Internet Video Conferencing

Published in Conference Proceeding ESI-ISCN 1997, November 1997

Distance Training
and Co-operative
Work through
Internet Video-
Conferencing
G. Bazzana, E. Fagnoni, G. Rumi
ONION Communications-Technologies-Consulting
Italy
J. Boegh
DELTA Danish Electronics, Light & Acoustics
Denmark
E. Van Veenendaal
KEMA International B.V
Eindhoven University of Technology
The Netherlands
S. Geyres
SMC International-Division PSTI Evaluation
France

Abstract
Software Process Improvement (SPI) concepts and benefits are still poorly known and
understood by most software executives in Europe. In particular, SMEs need special
attention. The EPIC Project has been launched by SMEs and with the goal to reach
SMEs. EPIC aims at proposing an innovative dissemination approach that is expected
to eliminate problems such as: isolation of the companies within their specific
application domains, very different development practices and business needs, locality
of the market, limited attendance to international conferences or events and narrow-

1

Improve Quality Services, Waalreseweg 17, 5554 HA Valkenswaard, The Netherlands
Tel 040 – 2089283 •Fax 040 – 2021450 •E-mail info@improveqs.nl


scoped local meetings.

The basic idea of EPIC to reach SMEs is to organise a set of local workshops, focused
on precise SPI topics and with an international dimension. The international dimension
is important to allow wide exchanges of experience, in order to avoid meetings that
would carry a too much narrow view. The usage of video-conferencing technologies is
one of the communication services most envisaged by both large organisations and
SMEs. Unfortunately so far such services are not enough widespread due to the high
costs of professional solutions and to the low quality of service of naïve Internet-based
solutions. While waiting for the guaranteed quality of service that ought to be offered
by Internet-2, a solution has to be found which optimises the cost-quality ratio. This
paper describes the set-up and usage of video-conference solutions used by a group of
European companies to perform multimedia based geographically distributed and
simultaneous workshops about software process improvement.

More details can be found on the WWW at the URL: http://www.onion.it/epic

Introduction
SPI is a concept that is still not well known and understood by many small or medium
enterprises (SMEs).The EPIC Project [1] (European Commission Number: 23659)
aims at disseminating pragmatic experiences about software process improvement,
with a special focus on SMEs, and by means of multimedia advanced communication
technology. The Project is targeted at middle management and SMEs. It has planned –
and started – to organise ten cluster meetings, half of which dedicated to specific
application domains and the other half dedicated to specific topics. Given this target
approach, the idea of using video-conference technology has of course been considered
by the project team. Video-conference brings all communication potential that is
needed to turn traditional local meetings into really attractive pan-European exchange
events. The usage of video-conference is envisaged by both large organisations (which
see it as a way to minimise travel efforts and expenses) and by SMEs (which would
like to take benefit of this to push their business opportunities abroad).

Today, widespread adoption of video-conferences facilities is hindered by the following
factors:
Ø High costs of professional services, often based on leased communication lines and
proprietary solutions; this constitute a barrier for SMEs and very often is a limit
also for large enterprises: they are all refrained from making huge investments on a
solution that could become obsolete very soon and which only allows them to do
video-conferencing among a limited number of sites sharing the same technology
They need to use an open solution suitable for communication
with whoever in the world;

Ø Low-quality of service of Internet-based solutions, due to the limited bandwidth
available at European level; in fact the average bandwidth which most users can
experience when connected to a professional Internet Access Provided is such that
in principle it could be possible to use some video-conference packages that thanks
to high compression algorithms and intelligent image pattern recognition claim to
be usable with less than 3 k-bit/sec bandwidth. In practice there is no guarantee of
the quality of service, which is almost always of such poor quality that it forbids

2



its usage for professional purposes.
They need a stable and sufficient bandwidth for smooth exchanges.

The emerging Internet-2 protocols, together with the progressive strengthening of
communication lines, are expected to introduce guaranteed bandwidth, which could
possibly result in a solution to the problem. But such protocols will be available to the
end-users only in several years and thus there is the need in the meanwhile to define
solutions which optimise the cost- quality of service ratio.

This paper describes the usage of video-conference facilities for distance training and
co-operative work across several European companies, in the context of a co-operative
Dissemination Action performed under the auspices of the ESSI initiative of the
European Commission.

The focus of the paper will be on the following aspects:
Ø Goals of the EPIC Project, focused on Process Improvement topics;
Ø Business needs and goals of the project;
Ø Technological solutions adopted;
Ø Application of such technology for the organisation of multimedia geographically
distributed and simultaneous workshops
Ø Potential for replication and deployment.

The EPIC Project

EPIC in a nutshell
The EPIC Project (EC Number 23659) is intended to be very practical, focusing on
business goals and needs derived from experiences in the field. It falls within the ESSI
Programme (European Systems and Software Initiative), which hosts various projects
of very different natures but with an key focus on Process Improvement experiments
and dissemination.

The target audience is meant to be middle/high management and in particular Project
Leaders, Department Leaders and R&D Managent, practitioners and SPI coordinators.
Special care will be devoted during the workshops to SMEs and non-IT companies
(where most of the European software is developed and maintained). In particular, the
workshops are meant to be attended by people whose intention is:
Ø to discuss their process improvement experience with experts to make sure that the
chosen way is the right one;
Ø to improve timeliness of their projects and the quality of the software products;
Ø to exchange know-how with ESSI supported process improvement experiments to
get new ideas about how to make it better and what to avoid;
Ø to participate in an up-to-date workshop environment.

3



European coverage
The EPIC Consortium includes seven partners: Onion – Italy (Prime); Delta -
Denmark, ISCN - Ireland, KEMA – The Netherlands, LGAI - Spain, SMC
International - France, University of Paderborn – Germany. In addition to the
countries of the partners, also Austria and Greece will be involved in the workshops,
thanks to agreements with local companies. Henceforth the global European coverage
of the EPIC Project is very significant, as shown by the following picture.

Focus of the workshops
As already described, EPIC aims at circulating pragmatic experiences about Software
Process Improvement through targeted events run throughout Europe and conducted
with the support of the most advanced communication technologies. The targeted
events are subdivided into two sets:
Ø Cluster meetings focusing on the presentation of pragmatic experiences for specific
application domains. Such events have been targeted both to IT and non-IT
companies, without constraints on the company size. Considering the break-down
of IT companies in Europe, the following five application domains will be
disseminated:
• Embedded software (telecommunications, avionics, devices, etc.);
• Commercial software (banking, insurance, finance, etc.);
• Industry (e.g.: manufacturing, engineering, process control, energy, etc.);
• Public administration;
• Software houses.

The application domains have been selected in accordance with the high interest
shown by software Process Improvement Experiments (PIEs) for such sectors [2].

Telecoms Industry

SPI
Pub.Admin. SW Houses

Banking
et al.

Fig.1 – Application domains covered by EPIC

Ø Cluster meetings on topics strictly related with Process Improvement. Such events
will be targeted mainly to IT SMEs and will be oriented toward the impact of
Process Improvement on specific issues having a direct influence on meeting
business goals. Considering the most frequently asked questions about Process
Improvement and the skills of EPIC Partners, the following five topics have been
selected for dissemination:
• Process Improvement (PI) and Software Product quality and testing;
• PI and ISO 9000;
• PI Measures and Return On Investment;

4



• PI and security/ formal certification;
• PI and new technologies.

New Quality&
Techno. Testing

SPI
ISO9000 Measures

Formal
Methods

Fig.2 – Technical aspects covered by EPIC

The following table shows the planned dates and venues for the workshops.

Country Application area / date
Industry Public Banking/ Embedded Formal PI and Sw PI SW PI and PI and
Admin. Insurance Systems methods/ Quality measures Houses new ISO
/Finance Security/ and and ROI technolo 9000
Safety Testing gies
Oct-97 Nov-97 Dec-97 Feb-98 Mar-98 Apr-98 May-98 Jun-98 Sep-98 Oct-98
Austria 4 4 4
Denmark 4 4 4 4 4
France 4 4 4 4 4
Germany 4 4 4 4 4
Greece 4 4
Holland 4 4 4 4 4
Ireland 4 4
Italy 4 4 4 4 4 4
Spain 4 4 4 4 4

Table 1 – Dates and venues of the planned workshops

Organisational mechanisms
In order to reach and attract the target audience, taking into account their requirements
and habits, it is proposed to run the events with usage of Multimedia technologies, in
adherence to the following scheme:
Ø a set of cluster meetings (one set for each selected topic) is organised at the site of
selected EPIC partners;
Ø such meetings are run at the same time by all involved partners (e.g.: on November
4 1997, all cluster meetings on Public Administration will be run);
Ø at each site the cluster meetings are attended by around ten-fifteen companies,
including companies that have run a Process Improvement Experiment and
companies that want to know about;
Ø the material to be presented is put on WWW accessible by all sites some days in
advance so that attendees can start looking at it;

5



Ø Internet based audio/video-conference facilities are set-up among the various sites;
Ø Internet based facilities are used to run the “Multimedia-based geographically-
distributed dissemination events”.

From an organisational point of view, each event will be managed by a subset of EPIC
partners, selected on the basis of target audience, dissemination topics and partners’
know-how.

Dissemination material
The material to be disseminated is composed of two main parts:
Ø WWW multimedia material;
Ø Accompanying supports to the multimedia material.

Concerning WWW multimedia material, an appropriate guide-line has been defined in
order to produce consistent material, covering aspects such as:
Ø structure of the WWW sites (that will have to be easy to browse also for people not
attending the events);
Ø usage of features enabling the co-operative browsing of sites (e.g.: the co-ordinator
of the event activates a hyper-textual link and immediately all other sites
participating in the event have their site aligned to display the new location);
Ø careful usage of HTML features in order to ensure portability across the various
browsers (e.g.: various versions of Netscape’ Mozilla and Microsoft Explorer);
s
Ø moderate usage of advanced interactive features (e.g.: Frames, Java, VRML) in
order to have a balance between usability and performance and accurate usage of
audio/ pictures in order not to have too heavy pages to download
Ø set-up of interactive distance learning techniques (e.g.: questionnaires interspersed
with navigation; adaptation of navigation to user’ skill and goals, etc.);
s
Ø set-up of automatic default navigation path (to be used in a “slide show” approach,
whenever needed);
Ø thorough testing of the prepared material [3].

The choice of the authoring tool (the tool suitable to create the multimedia packages)
relied on the assumption that no know-how on HTML had to be required by content-
provider of the training material for workshops. Thus the following features had to be
satisfied:
• user friendliness, to reduce the overhead and allow a good productivity;
• good integration and compatibility with MS-Office, to allow an exchange of
information between word processor, spreadsheet and authoring programs;
• possibility to build a template, to speed-up the development phase and ensure a
good coherence in look and feel across the multimedia packages;
• good conversion in HTML, that must be fast and easy, must keep correspondence
with the original document, must guarantee a good quality of the results and must
not generate “large” HTML pages.

At the end of a comparative analysis between several tools, Power Point’ was 97
selected since it matches the listed requirements and is very presentation oriented,
supporting also a portable format (presentations can also distributed for off-line
analysis). Unfortunately HTML conversion leads to loss of many fancy features of
such package, particularly the dynamic ones: sound effects (that can be replaced by
adding a background music in each slide, preferably in midi format), slide transition

6



effects, objects animations (that can be replaced by animated GIF) and links (that have
to be re-built e.g. by using a client side map).

Measurement of success
The measurement of success for the EPIC Project will be measured through the
following quantitative and qualitative parameters:
Ø Direct participation of European companies to events: the Project will be considered
successful if the events will be attended in average by 10-12 attendees per site.
Such figure will be computed as an average over all meetings at all sites;
Ø Number of PIEs presented: the dissemination events will be based as reference
material on the results of the ESSI Process Improvement Experiments. The Project
will be considered successful if it will package and present the detailed results of no
less than 40 Process Improvement Projects, including no less than 20 ESSI PIEs.
Ø Availability of dissemination/ training material for the software engineering
community at large: the material will be composed of WWW pages and associated
textual description as well as consolidated conclusions from meeting minutes. The
Project will be considered successful if it will deliver more than 300 WWW pages
in a format suitable to be browsed/ understood by the software engineering
community.
Ø Access to WWW Project information: the Project has set-up a WWW site for
presenting the events and offering detailed information/guidance. At least 50.000
hits are foreseen on the EPIC WWW during project lifetime (from Jan 1997 to Dec
1998)
Ø Customers’ Satisfaction Index (CSI): the Project will set-up a mechanism for
evaluating the success of events, covering aspects like: interest of subjects,
usefulness of the events, effectiveness of the mechanisms used, quality of the
domestic arrangements, etc

Technical goals
The technical goals of the experience can be summarised as follows:

“To set-up audio-video conference facilities featuring optimal cost-quality of service
ratio allowing their usage for distance training and co-operative work”

The following sub-goals can be derived:
Ø connection of distributed sites with audio/video hyper-media technology;
Ø hardware/ software procurement costs for setting-up the infrastructure at each site
less with a negligible cost;
Ø usage of scalable solutions;
Ø adoption of de-facto standards, not based on proprietary solutions;
Ø mirroring of the scenarios in various parallel sites.

According to these technical goals the EPIC project has set up its infrastructure The
choice was made on the usage of this approach and of innovative multimedia
technologies for the management of multi-site synchronous cluster meetings dedicated
to software process improvement subjects.

7



The goal of the experiment was to organise workshops that would be more attractive to
software companies than more traditional events usually are. As a matter of fact,
software development industry in Europe is characterised by a large number of small
software producing units, focusing on different application domains and thus with
different needs. This results in problems to reach effective technology transfer of
pragmatic experiences about best practices. The analysis conducted before the start-up
of the Project showed that two barriers exist for an effective technology transfer and
dissemination of Process Improvement Success Stories:
Ø clustering of the companies in specific application domains with utterly different
development practices and business needs (it is very seldom the case that a detailed
practice that gave good results in a telecommunication company is successful, or
even applicable, in e.g. a banking environment);
Ø locality of the market and limited attendance to international events (looking at the
attendee list of international events on software engineering, the number of SMEs
and non-IT companies is quite small, in particular foreign companies).

To overcome these problems, an alternative approach could be to organise cluster
meetings close to the sites of attendees. This, though being suitable and often
successful, suffers of the narrow view that there is a risk to get without confrontation
with a higher number of experiences. Since it is generally accepted that technology
transfer of success stories is of great importance, the proposed action aims at removing
such barriers while taking into account the requirements of the intended audience and
proposing an innovative dissemination approach. This in turn should eliminate the
problems of narrow-scoped local meetings.

The requirements to be addressed in order to get more involvement can thus be
summarised as follows:
Ø to introduce new forms of dissemination besides the common tutorial approach
applied mainly in conferences, where we too often see an information flow going
only from experts to experts;
Ø to minimise the need for absence from the company headquarters;
Ø to provide information tailored to the specific company needs;
Ø to provide pragmatic results applicable to specific application domains;
Ø to allow room for discussion, exchange of views and comparisons.

This is thought to be accomplished by the organisation of the multimedia based
geographically distributed and synchronous workshops, a sample scenario of which is
briefly described in the following.

Each local workshop is planned for about an attendance of 15 people. A local
moderator prepares all equipment and material on site and co-ordinates the local
discussion as well as the discussion between the local site and the remote sites via the
video/audio hyper-media connection. In a cluster, 3 to 4 local workshops are connected
together using real-time audio/video equipment allowing to switch communications
between the workshops. Based on the selected technology, each workshop consist of a
balanced mixture of local and connected presentations and discussions concerning the
above mentioned application domains and topics.

As a consequence, the benefits for the target audience can be summarised as follows:
Ø exposure to success stories matured in their specific application domain;
Ø possibility to benchmark various approaches and related outcomes;

8



Ø access to up-to-date assets in a very cost effective way;
Ø possibility to discuss specific issues without barriers; in fact the organisation of
parallel events in various sites will allow to accommodate the dissemination
approach and presentation style to the specifics of the location (cultural issues,
language, etc.)
Ø possibility to have access to the dissemination material via WWW before and after
the events, in order to prepare the participation and, afterwards, “to sell” the
outcomes to the internal decision makers.

The adopted solution

System Architecture
The envisaged technology infrastructure must be able to reach two main goals:
• allow each company to participate to workshops from their own site;
• guarantee a good quality of service during each workshop.

In order to satisfy the first objective, the solution is to use Internet and de-facto
standard tools to publish data. As far as objective two is concerned, due to the
impossibility to guarantee a high quality of service using Internet, all involved
companies have to set-up a private network, that is an Intranet, based on ISDN, by
which the network availability and throughput can be ensured. To complete the
infrastructure, the Internet world and the “Intranet private network” must be
connected. Using such a scheme important benefits can be reached:
• independence of the connection from potential troublesome Internet servers;
• availability of high bandwidth to exchange multi media material (audio and video).

Internet
ISDN router

ISDN line Existing Network

Browsing Computer Multimedia Computer

Fig.3 – An overview of the infrastructure needed at each company premises

Henceforth the network infrastructure solution is based on a private TCP/IP network
using ISDN connection from each company to a central site (located at Onion’ In s).
fact, all central servers reside at Onion which is permanently connected to the Internet.
Due to the fact that ISDN usage is expensive (companies need to do an International
call in order to be connected to the central site) the private network will be used just
during network set-up and testing (approximately ten hours) and during each
workshops and in particular during interactive sessions (five hours for each workshop
in average).

9



Technological infrastructure
The following picture gives a more detailed overview of the defined technological
infrastructure.

Partners

Switch

Internet
ISDN server

Master
Onion Repository

Fig. 4 - Technological infrastructure

The figure shows both the partner site and the Central site (that is ONION) and the
connections between them. At each workshop, all involved partners shall set-up a
direct ISDN connection to the central site (making international phone calls) and at the
same time use basic Internet for applications which are not bandwidth intensive
(browsing, synchronous navigation, etc.).

The complexity of the technical infrastructure is “hidden”, due the fact that most
services are directly provided by a Central Site.

In particular, the Central Site provides:
• audio/video “reflector” configuration and management that permit a co-operative
videoconference, in contrast with the traditional one-to-one videoconference;
• synchronous browsing feature, that allows all Partners to be constantly
synchronised on the same browser page;
• routing, that permit to each partner connected through the ISDN line to be
connected to the Internet;
• accounting and security services.

The ISDN solution, combined with a direct access to Internet based on common lines,
has been chosen because only such a solution can guarantee the needed bandwidth
which allow to have a clear image and a noiseless voice transmission during multi-
point video-conferencing (thus involving broadcasting aspects). The following figure
shows the details about the technological infrastructure foreseen for the Central site,
which acts as technology manager.

10



ISDN lines

ISDN Router
4 BRI lines
NT server
Cu-seeme
reflector

Dedicate
64KB line
WWW/
videoconference
server

Internet

Fig. 5 - Technological infrastructure at Central site

The following picture shows the detailed structure of the technological infrastructure
needed at each site willing to have an active role in the workshops.

The technological infrastructure requires the usage of Enhanced CU-Seeme for the
video/audio conference and MS-Explorer for the browsing aspects. For sites willing
only to act as listeners, the technical infrastructure can be simplified, since there is no
need for the Cam-Corder. Other partners will of course need the Cam-Corder for the
interactive discussion sessions.
Multimedia
Normal PC PC Camcorder
or Quickcam

Monitor

Audio board
soundbox
LAN
microphone

ISDN
BRI line

Internet ISDN Router

Fig. 6 - Technological infrastructure at each partner site

In order to better understand the correct usage of the EPIC technology infrastructure,
the following picture shows the interactions between partners with respect the whole
set of activities in which they can be involved during workshops. The figure also shows

11



the position of the participants from outside the consortium.

Internet not
needed here Prepare multimedia material

Use just an
Internet dialup access
from your local ISP

Publish multimedia material

Coordinator
Partner
drives
manages servers Central site
If possible use EPIC
Intranet infrastructure
Attend
(ISDN)
conference

Listener Partner External Listener

Navigate multimedia material

Fig. 7 – Usage of the EPIC technology infrastructure
Looking at the picture, four main use-cases can be identified:
• preparing multi media material: in these case neither access to the Internet nor to
Intranet is needed because all authoring works can be done “off line” on a local
PC. Of course Internet can constitute a valid support when exchanging data and
ideas with other people during conference preparation
• publishing multimedia material: what is needed in this case is to transfer data
from the local PC to the EPIC server. To accomplish this step it can be used a
simple Internet connection to a local Internet Services Provider (minimum cost); it
is also possible to connect to the EPIC Intranet achieving maximum performances
but high costs.
• attend the conference: in this case, in order to minimize risks during conferences
at partner premises, each EPIC Partner must connect to the EPIC Intranet. The
connection will be active just when needed (for an estimated period of 5 hours per
workshop). It is relevant to note that it is possible to participate to workshops also
from Internet but, in particular for videoconference services, it is not expected to
have high performances by using this kind of connection.
• navigate all conference material: in this case it must be possible to access
multimedia material related to each workshop (both in advance and after). To do
this, both Partners and people from their site do not need to access the EPIC
Intranet, but can use their standard Internet access.

The most critical case is represented by the running of the workshops. The detailed
view is shown in the following figure.

12



Need to be
compliant to EPIC
architecture

Coordinator Listener Partner
Partner

Connect to Epic Infrastructure

Epic Intranet

External Listener
Register to the conference

Internet
Epic Intranet

Technical
requirements needed

Do conference

Fig. 8 – Running of workshops
According to what defined, each partner must enter the EPIC Intranet before taking
part in a workshop. Note that using "Dial on Demand Routing (DDR)" features, it is
possible to minimize the time of ISDN connection, keeping the line up jus when
needed.

Attendance to EPIC Workshops
Attendance is foreseen is one the three following means:
Ø By attending the workshop at premises of one of the EPIC Partners;
Ø By being connected to the workshop from the company headquarters, using an
infrastructure similar to the one used by EPIC Partners in the “listener” mode, thus
with a guaranteed quality of service; this possibility is offered without any fee but
requires to make agreements with the Project Co-ordinator in advance of the
meeting, so that the communication facilities can be prepared accordingly to the
needs;
Ø By being connected to the workshop from the company headquarters, using an
Internet connection. In this case no special arrangements have to be made in
advance (apart from the communication of the access rules to the URL from which
the workshop starts) but of course quality of service cannot be fully guaranteed
(especially for video transmission).

At the Project WWW (http://epic.onion.it/) such possibilities are explained in more
details, together with subscription forms.

13



Potential for replication and deployment
First of all, we have to stress the importance of the dissemination of best practice
experiences to European SMEs. This ough to contribute to a positive influence on the
start-up of Process Improvement Projects and thus on the reaching of higher
capabilities, resulting in increased competitiveness of the European Industry. From a
technical point of view, the approach described in this paper is in no way restricted to
the specific application domain chosen for the piloting. As a matter of fact, the
working scheme is content-independent and thus can be adopted for distance training
and co-operative work on whatever subject of interest. Moreover, the defined
architecture is suitable for a number of additional use-cases, among which the
following are worth mentioning:
• Outsourcing of communication services, in particular video-conference.
In this case the infrastructure set-up in EPIC for audio/ video conferencing
services can be offered to third parties for usage under a billing scheme; this is
expected to be suitable for companies which do not need an intensive usage of
video-conferencing services and thus can find very suitable the renting of “video-
conferencing on demand”. From this point of view the ISDN/ Internet scheme
which has been set-up in EPIC is very interesting since it does not put severe pre-
conditions on the infrastructure of the companies using the service.
• Adoption of EPIC architecture for video-conferencing in the “virtual Enterprise”.
In this case the infrastructure set-up in EPIC can be replicated at the headquarters
of companies having an intensive need for video-conferencing services and thus
willing to replicate at their own headquarters the EPIC Master architecture; this
service is expected to be quite appealing considering the economic savings of the
EPIC approach with respect to other video-conferencing services currently offered
on the market. Notwithstanding, in order to be successful, this service will need a
higher quality of service than the one currently planned in EPIC: this does not
seem to be a problem since the defined architecture is modular and can take
advantage from higher communication speed ensured by “bandwidth on demand”
• Provision of an efficient and flexible source of information dissemination to
industry as a supplement to traditional courses and seminars; in this case it is
expected that the technology could be used as part of consulting services provided.
It derives that the experiences gained with the multi-media conferencing technology
will be exploited for other workshops beyond the EPIC events, since the idea of
EPIC to have distributed international events one can attend locally is very
appealing and is in principle applicable for many other workshops
• Inclusion of video-conferencing service as part of general interest services, using
the experiences made with the multi-media conferencing technology for new
research in the field of multi-media and Internet systems. For instance a city-
information system could combine various local information services among which
a conferencing service allowing people to attend e.g. to public city hall sessions or
art events etc.
• Usage of EPIC approach for reviews when software development takes place on
more than one location (or even country)
•

14



Acknowledgements
We have to thank all the people that directly contributed to the success of the EPIC
Project, among which: A. Bollin,G. Deler, J. Hrastnik, A. M. Krebs, R. Kusters, P.
Lucas, J. Maniera, A. Mauro, R. Messnarz, A. Ollé, N. Robusté, W. Schaefer, R.
Urban, F. Visentin, R. Vodegel, P. Watzke, A. Zuendorf.
We have to thank the European Commission for the financial support given to the
EPIC Project (Number 23659), run under the ESSI Initiative as part of ESPRIT
Framework IV Programme. We are especially indebted to the Project Officer, Mrs. M.
Rohen, for her continuing support.

References

[1] ONION, The EPIC World Wide Web, http://www.onion.it/epic

[2] European Software Institute, Software Best Practice Questionnaire, ESI
Technical Report, November 1996

[3] G. Bazzana, E. Fagnoni, M. Piotti, G. Rumi, F. Visentin, Testing in the
Internet ,EuroStar 96 – Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Software
Testing Analysis and Review, Amsterdam - December 1996

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