Intro
- 1. Differential Equations Ordinary Differential Equations Exponential Growth or Decay Families of Solutions Separation of Variables Numerical Solving – Direction Fields Hybrid Numerical-Symbolic Solving Orthogonal Curves Modeling
- 2. Ordinary Differential Equations Definition A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives of an unknown function and possibly the function itself as well as the independent variable. Example Definition The order of a differential equation is the highest order of the derivatives of the unknown function appearing in the equation 1 st order equations 2 nd order equation Examples In the simplest cases, equations may be solved by direct integration. Observe that the set of solutions to the above 1 st order equation has 1 parameter, while the solutions to the above 2 nd order equation depend on two parameters.
- 3. Exponential Growth or Decay Definition The differential equation y ’ = ky is an equation of exponential growth if k > 0 and of exponential decay if k < 0. Remark Solution In the above equation, the name of the variable is not indicated. We may choose that freely. Usually this type of a differential equation models a development over time like growth of a deposit in a bank or a population growth. Hence we may want to call the variable t . Now substitute y = y ( t ). This computation is valid assuming that y ≠ 0. Direct computation shows that y = 0 is a special solution of the above equation.
- 4. Families of Solutions Example Solution The solution is a family of ellipses. Observe that given any point ( x 0 , y 0 ), there is a unique solution curve of the above equation which curve goes through the given point.
- 5. Separation of Variables Definition A differential equation of the type y ’ = f( x )g( y ) is separable . Example Example Separable differential equations can often be solved with direct integration. This may lead to an equation which defines the solution implicitly rather than directly. Substitute y = y ( x ) to simplify this integral.
- 6. Separation of Variables Example The picture on the right shows some solutions to the above differential equation. The straight lines y = x and y = - x are special solutions. A unique solution curve goes through any point of the plane different from the origin. The special solutions y = x and y = - x go both through the origin.
- 7. General Separable Equations Consider the separable equation y ’ = f( x ) g( y ). This computation is valid provided that g(y) ≠ 0. Observe that if y 0 is such that g( y 0 )=0, then the constant function y = y 0 is a solution to the above differential equation. Hence all solutions to the equation g(y) = 0 give special solutions to the above differential equation. We get: Substitute y = y ( x ). If integration can be performed, this usually leads to an equation that defines y implicitly as a function of x.
- 8. Separation of Variables Example Solution It is, in principle, possible to solve y in terms of x and C from the above implicit solution. This would lead to very long expressions. The picture on the right shows some solution curves. This notation is due to Leibniz.
- 9. Numerical Solving Solutions to a differential equation of the type y ’ = f( x , y ) can always be approximated numerically by computing the direction field or the slope field defined by this equation. The computation has the following steps: Choose first a rectangle in the xy-plane in which rectangle you want to approximate solutions. Form a grid of points of the rectangle. Choose the points so that they cover the rectangle in question evenly. At each grid point ( x , y ) compute the value of the function f( x , y ). Starting from each grid point draw a short arrow with slope f( x , y ). Connect arrows to form an approximation of a solution curve.
- 10. Numerical Solving The picture on the right shows the direction field of the differential equation y ’ = x + y + 1. Connecting arrows, one can approximate solutions. There is one special solution. Can you find it? The special solution is y = - x – 2. This can easily be verified by a direct computation.
- 11. Hybrid Numerical-Symbolic Solving By plotting the direction field of the differential equation y ’ = x + y +1 we found the special solution y = - x - 2. To find the general solution, substitute y = - x - 2 + v to the original equation and solve for v (which is a new unknown function). One gets y ’ = -1 + v ’ and the equation for v is -1 + v ’ = x + (- x -2 + v ) + 1. This simplifies to v’ = v which can be solved by direct integration. The general solution is y = - x – 2 + C e x . Conclusion
- 12. Orthogonal Curves (1) Example Solution Two curve intersect perpendicularly if the product of the slopes of the tangents at the intersection point is -1. This gives the following differential equation for the orthogonal family of curves.
- 13. Orthogonal Curves (2) Example Solution (cont’d) The figure on the right shows these two orthogonal families of curves.
- 14. Newton’s Law of Heating and Cooling Newton’s Law The temperature of a hot or a cold object decreases or increases at a rate proportional to the difference of the temperature of the object and that of its surrounding. Let H( t ) be the temperature of the hot or cold object at time t . Let H ∞ be the temperature of the surrounding. With this notation Newton’s Law can be expressed as the differential equation H’( t ) = k (H( t )- H ∞ ). In Leibniz’s notation: The unknown coefficient k must be determined experimentally.
- 15. Cooking a Turkey Example Solution A turkey is put in a oven heated to 300 degrees (F). Initially the temperature of the turkey is 70 degrees. After one hour the temperature is 86 degrees. How long does it take until the temperature of the turkey is 180 degrees? The differential equation is H’ = k (H – 300). Here the coefficient C may take any value including 0. The unknown quantities k and C need to be determined from the information (H(0) = 70 and H(1) = 86) given in the problem.
- 16. Cooking a Turkey To determine k use the fact that after one hour the temperature is 100 degrees. Example Solution (cont’d) A turkey is put in a oven heated to 300 degrees (F). Initially the temperature of the turkey is 70 degrees. After one hour the temperature is 100 degrees. How long does it take until the temperature of the turkey is 180 degrees? Solving t from the equation H( t ) = 180 we get t = 4.65. Hence the turkey is done after about 4 hours and 40 minutes. We now know that Hence the model is Model for the Temperature of the Turkey
- 17. Medical Modeling Example Solution Half-life of morphine in the body is 2 hours. At time t = 0 a patient is given a dose of 5 mg of morphine. How much morphine is left after 3 hours? Assume that the rate at which morphine is eliminated is proportional to the amount of morphine left. Let m( t ) = the amount of morphine at time t. The model is Model for the Amount of Morphine at Time t By the assumptions we have This can be solved by direct integration. The model is now We get m(3) ≈ 1.77 mg.