Introduction. Hypoxia is a state in whic
- 2. Oxygen binding capacity （CO2max） 1. Definition：It is the maximum amount of oxygen that can be combined to hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood. 2.Normal value： 20ml/dl Hypoxia
- 3. Sodium-Potassium pump At rest Sodium- potassium pumps function to maintain the negative internal environment of the cell How? Sodium potassium pump pumps out three Na+ ions for every two K+ ions it takes in Net negative charge inside as compared to the outside of the cell
- 4. Sodium-Potassium pump cont. The sodium potassium pump keeps high a high concentration of Na+ outside of the cell and a low concentration inside It also keeps a high concentration of K+ inside the cell and a low concentration inside. Inside the cell Outside the cell Na+ K+ Lots of Na+ ions outside of cell
- 5. Action potential An action potential is a temporary reversal of the polarity (charge) inside the cell compared to the outside This action potentials are responsible for sending signals in a neuron Steps to an action potential Depolarization Repolarization Return to resting membrane potential
- 6. Oxygen content（CO2） 1.Definition：It is the actual content of oxygen in 100ml blood. 2.Normal value： CaO2=19ml/dl CvO2=14ml/dl Hypoxia
- 7. Arteriovenous oxygen content (Ca-vO2) 19ml/dl 14ml/dl 5ml/dl O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 A V Definition: It is the difference of oxygen content between arterial blood and mixed venous blood. Normal value： 5ml/dl
- 8. Definition: It is the percentage of hemoglobin present as oxyhemoglobin. Oxygen saturation (SO2) Normal value：SaO2=95%; SvO2=70% CO2-dissolved O2 CO2max 100% = SO2 Hypoxia
- 9. P50 Definition: P50 is a parameter reflecting the affinity of Hb to oxygen; it is the O2 pressure required to sturate 50% of Hb. Normal value：26~28 mmHg
- 10. Dissociation curve of oxyhemoglobin 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 Hb Saturation (%) PaO2 (mmHg) pH↓ 2,3-DPG↑ CO2 ↑ Temperature↑ Leftward-shifted curve: Rightward-shifted curve Hypoxia