
features it has.
 The Internet is rapidly evolving from a collection of
stationary devices to a dynamic (moveable) network of
mobile devices.

 IPv6 allows mobile devices to quickly acquire and transition
between addresses as they move among foreign networks, with no
need for a foreign agent.
 (A foreign agent is a router that can function as the point of
attachment for a mobile device when it roams from its home
network to a foreign network.)
 Address autoconfiguration also means more robust plug-and-play
network connectivity.
 Autoconfiguration supports consumers who can have any
combination of computers, printers, digital cameras, digital radios,
IP phones, Internet-enabled household appliances, and robotic
toys connected to their home networks. Many manufacturers
already integrate IPv6 into their products.

Many of the enhancements that IPv6 offers are
explained in this section, including:
 Enhanced IP addressing
 Simplified header
 Mobility and security
 Transition richness

Enhanced IP Addressing
A larger address space offers several enhancements,
including:
 Improved global reachability and flexibility.
 Better aggregation of IP prefixes announced in routing
tables.
 Multihomed hosts. Multihoming is a technique to increase
the reliability of the Internet connection of an IP network.
With IPv6, a host can have multiple IP addresses over one
physical upstream link. For example, a host can connect to
several ISPs.

Enhanced IP Addressing
 Autoconfiguration that can include Data Link layer
addresses in the address space.
 More plug-and-play options for more devices.
 Public-to-private, end-to-end re-addressing without
address translation. This makes peer-to-peer (P2P)
networking more functional and easier to deploy.
 Simplified mechanisms for address renumbering and
modification.

Simple Header
 The figure below compares the simplified IPv6 header structure
to the IPv4 header.
 The IPv6 simplified header offers several advantages over
IPv4:
 Better routing efficiency for performance and forwarding-rate
scalability
 No broadcasts and thus no potential threat of broadcast storms
 No requirement for processing checksums
 Simplified and more efficient extension header mechanisms
 Flow labels (used with real time data) for per-flow processing
with no need to open the transport inner packet to identify the
various traffic flows (for using special route).

Enhanced Mobility and Security
 Mobility and security help ensure agreement with mobile
IP and IP Security (IPsec) standards functionality.
 IPsec define policies for secure communication (Using
IPSec, participating computers can achieve data
confidentiality, data integrity, and data authentication
at the network layer).
 Mobility enables people with mobile network devices,
many with wireless connectivity, to move around in
networks.
 Mobile IP (or MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) standard communications protocol.

Enhanced Mobility and Security
 The Mobile IP standard is available for both IPv4 and IPv6.
The standard enables mobile device users to move from
one network to another without breaks in established
network connections.
 Mobile devices use a home address and a care-of address
to achieve this mobility.
 With IPv4, these addresses are manually configured. With
IPv6, the configurations are dynamic, giving Ipv6-enabled
devices built-in mobility.
 IPsec is available for both IPv4 and IPv6. Although the
functionalities are essentially identical in both environments,
IPsec is obligatory in IPv6, making the IPv6 Internet more

Transition Richness
 IPv4 will not disappear overnight. Rather, it will coexist
with and then gradually be replaced by IPv6. For this
reason, IPv6 was delivered with migration techniques to
cover every believable IPv4 upgrade case. However,
many were ultimately rejected by the technology
community.
Currently, there are three main approaches:
 Dual stack
 6to4 tunneling
 NAT-PT (Network Address Translation - Port Translation),
ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol))
tunneling, and Teredo tunneling (last resort methods)

Transition Richness
Dual stack

Transition Richness
6to4 tunneling

IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
 You know the 32-bit IPv4 address as a series of four 8-bit
fields, separated by dots. However, larger 128-bit IPv6
addresses need a different representation because of
their size.
 IPv6 addresses use colons to separate entries in a series
of 16-bit hexadecimal.
 The figure shows the address
2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B.
 The figure shows how to shorten the address by applying
the following guidelines:

IPv6 Addressing
 Leading zeros in a field are optional. For example, the
field 09C0 equals 9C0, and the field 0000 equals 0.
 So 2031:0000:130F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:130B can be
written as 2031:0:130F:0000:0000:9C0:876A:130B.
 Successive fields of zeros can be represented as two
colons "::". However, this shorthand method can only be
used once in an address.
 For example 2031:0:130F:0000:0000:9C0:876A:130B
can be written as 2031:0:130F::9C0:876A:130B.

IPv6 Addressing
 An unspecified address is written as "::" because it
contains only zeros.
 Using the "::" notation greatly reduces the size of
most addresses as shown.
 An address parser identifies the number of missing
zeros by separating any two parts of an address
and entering 0s until the 128 bits are complete.
 Click the Examples button in the figure for some
additional examples.

References
 The Cisco CCNA4.0 Exploration curriculum

Internet protocol version six for under graduate students

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