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INTRODUCTION TO
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
1
RESEARCH?
 A careful investigation for new facts in any branch of
knowledge
 Redman and Mory: Research is a systematic effort to gain
new knowledge
5 March 2024
2
RESEARCH?
 Clifford Woody: Research-
 defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis/objectives;
 collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
 making deductions and reaching conclusions;
 testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis/objectives
5 March 2024
3
WHY DO RESEARCH?
 Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
 Desire to be of service to society
 Desire to get respectability
 Directives of government, employment conditions etc.
5 March 2024
4
WHY DO RESEARCH?...
 Validate intuition
 Improve methods
 Demands of the Job
 For publication/patent
5 March 2024
5
CHOOSE A SUBJECT
 Based on an idea
 Based on your experience
 Based on your reading
 Originality
5 March 2024
6
The important features of a research
design
 A plan
Specify the sources & types of information
relevant to the research problem
 A strategy
Which approach will be used for gathering and
and analyzing the data
 The time and budgets
Most studies are done under these two
constraints
7/42
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Systematic- All steps must be inter
related- one to another
Logical- Agreeing with the principles
of logic
Empirical-Conclusions should be
based on evidences/observations
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH…
Objectivity- It must answer the research
questions
Replicable- reproducible
Transmittable
 Quality control- Accurate measurements
 All well designed and conducted research
has potential application
5 March 2024
9
DEFINE YOUR OBJECTIVES
 Try to keep these simple
 The more variables the more difficult
 Use the opportunity
 Get help at this stage
 Senior colleagues
 Experienced researchers
5 March 2024
10
LITERATURE SEARCH
 Check to see if your idea is original
 Get articles
 Read articles and their references
 Most of these will be vital when writing up reports
 Find gap areas
 Find obsolete measurements and results
 Define objectives of the study
5 March 2024
11
STEPS INVOLVED IN A RESEARCH
 Choose a subject
 Literature survey
 Defining and formulation of specific objectives
 Prepare Synopsis
 Procuring of suitable apparatus/materials
 Design of experimental set up
 Preliminary experiments
 Execution of the project
 Accurate measurements/data collection
5 March 2024
12
STEPS INVOLVED IN A RESEARCH…
 Data analysis and error compounding
 Hypothesis testing and verification
 Results and discussion
 Generalization, interpretation and drawing conclusions
 Preparation of the project report or writing thesis
5 March 2024
13
14
1
2
3
4
5
The Process of Research
RESEARCH ARTICLE WRITING
 Find suitable/specified journals
 Get copy of Instructions to
authors
 Prepare article as per instructions
 Select suitable titles
 Authors and affiliations
 Abstract
 Highlights
 Novelty statements
 Introduction
 Materials and methods
 Results and discussion
 Conclusions
 Acknowledgements
 References
5 March 2024
15
AUTHORSHIP/ETHICS
 All authors should directly involved in entire study
 Article is free from plagiarism
 Should follow ethics
5 March 2024
16
A RESEARCH REPORT
A Research Report generally include:
 Introduction and Statement of problem
 Review of relevant literature
 Statement of hypothesis or research objectives
 Theoretical resume
 Description of research design
 Description Experimental design
 Description of measurement and data analysis
 Error compounding
 Presentation of Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion, limitations, and implications
 Suggestions for future work
 Acknowledgements
 References cited
 Appendices
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Application- Pure and Applied Research
Applied- Finding solutions for immediate problems facing a
society/industry
Pure- Concerned with generalization and formulation of a theory
2. Inquiry Mode- Quantitative and qualitative
Quantitatative- Measurements of quantity or amount
Qualitative- Concerned with qualitative phenomena (reasons
for human behavior)
5 March 2024
18
RESEARCH STUDIES
 Based on research objectives:
 Exploratory or formulative research- To gain familiarity
with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
 descriptive research- To study accurately the
characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a
group-includes survey
5 March 2024
19
RESEARCH STUDIES
 Diagnostic research- To determine the frequency with
which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else
 hypothesis-testing research- To test a hypothesis of a
causal relationship between variables
5 March 2024
20
THANK YOU
5 March 2024
21
“Science is not belief,
but the will to find out.”

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Introduction about research methodology explained in simple language.

  • 2. RESEARCH?  A careful investigation for new facts in any branch of knowledge  Redman and Mory: Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge 5 March 2024 2
  • 3. RESEARCH?  Clifford Woody: Research-  defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis/objectives;  collecting, organizing and evaluating data;  making deductions and reaching conclusions;  testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis/objectives 5 March 2024 3
  • 4. WHY DO RESEARCH?  Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits  Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems  Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work  Desire to be of service to society  Desire to get respectability  Directives of government, employment conditions etc. 5 March 2024 4
  • 5. WHY DO RESEARCH?...  Validate intuition  Improve methods  Demands of the Job  For publication/patent 5 March 2024 5
  • 6. CHOOSE A SUBJECT  Based on an idea  Based on your experience  Based on your reading  Originality 5 March 2024 6
  • 7. The important features of a research design  A plan Specify the sources & types of information relevant to the research problem  A strategy Which approach will be used for gathering and and analyzing the data  The time and budgets Most studies are done under these two constraints 7/42
  • 8. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Systematic- All steps must be inter related- one to another Logical- Agreeing with the principles of logic Empirical-Conclusions should be based on evidences/observations
  • 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH… Objectivity- It must answer the research questions Replicable- reproducible Transmittable  Quality control- Accurate measurements  All well designed and conducted research has potential application 5 March 2024 9
  • 10. DEFINE YOUR OBJECTIVES  Try to keep these simple  The more variables the more difficult  Use the opportunity  Get help at this stage  Senior colleagues  Experienced researchers 5 March 2024 10
  • 11. LITERATURE SEARCH  Check to see if your idea is original  Get articles  Read articles and their references  Most of these will be vital when writing up reports  Find gap areas  Find obsolete measurements and results  Define objectives of the study 5 March 2024 11
  • 12. STEPS INVOLVED IN A RESEARCH  Choose a subject  Literature survey  Defining and formulation of specific objectives  Prepare Synopsis  Procuring of suitable apparatus/materials  Design of experimental set up  Preliminary experiments  Execution of the project  Accurate measurements/data collection 5 March 2024 12
  • 13. STEPS INVOLVED IN A RESEARCH…  Data analysis and error compounding  Hypothesis testing and verification  Results and discussion  Generalization, interpretation and drawing conclusions  Preparation of the project report or writing thesis 5 March 2024 13
  • 15. RESEARCH ARTICLE WRITING  Find suitable/specified journals  Get copy of Instructions to authors  Prepare article as per instructions  Select suitable titles  Authors and affiliations  Abstract  Highlights  Novelty statements  Introduction  Materials and methods  Results and discussion  Conclusions  Acknowledgements  References 5 March 2024 15
  • 16. AUTHORSHIP/ETHICS  All authors should directly involved in entire study  Article is free from plagiarism  Should follow ethics 5 March 2024 16
  • 17. A RESEARCH REPORT A Research Report generally include:  Introduction and Statement of problem  Review of relevant literature  Statement of hypothesis or research objectives  Theoretical resume  Description of research design  Description Experimental design  Description of measurement and data analysis  Error compounding  Presentation of Results  Discussion  Conclusion, limitations, and implications  Suggestions for future work  Acknowledgements  References cited  Appendices
  • 18. TYPES OF RESEARCH 1. Application- Pure and Applied Research Applied- Finding solutions for immediate problems facing a society/industry Pure- Concerned with generalization and formulation of a theory 2. Inquiry Mode- Quantitative and qualitative Quantitatative- Measurements of quantity or amount Qualitative- Concerned with qualitative phenomena (reasons for human behavior) 5 March 2024 18
  • 19. RESEARCH STUDIES  Based on research objectives:  Exploratory or formulative research- To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it  descriptive research- To study accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group-includes survey 5 March 2024 19
  • 20. RESEARCH STUDIES  Diagnostic research- To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else  hypothesis-testing research- To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables 5 March 2024 20
  • 21. THANK YOU 5 March 2024 21 “Science is not belief, but the will to find out.”