Interoperability in Internet of Things (IOT)
- 1. Interoperability in the Internet of Things- refers to the ability for different devices, services, and systems to seamlessly exchange data and integrate with each other. This enables faster and more efficient communication between components inside an IoT interoperability framework; the various parts – from sensors to applications – all operate logically under the same Interoperability Standards IoT deployments have three interoperability needs: Technical interoperability. The deployment has the ability to use a physical communications infrastructure to transport bits of data. Syntactic interoperability. A shared syntax or common information model structures the data and establishes a protocol to share the information as specific typed data. Semantic IoT deployments require the ability to establish the meaning of the data. Arduino is a project, open-source hardware, and software platform used to design and build electronic devices. It designs and manufactures microcontroller kits and single-board interfaces for building electronics projects. The Arduino boards were initially created to help the students with the non-technical background. The designs of Arduino boards use a variety of controllers and microprocessors. The Arduino board consists of sets of analog and digital I/O (Input / Output) pins, which are further interfaced to breadboard, expansion boards, and other circuits. Such boards feature the model, Universal Serial Bus (USB), and serial communication interfaces, which are used for loading programs from the computers. It also provides an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) project, which is based on the Processing Language to upload the code to the physical board. The projects are authorized under the GPL and LGPL. The GPL is named as GNU General Public License. The licensed LGPL is named as GNU Lesser General Public License. It allows the use of Arduino boards, it's software distribution, and can be manufactured by anyone. It is also available in the form of self practicing kits. The Arduino is used for various purposes, such as: o Finger button o Button for motor activation o Light as a sensors
- 2. o LED button o Designing o The Building of electronic devices What is Arduino? o Arduino is a software as well as hardware platform that helps in making electronic projects. It is an open source platform and has a variety of controllers and microprocessors. There are various types of Arduino boards used for various purposes. o The Arduino is a single circuit board, which consists of different interfaces or parts. The board consists of the set of digital and analog pins that are used to connect various devices and components, which we want to use for the functioning of the electronic devices. o Most of the Arduino consists of 14 digital I/O pins. o The analog pins in Arduino are mostly useful for fine-grained control. The pins in the Arduino board are arranged in a specific pattern. The other devices on the Arduino board are USB port, small components (voltage regulator or oscillator), microcontroller, power connector, etc. Features The features of Arduino are listed below: o Arduino programming is a simplified version of C++, which makes the learning process easy. o The Arduino IDE is used to control the functions of boards. It further sends the set of specifications to the microcontroller. o Arduino does not need an extra board or piece to load new code. o Arduino can read analog and digital input signals. o The hardware and software platform is easy to use and implement. History The project began in the Interaction Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. Under the supervision of Casey Reas and Massimo Banzi, the Hernando Bar in 2003 created the Wiring (a development platform). It was considered as the master thesis project at IDII. The Wiring platform includes the PCB (Printed Circuit Board). The PCB is operated with the ATmega168 Microcontroller. The ATmega168 Microcontroller was an IDE. It was based on the library and processing functions, which are used to easily program the microcontroller. In 2005, Massimo Banzi, David
- 3. Cuartielles, David Mellis, and another IDII student supported the ATmega168 to the Wiring platform. They further named the project as Arduino. The project of Arduino was started in 2005 for students in Ivrea, Italy. It aimed to provide an easy and low-cost method for hobbyists and professionals to interact with the environment using the actuators and the sensors. The beginner devices were simple motion detectors, robots, and thermostats. In mid-2011, the estimated production of Arduino commercially was 300,000. In 2013, the Arduino boards in use were about 700,000. Around April 2017, Massimo Banzi introduced the foundation of Arduino as the "new beginning for Arduino". In July 2017, Musto continued to pull many Open Source licenses and the code from the websites of the Arduino. In October 2017, Arduino introduced its collaboration with the ARM Holdings. The Arduino continues to work with architectures and technology vendors. Microcontroller The most essential part of the Arduino is the Microcontroller o Microcontroller is small and low power computer. Most of the microcontrollers have a RAM (Random Access Memory), CPU (Central Processing Unit), and a memory storage like other computer systems. o It has very small memory of 2KB (two Kilobytes). Due to less memory, some microcontrollers are capable of running only one program at a time. o It is a single chip that includes memory, Input/Output (I/O) peripherals, and a processor. o The GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins present on the chip help us to control other electronics or circuitry from the program. Electronic devices around Us We have many electronic devices around us. Most of the appliance consists of the microcontroller for its functioning. Let's discuss some of the examples. o Microcontroller present in Microwave Oven accepts the user input and controls the magnet run that generate microwave rays to cook the food and displays the output timer. o Modern cars also contain dozens of microcontrollers working in tandem (one after another) to control functions like lighting, radio interface, etc.
- 4. We need a software to install our sketch or code to the Arduino board. The LED will blink after the successful uploading of code. The software is called as Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment). There are various projects created with the help of the Arduino. Some of the projects are listed below: o Home Automation System using IOT (Internet of Things). o Solar Power water trash collector. o Fire Detector, etc. Some projects require a list of components. So, for easy convenience and hands-on projects, the Arduino kits are available easily in market. Arduino Kits We can easily start with our electronics projects using the complete kit. It also helps us to create hand-on and engaging projects. Some of the popular Arduino kits are listed below: o Arduino Starter kit o Robot Linking UNO kit for learning o Arduino UNO 3 Ultimate starter kit o UNO Super starter kit o Mega 2560 Starter Kit Arduino IDE The IDE makes the traditional projects even easier and simpler. The USB cable is used to load the program or sketch on the specific Arduino board.
- 5. The IDE application is suitable for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the programming language C and C++. We need to connect the Genuino and Arduino board with the IDE to upload the sketch written in the Arduino IDE software. Many other companies including Sparkfun Electronics, also make their own boards that are compatible with Arduino IDE. Arduino Boards There are variety of Arduino board used for different purposes. The board varies in I/O pins, size, etc. The various components present on the Arduino boards are Microcontroller, Digital Input/Output pins, USB Interface and Connector, Analog Pins, Reset Button, Power button, LED's, Crystal Oscillator, and Voltage Regulator. Some components may differ depending on the type of board. Let's discuss some of the popular Arduino boards. o Arduino UNO o Arduino Nano o Arduino Mega o Arduino Due o Arduino Bluetooth Shields o Shields are defined as the hardware device that can be mounted over the board to increase the capabilities of the projects.
- 6. o The shield together with Arduino can make the projects even smarter and simpler. For example, Ethernet shields are used to connect the Arduino board to the Internet. o The shields can be easily attached and detached from the Arduino board. It does not require any complex wiring. What is a Raspberry Pi? Raspberry pi is the name of the “credit card-sized computer board” developed by the Raspberry pi foundation, based in the U.K. It gets plugged in a TV or monitor and provides a fully functional computer capability. It is aimed at imparting knowledge about computing to even younger students at the cheapest possible price. Although it is aimed at teaching computing to kids, but can be used by everyone willing to learn programming, the basics of computing, and building different projects by utilizing its versatility. Raspberry Pi is developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation in the United Kingdom. The Raspberry Pi is a series of powerful, small single-board computers. Raspberry Pi is launched in 2012 and there have been several iterations and variations released since then. Various versions of Raspberry Pi have been out till date. All versions consist of a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible CPU and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU). The original device had a single-core Processor speed of device ranges from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz and a memory range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM. To store the operating system and program memory Secure Digital (SD) cards are used. Raspbian OS which is a Linux operating system is recommended OS by Raspberry Pi Foundation. Some other third party operating systems like RISC OS Pi. Diet Pi, Kali, Linux can also be run on Raspberry Pi. Used: It also provides a set of general purpose input/output pins allowing you to control electronic components for physical computing and explore the Internet of Things (IOT).
- 7. Raspberry pi diagram: Raspberry Pi model – There have been many generations of raspberry Pi from Pi 1 to Pi 4. There is generally a model A and model B. Model A is a less expensive variant and it trends to have reduce RAM and dual cores such as USB and Ethernet. List of Raspberry pi models and releases year: 1. pi 1 model B – 2012 2. pi 1 model A – 2013 3. pi 1 model B+ -2014 4. pi 1 model A+ – 2014 5. Pi 2 Model B – 2015 6. Pi 3 Model B- 2016 7. Pi 3 Model B+ -2018 8. Pi 3 Model A+ -2019 9. Pi 4 Model A – 2019 10. Pi Model B – 2020 11. Pi 400 – 2021
- 8. 10. Specs of the Computer: – The computer has a quad-core ARM processor that doesn’t support the same instruction as an X86 desktop CPU. It has 1GB of RAM, One HDMI port, four USB ports, one Ethernet connection, Micro SD slot for storage, one combined 3.5mm audio/video port, and a Bluetooth connection. It has got a series of input and output pins that are used for making projects like – home security cameras, Encrypted Door lock, etc. 11. Versatility of Raspberry Pi: – It is indeed a versatile computer and can be utilized by people from all age groups, it can be used for watching videos on YouTube, watching movies, and programming in languages like Python, Scratch, and many more. As mentioned above it has a series of I/O pins that give this board the ability to interact with its environment and hence can be utilized to build really cool and interactive projects. 12. Examples of projects: – It can be turned into a weather station by connecting some instruments to it for check the temperature, wind speed, humidity etc… It can be turned into a home surveillance system due to its small size; by adding some cameras to it the security network will be ready. If you love reading books it can also become a storage device for storing thousands of eBooks and also you can access them through the internet by using this device. IoT uses of Raspberry Pi : Raspberry Pi computers feature a set of General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins that provide connections to external electronic devices and therefore the development of IoT solutions. These GPIO pins can be connected to external sensors using either jumper wires or a ribbon cable. These subsequently connect the Pi to a breadboard (a solder-less, plug-andplay electronics board), enabling various application possibilities. One such application is a Raspberry Pi IoT server. “With an in-built quadcore processor, Raspberry Pi can serve as the ‘Internet Gateway’ for IoT devices”, says Sanam Malhotra from Oodles AI. “Powered by a cloud network, Pi acts as a web server for uploading and transiting sensor data on IoT platforms. Custom code, an operating system, a Python library, and a cloud network are all it takes to use Pi Computer as a web server. “Businesses can easily run and control IoT applications like smart home devices, weather stations, agricultural designs, and more using Raspberry Pi”. ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________ Abstract: This paper mainly presents the basic level of IOT implementation. It involves remote control and remote sensing, which requires connectivity between the host and the remote devices. The “things” in IOT are connected via a Control Board, which acts as an interface, to the Raspberry Pi. The host (a computer or a mobile phone) and the remote Pi are connected via a network. The weaved services are used to interact with Raspberry Pi wirelessly. The application software on the host helps us to initiate a command. The application software on the Pi is designed to respond to these commands. It generates meaningful output that drives the Control Board, which in-turn drives the “things” that we intend to control. Operations like adjustment control, ON/OFF control and remote sensor’s output acquisition are
- 9. observed and controlled by application software and commands. IOT is aiming to take hold on the future, Implementing it involves bringing the “things” of our interest into the computer world and giving them power to communicate with us. To facilitate a connectivity of that order for communication, this paper implemented by using Raspberry Pi 2 Model B. II. BASIC IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT USING RASPBERRY PI The basic implementation of IOT includes usage of a host device, a Remote Controllable Device and connectivity between them. In this paper, the host device can be a computer or a mobile phone and the remote controllable device is a Raspberry Pi, which executes the commands given by the master host. The implementation mechanism can be understood by the following figure The implementation requires a close association with both hardware and software. We will now discuss them briefly. 2.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION: The system that implements the Internet of Things includes clusters of hardware components that we are familiar with. Firstly, we need a host like a Personal Computer or a mobile phone that can be used to pass commands to a remotely operable device. As the brain of the system we are using a Raspberry Pi that can be used to control and obtain a desired result from a device. The “things” that we use here are basically day-to-day objects like a bulb, a fan, a washing machine etc., Our intention is to show the operation of the Internet of Things in a concise way. As the Raspberry Pi is more like a compact computer itself, it cannot control “things” directly. It needs an interface to communicate the with them. Fortunately, Raspberry Pi comes with a 40-pin GPIO set that could efficiently be utilized to communicate with the “things”. As we need an interface between them, a “Daughter Board” is to be designed. This Daughter Board will enable us to dim and glow a light source. Switch ON/OFF electrical devices and receive feedback from sensors. 2.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION:
- 10. Hardware without proper software is nothing but a piece a brick. When it comes to Raspberry Pi, an OS must be installed to control and configure it. And in the case of the Daughter Board, python scripts are to be coded to work with the “things”. We have, a communications platform for IOT devices that enables device setup and user interaction from mobile devices and the web, can be used to accomplish communication between Host device and the Raspberry Pi. 2.3 OPERATIONS TO DEMOSTRATE The operations to demonstrate include: Remotely dim and glow a light source (an LED). Switch electrical devices ON/OFF based upon their state remotely (Staircase Control). Receive feedback from sensing elements connected to the daughter board. III. PURPOSE OF SELECTING A RASPBERRY PI Since a Raspberry Pi is basically a mini, credit card-sized computer, These are the few positive aspects that we got to learn while working with the Raspberry Pi, they are: low power consumption No moving parts Compactness Cost effective No noise Status lights Built-in HDMI The GPIO ports Remote control Over-clocking capability Multiple uses Networking Python becomes a great choice when it comes to IoT. We can either use it for the backend side of development or the software development of devices. Moreover, Python is available to work on Linux devices, and we can make use of MicroPython for microcontrollers.
- 11. Python is the coding language that we can use to reduce the volume of data that we need to deal with, accessible in the cloud. Python recognizes the needs regardless of whether we create the IoT project from scratch or interact with actuators, sensors, and accessories. Some of the many benefits of working with Python for IoT devices are a large number of libraries for all types of platforms and the speed it offers at which we can develop the code. Python is a great ally for developing device prototypes. Even if we rewrite some of the scripts while producing to C, C++ or Java to improve performance, the system will generally function perfectly in Python. What are the best solutions for IoT in Python? Some of the best solutions for IoT in the Python programming language are as follows: 1. Python on Raspberry Pi 2. Python on PyBoard 3. ESP8266, ESP32 with Micropython Python on Raspberry Pi The primary objective of running Python on an IoT device that pops up in mind is grabbing the Raspberry Pi from the table. Python is pre-installed in the operating system, and the only objective left for us is to write the coding script. In this scenario, we can control the I/O ports on the expansion bar of the Raspberry Pi. Fortunately, the board supports wireless communication (Bluetooth and WiFi) and Ethernet. We can also connect a monitor to the HDMI output, a specialized 3.2" 320x240 TFT LCD, or a low energy consumption E-Ink 2.13" 250x122 display for Raspberry Pi. There are controllers available in a large variety of computing power and budgets. We can choose these controllers for the IoT system - ranging from the fast Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 8 GB to the smallest Raspberry Pi Zero, all supporting the Python programming language. In case of necessity, we can install the earlier version of Python 2.7 for past compatibility. Let us consider the following snippet of Python code where we have used the GPIO Zero library in order to control the I/O ports. 1. # importing the required modules 2. from gpiozero import Button 3. from time import sleep 4.
- 12. 5. # creating an object of Button 6. the_button = Button(2) 7. 8. # using the if-else statement 9. while True: 10. if the_button.is_pressed: 11. print("Button Pressed") 12. else: 13. print("Button Released") 14. sleep(1) The above example demonstrates the receiving and processing of the signals by pressing the button on the second pin at the moment of release. 1. # importing the required modules 2. from machine import Pin 3. import time 4. 5. # creating an object of Pin 6. ledPin = Pin(2, Pin.OUT) 7. 8. # using some functions 9. while True: 10. ledPin.on() 11. time.sleep(1) 12. ledPin.off() 13. time.sleep(1) ESP8266, ESP32 with MicoPython Another option could be using ESP8266 and ESP 32 to run Python. We have to create a device based on the Internet of Things with low power consumption, great capabilities, and integration with wireless Wi-Fi networks. More precisely, we can use MicroPython. Once we installed Python on the system, we can use the pip installer in the command line in order to install the esptool module. The syntax for the same is shown below: Syntax:
- 13. 1. $ pip install esptool The installation procedure of the MicroPython is pretty easy. We can download the firmware from the website and install it with the help of esptool, not forgetting to format the board before installing it. We can also use one of the IDEs used for developing with MircoPython. The complete procedure of development is carried out on a working computer, and then it is compiled and saved in the memory of an ESP8266 or ESP32 microcontroller. Let us consider the following example to see how simple the script might look like: Explanation: In the above snippet of code, we have imported the Pin module from the machine library along with the time module. We have then created an object of Pin and execute some functions on it. MicroPython imposes many restrictions compared to regular Python; however, in general, we can easily write the necessary functionality on the client-side and execute it effectively on ESP microcontrollers. This option is relatively more cost-effective than buying PyBoard.
- 14. Data logging using MQTT (install using pip install paho-mqtt) Python is displayed below: import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt #Callback for received data from server def on_connect(data_iot, user, events): print(“connected with code” + str(events)) data = mqtt.Client() Data.on_connect = on_connect Data.on_message = on_message data.loop_forever()