Introduction of cardiovascular system
- 2. History :- • World Heart Day is celebrated every year on 29 September. • 3 December 1967, the world's first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by Dr. Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. • Prafulla Kumar Sen and his team performed India’s first heart transplant in Bombay in February 1968. • The Organ Transplant Bill 1994 was passed in the Indian Parliament in May 1994 which legalized the organ transplants in India. • On August 3, 1994, first successful human to human heart transplant in India was performed at All India Insititute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi by a team of at least 20 surgeons led by Panangipalli Venugopal.
- 3. TheCardiovascular System • Cardiovascular system: Organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body • Major function – transportation, using blood as the transport vehicle • This system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones and other substances vital for body homeostasis to and form cells • The force to move blood around the body is provided by the pumping heart and blood pressure
- 4. The Heart :- • The human heart is approximately the size of a fist, and weighs less than a pound (200 to 425 grams) • It is enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax, and flanked on each side by the lungs • The pointed apex is directed toward the left hip and rests at about the fifth intercostal space • The broad aspect, or base, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib
- 5. The Heart :- • The heart is enclosed by a double- walled sac called the pericardium • The superficial loosely fitted part is called the fibrous pericardium • Protects and anchors the heart
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- 7. The Heart :- • Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer serous pericardium • The parietal layer lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium • The parietal layer attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart and then makes a U-turn and continues inferiorly over the heart surface as the visceral layer, or epicardium
- 8. Pericardial Fluid :- • A slippery lubricating fluid is produced by the serous pericardial membranes which allows the heart to beat easily in a relative frictionless environment. • Between the two layers of the pericardium lies the pericardial cavity which normally contains up to 50 mL of pericardial fluid
- 9. Pericardial Fluid :- • Inflammation of the pericardium, pericarditis, often results in a decrease in theserous fluid • The cause the pericardial layers to stick, forming painful adhesions that interferewith heart movements
- 10. Anatomy of Heart • The heart walls are composed of three layers: 1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium
- 11. Epicardium:- • The outermost layer of the heart. • Comprised of mesothelial cells, fat and connective tissues
- 12. Myocardium:- • The myocardium consists of thick bundles of the cardiac muscle twisted into ring-like arrangements • This is the layer of the heart that actually contracts • Reinforced by dense, fibrous connective tissue (“heart skeleton”)
- 13. Endocardium • The endocardium is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers • Continuous with the linings of the blood vessels leaving and entering the heart
- 14. The Heart :- • The heart has four hollow chambers: • 2 atria – receiving chambers • 2 ventricles – filling chambers
- 15. Atrium • Blood flows into the atria under low pressure from the veins, and continues into the ventricles • There are 2 Atrium • Right Atrium (Deoxygenated Blood) • Left Atrium (Oxygenated Blood)
- 16. The ventricles :- • The ventricles are thick- walled discharging chambers • They are the pumps of the heart • When they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation. • There are 2 Ventricles:- • Right Ventricle (Deoxygenated Blood) • Left Ventricle (Oxygenated Blood) • The right ventricle forms most of the heart’s anterior surface • The left ventricle forms the apex
- 17. Septum :- • The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is the interventricular septum or the interatrial septum based on the chambers it separates.
- 18. Heart valves :- • The heart also has four valves: • 2 that separate the atria from the ventricles • 2 that separate the ventricles from their arteries • All of these valves prevent back flow
- 19. Heart valves :- ⚫ The atrioventricular (AV) valves are between the atria and ventricles ⚫ On the left is the bicuspid or mitral valve ⚫ On the right is the tricuspid valve ⚫ The atrioventricular (AV) are all anchored by the chordae tendineae ⚫ The semilunar valves guard the bases of the large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers ⚫ On the right is the pulmonary valve ⚫ On the left is the aortic valve
- 20. The Blood Vessels :- The cardiovascular system has three types of blood vessels: • Arteries (and arterioles) – carry blood away from the heart. • Capillaries – where nutrient andgas exchange occur • Veins (and venules) – carry blood toward the heart.
- 21. BloodVessels • Blood vessels createa closed transport system, or vascularsystem
- 22. Arteries :- • Arteries leave the heart • Smaller arteries • Arterioles • Higher, changing blood pressure • Thicker walls • The middle section (tunica media) is especially thick • Strong and stretchy
- 23. Capillaries :- • Capillaries are minute blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules • Form capillary beds
- 24. Veins :- • Venules • Larger veins • Great veins (Vena cavae) return blood to the heart • Lower, constant blood pressure • Thinner walls • Blood often flows against gravity • Have valves
- 26. Comparison :-