Internship report Of Final Professin DVM

Internship Report

Final Profession DVM 1

Internship Report
Of
MUHAMMAD TANVEER SHAH
Registration No: - 2K6-VAS-03
Session: - 2006-2012
Duration of internship
16 weeks
From: - 19-Sep-2011 to 08-Jan-2012

Faculty of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences,

Lasbella University of Agriculture,
Water, and Marine Sciences Uthal,
Balochistan

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IQRA 2

In the Name of ALLAH Most Benevolent ever Most Merciful
Read, Read in the Name of Your Lord. Who created,
created Man from an embryo. Read for Your Lord is Most
Beneficent, Who taught by the Pen, taught Man what he did not
know.

(Al-Quran)

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Al-Hadees 3

In the Name of ALLAH Most Benevolent ever Most Merciful
In sight is my Capital, Reason is the spirit of Faith, Love is my
Foundation, Zeal is my conveyance, Remembrance of ALLAH is my
Comrade, Trust in God is my Fortune, Sadness is my Companion,
Knowledge is my Weapon, Patience is my Garment, Pleasure of God is
my Prize, Humility is my Pride, Self denial is my Profession, Trust is my
Intercessor, Obedience of God is my Enough, Holly War is my Nature,
and Prayer is the Solace of my Eyes.

Saying of Holy Prophet Hazrat MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H)

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Table Content
4
Sr.NO Particular/Title Page No
1 Signature 5
2 Dedication 6
3 Abstract 7
4 Acknowledgement 8-10
5 List of Figures 11
6 List of Tables 11
7 1st Station Of Internship C.V.H Quetta 12
8 Introduction 12-13
9 Cases 14-24
10 Vaccination at C.V.H 25
11 Internship Certificate
12 2nd Station Of Internship Govt Poultry Farm 26
13 Introduction 26
14 The organization Chart 26-27
15 Layers Management in the Government Poultry Farm 28
16 Schedule for Layers Management 28-31
17 Disease Control Measures For Layers 31
18 Feed Consumption for Layers 32
19 Broilers Management in the Government Poultry Farm 33-34
20 Schedule for Layers Management 35
21 Disease Control Measures For Broilers 38
22 Proforma for Postmortem D.I Laboratory Quetta 39
23 3rd Station for Internship D.I Lab Quetta 40
24 Introduction 40
25 Work done at Lab 40-42
26 4th Station for Internship S.P.U Quetta 43
27 Introduction 43
28 Work done in semen production center 43-44
29 5th Station for Internship Govt Dairy Farm Quetta 45
30 Itroduction 45
31 The Organization Chart 46-47
32 Location of the Dairy Farm Quetta 48
33 Housing of Farm Animals at Dairy Farm Quetta 49-51
34 Farm Managements 51
35 Farm operations 52
36 Disease Control Measure 52-53
37 Conclusion 54
38 References 55
39

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Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,
5
Lasbella University of Agriculture, Water, and Marine Sciences Uthal,
Balochistan

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

It is certified that Mr. MUHAMMAD TANVEER SHAH S/O MUHAMMAD
YUSUF SHAH, Registration No: - 2K6-VAS-03 of DVM of session 2006-2012
has successfully completed his internship and submitted his internship report.

Dean of F.V.A.S

Prof Dr. Muhammad Sharif Phullan

Internship Adviser

Asst Prof Dr. Umar Baloch

Checked By

Prepared By

Muhammad Tanveer Shah

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DEDICATION 6
This Humble Effort, the Fruit of my thoughts and Study,

To My dear Classmate, and Friend Late Dr. Waseem Azeem
Baloch,

To My parents who inspired me to higher ideas of life,
For their Prayers,
For their Sacrifices,
And For their endless patience,
They are “Heaven on Earth” For Me.

To My School Teachers,
Mr. Nabi Bakhash Buzdar,
And Mr. Abdul Ghafoor Bhatti,

To Some One Special,
And All those who are dear to Me.

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ABSTRACT
7

A full term (10th Semester) Compulsory internship is a prerequisite for the
full fillment of partial completion of degree, Doctor of Veterinary Medication
(DVM) 5 year composite programmed. Internship is also necessary in
accordance with improving the capabilities of a graduate of any professional
background. This practical experience actually improves the professional
capabilities of any individual seeking bright carrier.

A Veterinary science graduate is an important fellow, where he must be
capable of maintaining health of animals but also is responsible for the issues
that are directly or indirectly concerned with the livelihood and general issues
foe human population, so is required for such a graduate to improve his
capabilities while remaining part of team.

As for as mine internship is concern I with reference of my parent
institution, Joined Livestock department Government of Balochistan. During
stay at the department I gained much insight into how to make theoretical
knowledge applicable to practical complexities of organization in order to
operate them efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals.
Internship at livestock department has really helped me to polish my skills and
capabilities.

I am sure that with these professional skills and practical approach, I will
be able to gain ever growing momentum in any organization as far as my
competency is concerned.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
8
All praise and thanks to The Gracious the Greatest Lord “Almighty
ALLAH” Who blessed me with courage and made My efforts fruitful, Who best
owed upon me with potential and ability to contribute a little material to
existing knowledge.

I pray all the tributes to The Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H)
Who enlightened our conscious, Who is a Torch of guidance and knowledge
for Humanity, All and every respect is for The Holy Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) Who enables us to recognize our Creator.

A special mention goes to my honorable Father

“Muhammad Yusuf Shah”

Loving Mother and all my Family members whose encouragement,
Prayers, financial support, and sympathies paved me to achieve this goal.

I feel great pleasure and honor to express our heartiest gratitude and
deep sense obligation to Dr. Iqbal khetran Director General (D.G) Livestock
and dairy development department Quetta Balochistan.

Thanks to Dr. Faiz Baloch Deputy Superintendent at Civil Veterinary
Hospital Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department Balochistan, for
his keen interest, enlightened views, valuable suggestions, and propitious
guidance for the successful accomplishment of this work.

And Thanks to Dr. Qutab Khan Bangulzai Veterinary officer (V.O) at
Civil Veterinary Hospital Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department
Balochistan for their kind, sympathetic, and inspiring guidance, gracious,
hospitality, and constructive criticism for accomplishment of this manuscript.

Thanks to Dr. Shakeel Khetran Artificial Inseminator (A.I) at Civil
Veterinary Hospital Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department
Balochistan, for his technical guidance and inspiring attitude during our
internship programme.

deep sense obligation to Dr. Farooq khan Superintendent Government Poultry
Farm Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department Quetta
Balochistan for his keen interest, enlightened views, valuable suggestions,
and propitious guidance for the successful accomplishment of this work.

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Thanks to Dr. Asghar Ahmed Kakar Poultry development Officer
Government Poultry Farm Quetta, Livestock and dairy development 9
department Quetta Balochistan, for their kind, sympathetic, and inspiring
guidance, gracious, hospitality, and constructive criticism for accomplishment
of this manuscript.

We are warmly thankful to ever affectionate Dr. Hasham Veterinary
officer (V.O) (in charge treatment) Government Poultry farm Quetta, Livestock
and dairy development department Balochistan, for his valuable guidance and
generous criticism during the course of internship and for this report Writing.

deep sense obligation to Dr. Zark Jaffar Superintendent Disease Investigation
Laboratory Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department Quetta
Balochistan, for his keen interest, enlightened views, valuable suggestions,
propitious guidance for the successful accomplishment of this work.

Thanks to Abdul Khaliq and Hashim Disease Investigation Laboratory
Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department Quetta Balochistan, for
their kind, sympathetic, and inspiring guidance, gracious, hospitality, and
constructive criticism for accomplishment of this manuscript.

deep sense obligation to Dr. Attique Anwar Sherazi Superintendent
Government Dairy Farm Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department
Quetta Balochistan, for his keen interest, enlightened views, valuable
suggestions, propitious guidance for the successful accomplishment of this
work.

Thanks to Dr. Sayed Ahmed Kakar deputy Superintendent Government
Dairy Farm Quetta, Livestock and dairy development department Quetta
Balochistan, for their kind, sympathetic, and inspiring guidance, gracious,
hospitality, and constructive criticism for accomplishment of this manuscript.

We are warmly thankful to ever affectionate Dr. Zaffar Alam JAttak
Veterinary officer (V.O) (in charge treatment) Government dairy farm Quetta,
Livestock and dairy development department Balochistan, for his valuable
guidance and generous criticism during the course of internship and for this
report Writing.

We must acknowledge Dr. Muhammad Saleem Veterinary Officer (V.O)
(In charge Vaccination & Insemination) Government dairy farm Quetta,

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Livestock and dairy development department Balochistan, for his technical
guidance and inspiring attitude during our internship programme. 10

Special thanks are also for Mr. Daad Muhammad (Stock Assistant), Mr.
Naseem Uddin (Stock Assistant), and Mr. Abdul Ghafoor (Stock Assistant),
Mr. Imtiaz Buzdar (store Keeper), And all those direct and indirect persons for
their nice cooperation and timely help throughout the tenure of our Internship
programme.

Dr. Muhammad Tanveer Shah

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List of Figures
11
Sr.NO Title Page No
1 Main Entrance of the C.V.H Quetta 12
2 Castration of ovine males with Burdizo Castrator 21
3 Diseased Animals for Treatment/Diagnosis 23
4 Main Entrance of GOVT Poultry Farm 26
5 The Organization Chart of Government Poultry Farm 27
6 Layers in cages/battery System 30
7 Drugs and Supplements used for Layers 31
8 Main Entrance of D.I Laboratory 40
9 Equipments in D.I Lab & Agar Media Dish 42
10 Holstein Friesian Bull Used for Semen Production 43
11 Front view of GOVT Dairy Farm 45
12 The Organization Chart of Government Dairy Farm. 47
13 Cows in tail to tail Tie Stall 49
14

List of Tables

Sr.NO Title Page No
1 Vaccination Chart 25
2 Vaccination Schedule for Layers 32
3 Feed Consumption for Layers (Per Bird) 32-33
4 Feed Consumption for Broilers (Per Bird) 37
5 Vaccination Schedule for Broilers 38
6 Herd Statistic 48
7 Ration Formula 52
8 Daily Ration Scale 52
9
10
11
12

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1st Station for Internship Civil Veterinary Hospital Quetta from 19-
Sep-2011 t0 16-oct-2011 12

Introduction: -

Civil Veterinary Hospital Quetta was established during British Rule. At
the start, it was a small unit which was used for the care and treatment of
equines used by British Army. However, after in dependence, this small unit
was upgraded to Civil Veterinary Hospital. Since then it is serving as role
model for rest of the veterinary treatment section of the city.

This historical veterinary hospital is located at Mecongy road. Farmers
and owners of domestic and pet animals are benefiting from the services of
the hospital round the clock. All sort of diseased, injured, and weak animals
are brought for the treatment which is duly given by the efficient staff of the
hospital.

Figure No: - 1 Main Entrance of the C.V.H Quetta

At present Civil Veterinary Hospital Quetta have four sections.

1. Veterinary Hospital
2. Artificial Insemination
3. Disease Investigation Laboratory
4. Equine Breeding Section

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Civil Veterinary Hospital Quetta is supervised by Veterinary Officers
(V.O), Dr. Qutab Khan Bangulzai. They informed me about the frequent cases 13
generally observed at the hospital.
Artificial Insemination (A.I) section is supervised Dr. Shakeel Khetran. He also
informed me the different emergency cases like dystokia, retention of placenta
etc. He guides me how to handle these cases in hospital and in field.

I joined hospital at 19-september-2011 and served there for 28 days up
to 16-Oct-2011 according to the recommendation of veterinary doctors in
hospital. This hospital providing a wide range of treatment facility to the
farmers and also training facilities for newly appointed veterinary
Officers/Stock Assistants, Internees from different Universities of Pakistan. I
spend 7 days in medicine section, 7 days in surgery section, 7 days in pet
animals care section, and 7 days in reproductive section. During this period
my performance has been praiseworthy in

Treatment of sick animals
Surgical treatment of large and small animals successfully
Reproductive problems, and Pregnancy diagnosis

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Case:
14
Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ovine (Sheep)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year

Duration of illness- - - - - - - - 3 Weeks

Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is depressed.

Diagnosis:

Skin disease, and patches on skin mange (Fungal infection)

Treatment:

Inj: Ivermectin 2cc/S.C for 5 times.

Case:

Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Caprine

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Year

Duration of illness- - - - - - - - 4 weeks

Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Soil eating, Hormones deficiency, Worms, and cough

Treatment:

Inj: Enflox 4cc/I.M for 5 days

Inj: Glucovit 4cc/I.M for 5 days

Tab: Zoben (bolus)

Tab: (::) Hormones 4 tablets

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Case:
15

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year

Duration of illness- - - - - - - - 5 Weeks

Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lameness


Diagnosis:

Constipation, Lameness, Large Hoof,

Treatment:

Inj: Glucovit 4cc/I.M for 3 days.

Castor Oil (10ml orally), Carminate Mixture (10ml orally), and hoof trimming

Case:

Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ovine (Sheep)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male (Fat tail)

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 Months

Duration of illness- - - - - - - - 2 days

Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Abnormal.

Diagnosis:

Temperature 106F*, loss of appetite, Feed off

Treatment:

Inj: Fresh-1 3cc/I.M for 5 days

Inj: 0.50 % O.T.C 4cc/I.M for 5 days

Tempsal (10 ml orally), Carminate mixture (10ml orally)

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Case:
16

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal


Diagnosis:

Constipation, Ovine Colic

Treatment:

Inj: Hyosine 4cc/I.V for 3 days.

Inj: Calcium Gluconate 4cc/I.M for 3 days.

Castor Oil (10ml orally), and Carminate Mixture (10ml orally)

Case:

Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Caprine (Goat)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal


Diagnosis:

Temperature 103F*, Cough, loss of appetite, Feed off

Treatment:

Inj: Fresh-1 2cc/I.M for 5 days

Inj: Trisulf 4cc/I.M for 5 days, and Carminate mixture (10ml orally)

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Case:
17
Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bovine (Calf)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lay down

Behavior is Sedative.

Diagnosis:

Toxemia, Retention of urine, and abdominal pain

Treatment:

Inj: Hyosine 8cc/I.V for 3 days.

Inj: Lysix 9cc/I.M for 3 days.

Inj: Stynole 9cc/I.M for 3 days.

Inj: Novastar 12cc/I.M for 3 days

Case:


Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal


Diagnosis:

Tympanic Condition

Treatment:

Tempsal (20ml orally) and Carminate mixture (10ml orally)

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Case:
18

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Maggots in testes

Treatment:

Inj: 10 lac Penicillin 4cc/I.M 2 times daily for 5 days.

T.T oil ointment for 3 days, Magsol lotion (Ointment), potassium per magnate
(washing of testes)

Case:


Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is normal.

Diagnosis:

Wound on valve, maggots in wound, loss of appetite, feed off

Treatment:

Inj: 10 lac penicillin 4cc/I.M 2 times daily for 3 days.

T.T oil (ointment), Carminate mixture (10 ml orally)

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Case:
19

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Diarrhea

Treatment:

Inj: Sulphadimidine 20cc/orally 2 times daily

Inj: Trisulf 3cc/I.M for 3 days.

Case:


Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year

Duration of illness- - - - - - - - 18 hours

Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Retention of Placenta

Treatment:

Inj: cyclamate injection 2ml/S.C

Inj: Trisulf 3cc/I.M for 5 days.

Inj: Stillbesterol 0.1ml/I.M

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Case:
20
Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Canine (Dog)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 months


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lameness is present


Diagnosis:

Paro Viral Infection

Treatment:

Inj: Neurobion 3cc/I.M daily for 3days

Inj: Gravinate 3cc/I.M daily for 3 days.

Infusion ringer lactate 500 ml/I.V

Case:


Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lateral Recumbency


Diagnosis:

Fracture in radius ulna

Treatment:

Inj: Diclozef 3cc/I.M

Inj: Prednicart 3cc/I.M and full dressing to the fracture

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Case:
21

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Year

Number of animals - - - - - - - 10

Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Castration

Treatment:

Castration of ovine males with Burdizo Castrator

Figure No: - 2 Castration of ovine males with Burdizo Castrator

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Case:
22

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 Months


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Constipation, vesicles in bucal mucosa, and flue

Treatment:

Inj: Meprim 3cc/I.M for 5 days

Inj: Enflox-20 3cc/I.M for 3 days.

Carminate mixture (10 ml orally), and Borolex Powder on mucosa

Case:


Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Cyst Formation on testes and pus accumulation

Treatment:

Inj: 10 lac penicillin 4cc/I.M 2 times daily for 4 days

Inj: Prednicart-D 3cc/I.M for 3 days, and incision on scrotum sac with surgical
blade removal of pus and dressing

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23

Figure No: - 3 Diseased Animals for Treatment/Diagnosis

Case:

Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Horse (Equine)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Retention of urine

Treatment:

Inj: Hyosine 15cc/I.V

Inj: Lysix 20cc/I.M for 3 days.

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Case:
24
Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Bovine (Cattle)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Female

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Normal

Behavior is abnormal.

Diagnosis:

Liver Fluke and tonsils

Treatment:

Inj: Amoxi-vet 15cc/I.V for 3 days.

Inj: predef-2x 15cc/I.M for 3 days.

Inj: Lysix 9cc/I.M for 3 days, and Zanil orally 25 ml daily f0r week

Case:

Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Horse (Equine)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Year


Gait - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lameness

Behavior is Normal.

Diagnosis:

Working horse muscle stiffness, and lameness

Treatment:

Inj: Vetafenic 15cc/I.M

Inj: 40 lac penicillin 4cc/I.M for 3 days, and Body mist (lotion) body massage.

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Vaccination at the C.V.H: -
25
At C.V.H the Friday was vaccination day. The farmers were facilitated with
free vaccine to control the different diseases. I preferably performed
vaccination of different animals and birds.

Case:

Specie - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dog (Canine)

Sex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Age - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Year

Behavior is Normal

Vaccination:

Hexa dog (Anti rabies vaccine)

And also different vaccination of domestic animals and poultry birds

Vaccination Chart

Month 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th Week
January E.T.V(2nd Sheep Pox
Dose)&A.S.V
February F.M.D
March H.S(Buffalo) F.M.D
April B.Q(1st Dose) B.Q(2nd Dose)
May C.C.P.P
June E.T.V(1st Dose) E.T.V(2nd Dose)
July Sheep Pox F.M.D
August
September H.S F.M.D
October B.V.D
November C.C.P.P
December E.T.V(1st Dose)
Key

E.T.V: - Enterotoxaemia A.S.V: - Anthrax Spore Vaccine

H.S: - Hemorrhagic Septicemia F.M.D: - Foot & Mouth disease

B.Q: - Black Quarter Disease C.C.P.P:-ContagiousCaprine PleuroPneumonia

B.V.D: - Bovine Viral Diarrhea

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26
2nd Station for Internship Government Poultry Farm Quetta from 17-Oct-
2011 t0 13-Nov-2011

Introduction: -

The Government Poultry Farm Quetta has
been established in 1944 for breeding purpose of fancy birds (game birds)
initially, but was re-established in 1955-56 for the commercial farming by
rearing layer and broiler breeds€ respectively for egg and meet production.
The breed kept at this farm is White leghorn, which is well known breed of
layers in aspect of high egg producer, good environment adaptation, and
broodiness traits. The farm is achieving the goal of providing the services to
people in the form of uniform delivery of eggs, meat, and other poultry
products from the establishment day of Farm up to till now.

Figure No: - 4 Main Entrance of GOVT Poultry Farm

The organization Chart: -

There are the Fifty Six (56) Employees at the
government dairy farm Quetta. The head of the farm is Superintendent, sub
Incharge at the farm is Poultry development Officer, there are Six (6)
Veterinary Officers, Five (5) of them are Stock Assistants, Rest of the staff
include the poultry attendants, V.C, and office Staff.

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ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
27

Superintendent

Poultry development
Officer

Veterinary Officer Office
(6) Suritendent

Stock Assiatant Office Assistant

Veterinary Care Senior Clerk
Taker

Poultry Attendnt Senior Clerk

Sweeper & Chokidar

Figure No: - 5 the Organization Chart of Government Poultry Farm.

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Layers Management in the Government Poultry Farm: -
28
The success of the Layer poultry farm depends
upon the eight (8) points programmed.

1. Selection Of the best breeds of layer with maximum production and
outcome.
2. Balance Feed.
3. Framing On the Scientific Basis.
4. Control of the diseases Management.
5. Construction of the Building On scientific Basis.
6. Number of the Birds According the Space and the Equipments.
7. Regular income and budget planning.
8. Farming should be According to the Trading Rules.

The selection of layers breeds bird with good
traits effect the production of farm. The breed kept at this farm is White
leghorn, which is well known breed of layers in aspect of high egg producer,
good environment adaptation, and broodiness traits. The system adopted for
layers breeding in Government Poultry farm is Cage System. There are 5
Cages having the capacity of rearing 10,000 birds & two hall rooms for these
cages.

I visited the poultry farm during internship a lot
of times Doctor informed me during the visit about management and bio-
security of the farm. Bio-security is the most efficient and cost-effective
method of disease prevention.

Schedule for Layers Management: -

Week 1:

Feeding after 1 hour + Simple water + Antibiotics (Tribersin or Trizen for the
control of yolk sac infection Omphalitis)

The brooder temperature should be 90-95F* (250 birds/brooder)

Flushing of baby chicks (Molasses @4-5kg + Electrolytes (Vinegar) @250ml
for 1000 birds)

Chick guard is used to avoid overcrowding and hurdling.

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Week 2:
29
The brooder temperature should be 85-90F*

Avoid overcrowding and hurdling.

Put more drinker and feeders. There should be 4 drinkers for 100 birds.

Provide light for 16 hours.

Week 3:



Week 4:

The brooder temperature should be75-80F*

Brooder can be removed fully.

Put more drinker and waterers.


Control humidity in the shed.

Recommended values are:

Air temperature of 30°C/86°F (measured at chick height in the area where
feed and water are positioned).

Litter temperature of 28–30°C/82–86°F, Relative humidity of 60-70%.

Check litter condition.

Week 5:

Provide light for 10-12 hours.

Remove all weak and underweight birds.

Week 7:

Shift birds to grower house.

Provide anti-stress and anti-coccidian medication soon after shifting.

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Week 10:
30
Grading of the flock may be done in this weak

Week 16:

Final de-beaking may be done.

Shift the flock to the cages during this week.

Final grading of the flock is done.

Also give pre-layer diet.

Figure No: - 6 Layers in cages/battery System

Week 18:

Continue pre-layer diet.

De-worm the flock.

First egg may be laid during this week.

Week 19:

Egg production gradually increases now.

Continue pre-layer diet.

Week 21:

Collect egg frequently.

Prevent fly problem around the shed.

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31
Between 23 and 28 weeks increase the light
by 30 minutes per week until a maximum of 16 hours is reached. Usually the
100” feet length, 30” feet width, and 10-12” feet height is recommendation of
the shed for 1000 chicks but it can be changed according to the area and
space.

Disease Control Measures For Layers: -

Adequate precaution must be taken to prevent
all kinds of diseases; rigorous health control measures are taken from early
age. Vaccination against various viral and bacterial diseases is most important
because it is most effective way of prevention of specific disease by inducing
immunity. All type of vaccines is not capable of imparting lifelong immunity. So
the period of effectiveness of particular vaccine, the dosage and route of
administration are essential factors which should be considered. Each vaccine
is done on due date according to following vaccination schedule.

Figure No: - 7 Drugs and Supplements used for Layers

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Vaccination Schedule for Layers
32
Sr.No Age in days Type Of Vaccine Route Remarks

1 6 ND Clone Eye Drop

2 10 IBD 1 Eye Drop

3 14 De-beaking

4 20 IBD 2 Eye Drop

5 23 ND+IB Eye Drop

6 30 IBD 3 Drinking Water

7 32 Hydro Pericardium Sub Cut

8 35 ND Lasota Drinking Water Repeat After
Every 30 Days

9 16 Week E.DS Vaccine Sub Cut

Table No: - 2

Feed Consumption for Layers (Per Bird)

Age Average Weight Feed

1st Week 50 10 grams

2nd Week 100 20 grams

3rd Week 150 25 grams

4th Week 200 30 grams



8th
Week 650 50 grams

10th
Week 900 60 grams

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33
th
12 Week 1100 65 grams









21st Week 1850 100 grams

22nd Week 1900 105 grams

23rd Week 1950 110 grams


25th Week Onwards ---- 120 grams

Table No: - 3

Broilers Management in the Government Poultry Farm: -

The success of the broiler poultry farm depends upon Characteristics of
commercial importance are given below: -

Health
Feed supply
Lighting
Ventilation
Stocking density
Nutrition
Temperature
Water supply
Vicinal status

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Characteristics of commercial importance such as Growth rate, Feed
conversion ratio (FCR), Livability and meat yield as well as bird welfare, leg 34
health, cardiovascular fitness and robustness, The prevention, detection and
treatment of illness and health, The environment that is managed to provide
bird with all their requirements for ventilation, air quality, temperature and
space, The provision of nutrient requirements through the compounding of
appropriate feed ingredients, and the proper management of the provision of
feed and water.

All of these are interdependent. If any one element is sub-optimal, then
overall broiler performance will suffer and Limits to Broiler Growth and Quality
Economic and commercial issues continue to influence the way broilers are
managed, The need for flocks of broilers that can be grown to ever more pre-
dictable and pre-defined specifications, Chick handling, brooding and early
growth management is all of great importance. Broiler production is a
sequential process and ultimate performance is dependent upon the
successful completion of each step. Each stage must be assessed critically
and improvements made wherever required for maximum performance. The
complexity of broiler production means that livestock managers should have a
clear understanding of the factors affecting the whole production process as
well as of that directly influencing bird management on the farm. Changes
may be necessary on the broiler farm.

Farm Preparation: -

Following Farm operations should be adopted for sanitation of poultry house
before rearing a Broiler flock.

 Depopulate the house
 Cleaning of old feed from house
 Clean and disinfect the equipment & expose equipment to sun
 Cleaning of house ceiling & walls
 Removal of old litter
 Make need repairs
 Wash house thoroughly
 Application of Germicides
 Fumigation
 Disinfection of floor
 Apply Germicides
 Put new litter
 Install the sanitized equipment
 Install & change foot baths

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Lock the poultry house and rest the building for at-least 2-4 weeks and
Prepare house for chicks. Install waterer, start brooders, warm the building to 35
the appropriate temperature, and place chick guards. Keep an area of 15-30
meters around the poultry farm closely mowed and free of trash or debris.

Schedule for Layers Management: -

Week 1:

Feeding after 1 hour + Simple water + Antibiotics (Tribersin or Trizen for the
control of yolk sac infection Omphalitis)

The brooder temperature should be 90-95F* (250 birds/brooder)

Flushing of baby chicks (Molasses @4-5kg + Electrolytes (Vinegar) @250ml
for 1000 birds)

Chick guard is used to avoid overcrowding and hurdling.

Week 2:


Avoid overcrowding and hurdling.

Put more drinker and feeders. There should be 4 drinkers for 100 birds.


Week 3:



Week 4:

The brooder temperature should be75-80F*

Brooder can be removed fully.

Put more drinker and waterers.


Control humidity in the shed, Check litter condition.

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Recommended values are:
36
Air temperature of 30°C/86°F (measured at chick height in the area where
feed and water are positioned).

Litter temperature of 28–30°C/82–86°F, Relative humidity of 60-70%.

Check litter condition.

Week 5:

Provide light for 10-12 hours.

Remove all weak and underweight birds.

Week 6:

Start the finisher ration.

Check all birds’ health status.

Week 7:

Provide anti-stress and anti-coccidian medication.

Market the birds in this week or next week as soon as possible.

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Feed Consumption for Broilers (Per Bird)
37

Age Feed

1st Week 20-30 grams

2nd Week 30-40 grams

3rd Week 40-50 grams

4th Week 60-80 grams



8th
Week 120-125 grams

Table No: - 4

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Disease Control Measures For Broilers: -
38
all kinds off diseases; rigorous health control measures are taken from early
immunity. All type of vaccines is not capable of imparting life long immunity.
So the period of effectiveness of particular vaccine, the dosage and route of

Vaccination Schedule for Broilers

Sr.No Age in days Type Of Vaccine Route Remarks

1 6 ND Clone Eye Drop

2 10 IBD 1 Eye Drop

3 17 Hydro Pericardium Sub Cut

4 20 IBD 2 Eye Drop

5 24 ND+IB Eye Drop

6 30 IBD 3 Drinking Water

7 35 ND+IB Drinking Water

Table No: - 5

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PROFORMA FOR POSTMORTEM D.I LABORATORY QUETTA
39

Ref#__________ Dated____________ Referred By ________________

Species ___________________Breed 1 __________________________

Breed 2 ___________________Breed 3 __________________________

Layers_____________________ Pullets__________________________

Broilers____________________ Chick__________________________

Total Number of Carcasses

External & Internal Findings: -

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Prepared By Reported By

Veterinary Officer Poultry superintendent Officer

Government Poultry Farm Government Poultry Farm

Quetta Quetta

Postmortem By Verified BY

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3rd Station for Internship Disease investigation Laboratory Quetta from
14-Nov-2011 t0 27-Nov-2011 40

Introduction: -

The D.I. Lab located at Brewery Road Quetta near the BMC Hospital
it work in various disease investigation that is found in all over Balochistan, the
D.I Lab also perform Postmortem Investigation after heavy out-break of
diseases. The D.I Lab suggests different treatment according to their
investigation to protect heavy economic losses since 1996.

Figure No: - 8 Main Entrance of D.I Laboratory

Work done at Paracitology Laboratory

Thin Blood Smear

Take blood sample and put a drop of blood on a microsopic slide. Then take
another slide and touch the blood with the end of this slide (Spread Slide) at
the angle of 30 degree. The blood will spread a long along with spreader slide
by capillary action.

Push the spreader slide forward with a steady motion, thus making a thin
blood smear. Dry the smear in air and stain it with Giemsa's Stain.

Thick Blood Smear

Place a fresh drop of blood on slide then gently stir the drop to make in area of
about 10mm diameter.

Allow the blood smear to dry and stain it with Giemsa's Stain.

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Examination of Parasite
41
Direct Method

Take piece of feces in a Petri dish and grind it with the help of grinder then put
some drops of water and mix it with the help of grinder. Take some this
solution and put two drops of solution on a clean slide. Put cover slip on it and
examine under microscope.

Salt Method

Take piece of feces in a Petri dish and grind it with the help of grinder, after
grinding put some salt and mix it with water. Take the solution and put in a test
tube and leave the test tube for at least 10-15 minutes. Take a slide and pit it
over the test tube, after a few seconds remove the test tube and examine it
under microscope.

Baerman’s Method

Take grass sample in a piece of cloth put some water in it. Put the piece of
cloth into a conical flask; leave it as for about 24 hour.

After 24 hours the Ova (eggs) drown in the bottom of the flask. Now take
some drops of solution from the bottom of conical flask and put them on a
slide then examine the slide under microscope.

Microbiological Laboratory

Preparation of the Nutrient Agar (Media)

 Take 2.8gm of nutrient agar and mix it in 100ml distal water in a conical
flask.
 Take piece of cotton and fix the cotton into the mouth of conical flask.
And mouth of conical flask raped with Alumminium paper to avoid
contamination.
 Boil this solution up to transparent Color then take the conical flask and
put it into an Auto-Clave and fix Auto-Clave at 15 pound pressure and
121 degree for 10 minutes.
 After 10 minutes take the media out from Auto-Clave and let the media
cool for few minutes.
 Take the sterilized Petri dish and bring the media near the fire flame,
now remove the Alumminium paper and cotton from the conical flask.

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 Open the Petri dish near the fire flame and pure some media into the
Petri dish, keep the Petri dish at the room temperature for 30 minutes. 42
After 30 minutes shift the Petri dish into the incubator for 24 hours.

Figure No: - 9 Equipments in D.I Lab & Agar Media Dish

Preparation of Culture

 Take a sample of blood in a test tube.
 Take a wire loop and sterilize it on fire flame
 Open Petri dish of nutrient agar media near the fire flame with one hand
and with the help of other hand dip the sterilized wire loop into the blood
sample and then make 3-4 lines on the media into the Petri dish with
the wire loop. And repeat this process in three Petri dishes.
 Put these oculated Petri dishes into incubator at 37C* for 24 hours.

Gram Staining

Collect blood in a syringe, put some drops of blood on a slide and make a thin
blood smear. Let the smear to dry.

 Put some crystal violet color on slide and after one minute wash the
slide with tape water.
 Put some gram iodine on slide and leave the slide for one minute to dry
and then wash the slide with tape water.
 Now wash the slide with sprit to remove unnecessary color from slide.
 Then put a few drops of safranine, after 30econd wash the slide with
water and then clean the slide with tissue paper.
 Put the slide under microscope and examine the slide, And Result are
G+ve bacteria show Blue color, and G-ve bacteria shows Pink color.

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4th Station for Internship Semen Production Unit Quetta from 28-Nov-
2011 t0 11-Dec-2011 43

HISTORY: -

Semen production unit is established in 1994.The bulls are arrived at
laboratory in 1995 and in 1996 the laboratory is well equipped with proper
equipments. The production started in laboratory in 1996. From 1996 to 2010
there are 437772 straws are produced in which 351160 are soled are used
within the Balochistan and 31070 straws are sold to Khyber Pakktonkhak.
The quantity of semen in each straw is 0.5ml and each straw contains 20 lac
sperms the cost of one straw is 100 Rupees.

Figure No: - 10 Holstein Friesian Bull Used for Semen Production

Work done in semen production center

Method of semen collection: -

First of all collect fresh semen from a healthy bull early in the morning in
an artificial vagina and put the semen with tube in hot water bath.

Fresh sperm check: -

Take sample from fresh semen and put a drop of semen on the slide and
examine it under electron micro-scope. Check the mortality of semen; note the
mortality rate on a paper.

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Dilution: -
44
For 1ml semen 60ml media is required, take some media mix it with
semen and put this solution into a conical flask put the remaining media in
conical flask slowly and gradually and continuously shake the bottle.

Post mortality: -

Now put few drops of solution on a slide and also put a cover slip on it
and examine under electronic microscope. Note the mortality rate.

Cooling process: -

In this process we will bring the media temperature from 20C* to 4C*
keep the pieces of ice around the cooling chamber for 30 minutes and then
equilibrium process starts.

Equilibrium process: -

In this process media will be kept at 4C* for 4 hours.

Freezing process -

In this process the temperature is brought at -130C* from 4C*.

Liquid Nitrogen Process: -

In this process the temperature of media is decreased up to -196C*.

Next day take the straws out of the nitrogen and put them into water bath at
37C* for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes cut the straw and put the semen on slide
and put a cover slip on it and examine it under microscope for checking
mortality.

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5th Station for Internship Government Dairy Farm Quetta from 12-Dec-
2011 t0 08-Jan-2011 45

Introduction: -

The Government Dairy Farm was established
in 1977 at Brewery Road Quetta with an initial strength of 100 imported
Holstein Friesian Cows and 2 Bulls. The Farm comprises of total 62.5 Acers
of Land, out of which 42.5 Acers is being used for Agriculture purpose and 20
Acers for office buildings, Animal’s shed and Residential Colony of Staff. This
farm is an experimental station where we keep all the record about the
animals, their pedigree record through exotic semen, milk record of
cows/calving record and feeding trails record.

Goals and Objectives of Government Dairy Farm Quetta: -

The purpose of this project was to make efforts to overcome the
deficiency of the milk production in Quetta.
Providing demonstration facilities to local dairy owners in the field of
dairy technology and dairy husbandry and also training facilities for
newly appointed veterinary Officers/Stock Assistants, Internees from
different Universities of Pakistan and Nursing School Students of the
Health Department.
Providing Male Stock of high yielding Dairy Strains to the local dairy
owners for cross breeding where Artificial Insemination (A.I) facilities
are not available.
To maintain and expansion of pure Holstein Friesian breed dairy
animals. This farm is an experimental station.

Figure No: - 11 Front view of GOVT Dairy Farm

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The ORGANIZATION CHART: - 46

Near about one hundred labor, 08
Veterinarians, 06 Stock Assistants, and 01 Artificial Inseminator is employed
in this farm and their services fulfill the requirements of consumers, improve
general health of animals and job opportunities are created in the country
side which not only help in poverty elevation but also improve the
socioeconomic condition.

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ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
47

Director Farms &
feed Resources

Superintendent

Deputy Office
Superintendent Suritendent

Veterinary Office Assistant
Officers

Stock Assiatant Senior Clerk

Cattle Attendnt Senior Clerk

Sweeper &
Chokidar

Figure No: - 12 the Organization Chart of Government Dairy Farm.

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Location of the Dairy Farm Quetta: -
48
The Farm location fulfills all the requirements
that are needed for a standard Dairy Farm. It is situated higher elevation than
the surroundings for rain fall and drainage of wastes.

The range land area of Farm has fertile soil for
cultivation of different types of green fodder. The building is located with
maximum exposure to the Sun, with tall trees of sadda bahar (Juniper),
providing protection from prevailing strong winds in hot or cold seasons.
Abundant supply of soft, fresh and clean (Tube Well) water is available around
the clock. All the Buildings of Farm has desirable and adequate electric
supply, with a stand by electricity generator.

All the area of farm has boundary wall and
there is no any road or railway track nearby and is situated at drive of 15
minutes from Quetta city.

Herd Statistic

Name of Animals Closing Balance
Male Female
Bull 01
Milking Cows 31
Pregnant Cows 18
Dry Cows 03

Dry Heifers Above 18 43
Months
Dry Heifers Above 12 06
Months
Y/S 9-12 Months 07
Y/S 6-9 Months 05 05
Y/S 3-6 Months 05 02
Male Sucklers 03
Female Sucklers 03
Total 14 118
Grand Total 132

Table No: - 6

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Housing of Farm Animals at Dairy Farm Quetta: -
49
Housing of Farm animals is important as it
provides shelter against adverse effects of weather. At Quetta Dairy Farm the
combination of both two suitable types of housing (Loose & Conventional)
types/systems can observed. The floor of paddock is paved with bricks having
a thin/medium layer of cow dung for bedding of animals. Along with feeding
manger facing in (head to head system) and there are two wide water ponds
providing clean drinking water free of choice (Adlib tem), with two entrances
from both cow sheds.

Milking Cows Sheds: -

These are arranged in double rows partitions
in a manner face to face out (Tail to Tail System). As with this system there is
lesser chance of disease spread. The inside floor is made of concrete, with
rough surface keeping the point in view that the animal should not slip the
drains capable of draining out the waste material (dung) and liquid excreta
without getting blocked.

Figure No: - 13 Cows in tail to tail Tie Stall

Tie Stalls: -

The stalls provide greater comfort to the cows.
The cows are fastened by means of a chain 1.5 meter which snaps to neck
strep on cow.

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Feeding Manger: -
50
These are continuous and made of cement
concrete material having no removable partitions for individual cow with low
front height.

Alleys: -

The width of central walk (alley) is of (8 Feet)
with two drains running parallel each other these afterward joining the main
gutters. There is feeding alley (4 feet) on both sides of cow barns (east and
west) is also available.

Walls: -

The walls having continuous ventilator for that
prevent dampness inside the barn.

Doors: -

Height of doors = 7 feet.

Width of doors = 8.5 feet.

The middle of both sheds has gates for entrance into shed and one gate from
open area. In both barns an area of 96 sq.ft of depth of 2 feet is placed for
preparation of ration and three arches are specified in each shed for milking of
the cows.

Coving Pen: -

Special accommodation for pregnant animals
in the form of loose housing that is enclosed from all sides with common
feeding manager and water trough.

Isolation Box: -

A loose box specified for sick/diseased
animals with feeding manager and water trough in each.

Shed for young Stock

Housing of Calves: -

At farm calves are being sheltered in a
separate calf house or calf shed under loose housing system with feeding
manager and water trough in each.

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Housing of Young Stock: -
51
Under loose housing system for an efficient
management at the farm the young stock is divided into four groups/classes
according to their age. Each class is provided with common feeding manager
and water trough in and out side of each young stock shed.

Besides these structures the farm has
separate bullock shed, shed for dried pregnant cows, and shed for pregnant
heifers. Stores for storage of feed stuff(cotton seed cake, rice polish, wheat
bran and molasses) a huge shed having tin roof for storage of wheat straw,
rooms for keeping of dead stock, a hall having milk cooling tank and milk cane
for transport of milk are also available.

Farm Managements

A clean environment, good nutrition, and absence of disease free atmosphere
are the essentials of better management that ensuring healthy and productive
Farm animals.management include all those necessory steps that up-lifts the
performance and production at farm such as: -

 Good quality of clean fresh water and adequete feed.
 Clean, dry and comfortable housing with adequate ventilation and
appropriate ambient temperature.
 Freedom of movement
 Prevention of diseases
 Proper diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseass

1. Care of Animals
2. Care of Cows
3. Care of calves
4. Identification of ANIMALS AT Farm
5. Dehorning
6. Rising and care of breeding Bull at Farm
7. Care of Milking Cows
8. Caution in handling
9. Cattle Crush

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Other Farm operations: -
52
Nutrition

As the thumb rule and for the sake of economy feed (green fodder along with
concentrate mixture expect wheet straw) is given 1/10 of its body weight.

Ration Farmula

Ingredients %(Kg)
Cotton seed cake 37(Kg)
Wheat bran 32(Kg)
Rice polish 19(Kg)
Pea 11(Kg)
DCP 1(Kg)
Total 100(Kg)
Table No: - 7

Daily Ration Scale

Animals Green Fodder Wheat Straw (Kg) Concentrate (Kg)
(Kg)
Weaning Age 3 1.5 1
Young Stock 10 3 2
below 18 Months
Young Stock 15 4 3
above 18 Months
Milking Cows 20 5 4
Cows in last 15 5 3
trimester of
pregnancy
Bull 25 7 6
Table No: - 8

Disease Control Measure

1. Vaccination

all kinds of diseases; rigorous health control measures are taken from early
immunity. All type of vaccines is not capable of imparting lifelong immunity. So
the period of effectiveness of particular vaccine, the dosage and route of

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2. Spray
53
Like FMD and piroplasmosis (include a group
of heamoprotozone parasites) such as babesiosis anaplasmosis and
theleriosis is a big threat for these animals and main source of transmission of
all these disease are the ticks and biting flies. All the premises of the farm are
sprayed regularly.

3. Deworming

The deworming programme against infestation
of internal parasites (endoparasites) is under taken bi-annually in November
and April.

Treatment of Sick/Diseased Animal

The treatment of sick/diseased animals is
initiated on basis of clinical diagnosis than later on samples for laboratory
confirmation.

Some Other Essentials in Dairy Cattle Management

 Heat Detection
 Artificial Insemination (A.I)
 Pregnancy Diagnosis
 Drying off the Dairy Cows
 Grooming and washing of Cows
 Hoof trimming
 Culling of the Farm Animals
 Use of Refused Feed and Dung

Record keeping

Following record are maintained in Dairy Farm
Quetta: -

A.I Article Register, Medicine Stock Register, Medicine Consumption Register,
A.I Record Register, Log Book of the various Vehicles, Feed Stock Register,
Feed Consumption Register, Herd Statistic Register, Milk Record Register,
Pedigree Record Register, Treatment Register, Dead Stock Register, Milk
Sale Register, and Consumer Article Register.

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54

CONCLUSION

This internship was a great experience to me. It was a real pleasure for me
to work in Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Quetta, Balochistan.
I worked with nice people in a good atmosphere. Carrying out this internship in
Livestock and Dairy Development, allows me to be immerged in a different
ways to meet several interesting people in and out of the institutes (C.V.H,
Poultry Farm, D.I Laboratory, Semen Production Unit, and Dairy Farm) such
as Veterinary Officers, A.I Officers, Researchers, and to learn a lot of thing
which added my knowledge.

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55

REFERENCES

Books Referred
Prasad, J., 2010. Poultry Production and Management. Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
Khan, M.I. and S. Mughal., Poultry Breeding & Incubation, Breeding and
Incubation Div., Poultry Production and Research Sindh.
Shah, S.I., 1994. Animal Husbandry. National Book Foundation,
Islamabad, Pakistan.
Naeem K.( (1998). Feed Management of day-old chicks (Urdu). VC-
Newsletter,5(2):7-8.

Websites
Diseases of domestic animals. Available from:
http://www.thedomesticanimalssite.com. Accessed 2011 Sept 30.
Tips on poultry raising introduction. Available from:
http://www.da.gov.ph/dawebsite/poultry1.pdf. Accessed 2011 Dec 22.
Centers for disease control and prevention; 2001. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/actionplane/index.htm. Accessed
2011 Dec 22.
www.google.com

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Internship report Of Final Professin DVM

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Internship report Of Final Professin DVM