Intro to Composite Laminates
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This document discusses various mechanical testing methods for composite laminates, including tensile, compression, shear, compression after impact, and fatigue testing. It covers topics like testing laminate bulk properties to characterize tensile, compressive, and shear moduli/strengths in different fiber orientations. It also discusses considerations for things like gripping, alignment, test conditions, and standards. References are provided for several ASTM and ISO test methods.
![66
In-Plane Tensile – Gripping
• Tabbed thermoset matrix specimens
• Can be gripped in a range of manual or hydraulic grips with serrated jaw faces.
• Un-tabbed thermoplastic matrix specimens
• Bonding of tabs to thermoplastic composites can be difficult because of low adhesion.
• Bonding of tabs is time consuming and expensive and unlikely to be accepted by high
volume users of composites e.g. automotive.
• Gripping un-tabbed thermoplastic specimens with fine pattern, or carbide coated faces, can
give good results [1]. It is likely that recommendations regarding this approach will appear in
future revisions of ISO 527-4/5.
• Pultruded UD materials
• These important materials are usually produced in the form of round rods. They are very
strong in the axial direction but weak in the transverse direction and this makes gripping a
challenge.
• A common solution is to use a long gripping length and a semi-circular grip profile matched
to the specimen diameter.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introtocompositelaminateswebinar-200413130939/85/Intro-to-Composite-Laminates-6-320.jpg)
![1515
Inter-laminar Shear Testing
SBS (Short Beam Shear) - Various
Apparent ILS Strength only (no modulus)
Simple rectangular specimen
Widely used QC test for materials and parts
Vee-notched Shear methods – ASTM D 5379, D7078
“True” ILS Strength and modulus
Complex specimen
Used for establishing materials design data
DBS (Double Beam Shear) – ISO 19927
“True” ILS Strength and modulus
Simple rectangular specimen
[2], [3]
Typical shear strain distribution
ASTM D5379
ASTM D7078](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introtocompositelaminateswebinar-200413130939/85/Intro-to-Composite-Laminates-15-320.jpg)
![1616
In Plane Shear
In Plane Shear (IPS) - Various
Test set up similar to tensile test but
specimen has fiber directions of +/- 45
degrees
Simple test but not a pure shear stress
(shear + axial tension)
Shear Frame – ISO 20337 [4]
Pure shear loading
Large shear strains (>5%)
Expensive specimen preparation
Complex test fixture and procedure
Rail Shear – ASTM 4255
Rectangular specimen is clamped
between rails.
Not a pure shear stress state](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introtocompositelaminateswebinar-200413130939/85/Intro-to-Composite-Laminates-16-320.jpg)
Intro to Composite Laminates
- 1. Ian McEnteggart MECHANICAL TESTING OF COMPOSITE LAMINATES
- 2. TOPICS WE WILL COVER Laminate Bulk Properties - Tensile - Compression - Shear Compression After Impact Composite Testing System Solution Fatigue Testing
- 3. 33 Testing to Characterise Bulk Properties Orthotropic material: • Tensile moduli/strengths: E1t , E2t , E3t , S1t , S2t , S3t • Compressive moduli/strengths:E1c, E2c, E3c, S1c, S2c, S3c • Shear moduli/strengths: G12, G23, G13, S12, S23, S13 • Poisson’s ratios: υ12, υ23, υ13 Tension 0⁰ Fibre dominant property 90⁰ Matrix & Fibre-Matrix adhesion Compression: Matrix dominant property Dependant on the stiffness and adhesion qualities of the resin being able to prevent buckling of the fibres Shear: Matrix dominant property transferring stresses across the composite
- 4. 44 Testing to Characterise Bulk Properties - Continued Hi/Low Temp e.g. Humidity Conditioning Test Conditions
- 5. 55 In-Plane Tensile • Specimens may have variety of layups and orientations e.g. 0/90º for UD. • Strain measurement using strain gauges, clip-on or Non-contact extensometers. • Strain gauges and Non-contact extensometer allow measurement of strain at failure. • Averaging axial extensometers and pairs of strain gauges can compensate for mis-alignment and give more consistent modulus results • Biaxial extensometer or axial + transverse strain gauges required for determination of Poisson’s ratio ASTM D 3039 ISO 527-4/5 EN 2561/2597 Non-contact Video Extensometer Strain Gauges Averaging Biaxial Extensometer
- 6. 66 In-Plane Tensile – Gripping • Tabbed thermoset matrix specimens • Can be gripped in a range of manual or hydraulic grips with serrated jaw faces. • Un-tabbed thermoplastic matrix specimens • Bonding of tabs to thermoplastic composites can be difficult because of low adhesion. • Bonding of tabs is time consuming and expensive and unlikely to be accepted by high volume users of composites e.g. automotive. • Gripping un-tabbed thermoplastic specimens with fine pattern, or carbide coated faces, can give good results [1]. It is likely that recommendations regarding this approach will appear in future revisions of ISO 527-4/5. • Pultruded UD materials • These important materials are usually produced in the form of round rods. They are very strong in the axial direction but weak in the transverse direction and this makes gripping a challenge. • A common solution is to use a long gripping length and a semi-circular grip profile matched to the specimen diameter.
- 7. 77 In-plane Tensile Testing - Alignment What do we mean by “Alignment”? Why is Alignment Important? Ductile Metal Test Piece • Misalignment introduces uneven stress distribution • Metal yields in high stress region but continues to carry load • Stress redistributes reducing the effect of misalignment on test results Fibre Composite Test Piece • Misalignment introduces uneven stress distribution • Fibres in high stress region fail • Stress in remaining fibres increases causing rapid failure. • Misalignment has a significant effect on Test results
- 8. 88 Achieving & Verifying Alignment • Testing Machine • High Axial & Lateral Stiffness • Guided • Alignment Fixture (below) • Gripping techniques • Moving body grip provides repeatable jaw engagement • Side to Side Symmetrical wedge “pocket” controls jaw face alignment • Front-Back Symmetrical body maintains accurate alignment under load. • Specimen Stops ensure accurate specimen location
- 9. 99 • Alignment is usually verified under load using strain gauged “specimens” ISO 527-4/5Nadcap Flat 4 Gage Option Achieving & Verifying Alignment - Continued Strain gauged Specimen
- 10. 1010 Achieving & Verifying Alignment - Continued
- 11. 1111 Through thickness Tensile • Specimen bonded to metal studs • Strain gauges required for modulus determination ASTM D 7291 Stud Adhesive Specimen F F ISO 20975 – 1 Draft
- 12. 1212 ASTM D695 Compression (Modified) Tabbed Specimen for Strength Untabbed Specimen for Modulus FORCE G U I D E Tabbed Specimen ASTM D6484 - Open Hole Compression (OHC) Untabbed Specimen Can also be used in Shear Loading Mode ASTM D 695 ASTM D 6484 Plain Specimen Compression Testing End Loading
- 13. 1313 SHEAR FORCE CLAMP FORCE ASTM D 3410 ISO 14126 AITM 1-0008 ASTM D3410 (ITTRI) ISO 14126, AITM 1-0008 Wyoming Modified Celanese Compression TestingCompression Testing Shear Loading Unsupported Gauge Section
- 14. 1414 ASTM D 6641 END FORCE SHEAR FORCE CLAMP FORCE Compression Testing Combined Loading Unsupported Gauge Section AITM D 6641
- 15. 1515 Inter-laminar Shear Testing SBS (Short Beam Shear) - Various Apparent ILS Strength only (no modulus) Simple rectangular specimen Widely used QC test for materials and parts Vee-notched Shear methods – ASTM D 5379, D7078 “True” ILS Strength and modulus Complex specimen Used for establishing materials design data DBS (Double Beam Shear) – ISO 19927 “True” ILS Strength and modulus Simple rectangular specimen [2], [3] Typical shear strain distribution ASTM D5379 ASTM D7078
- 16. 1616 In Plane Shear In Plane Shear (IPS) - Various Test set up similar to tensile test but specimen has fiber directions of +/- 45 degrees Simple test but not a pure shear stress (shear + axial tension) Shear Frame – ISO 20337 [4] Pure shear loading Large shear strains (>5%) Expensive specimen preparation Complex test fixture and procedure Rail Shear – ASTM 4255 Rectangular specimen is clamped between rails. Not a pure shear stress state
- 17. 1717 Compression After Impact (CAI) - Continued Types of Impact Damage Typical CAI Test - Force v Displacement Typical Drop Weight Machine Impact set up
- 18. 1818 Compression After Impact (CAI) - Continued ASTM D 7137 AITM 1-0010 Instron 5900 Series Blue Hill Universal
- 19. 1919 Composites Testing System Solution Combining many different test types on one machine Precise Grip Alignment “Piggy back” Compression Platens with Spherical seats Alignment Fixture Load cell with 1000:1 range Temperature Chamber Compression to ASTM D695 etc. CAI
- 20. 2020 Composites Fatigue • Fatigue – degradation due to repeated cyclic stresses • Original commercial uptake by aerospace and wind energy sector • Demand for future automotive development • Fatigue properties usually presented in the form of an S-N plot
- 21. 2121 4 Hz (excluding outliers) Adaptive frequency Gradient 2.886 2.651 Intercept (% UTS) 104.4 % 100.7 % Fit quality (“R²”) 0.931 0.966 Predicted Stress at 107 cycles (%UTS) 57.9 % 57.9 % Predicted Stress at 108 cycles (%UTS) 51.2 % 51.8 % Equivalent Test Time (Continuous machine time) 55 days 40 days Log fit: σc = ‒ a ln(N) + c Composites Fatigue & Temperature • Fatigue test specimens generate heat internally. For metals this is usually insignificant. For composites can be severe (>10C) • Varies with stress level and damage history Temperature evolution in open-hole tension- tension fatigue of GFRP • Solution is to control the test frequency throughout the test • Improves throughput and reduces variability • Case study: 31 ± 7 °C reduced to 30 ± 0.5 °C • 27.5% time saving
- 22. 2222 Thank You for Listening. Questions? To learn more visit: www.Instron.com
- 23. 2323 Thank You for Listening 1. Presentation to ISO TC61/SC13/WG2 Unbonded tabs or gripping condition without tabs using fine grip face as informative annex (Annex C) Tsuyoshi Matsuol,, Masaki Hojo2 ,Kazuro Kageyama3 . 3 The University of Tokyo 2 Kyoto University 2. ISO 19927:2018 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites -- Determination of interlaminar strength and modulus by double beam shear test 3. THE 20TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS Double Beam Shear (DBS) – a new test method for determining interlaminar shear properties of composite laminates G. Zhou, P.H. Nash, J. Whitaker and N. Jones 4. ISO 20337:2018 Fibre-reinforced plastic composites -- Shear test method using a shear frame for the determination of the in-plane shear stress/shear strain response and shear modulus References