![Course Description
• Fundamentals of AI, and basic definitions.
Intelligent agents and their environments
[Chapters 1 & 2 of textbook].
• Problem solving methodologies, example
problems, general purpose search algorithm
and its variants for uniformed and informed
searches. [Chapter 3 (sections 3.1 – 3.4), and
Chapter 4 (sections 4.1 – 4.3) of textbook].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-250305161022-949f3b83/85/Introduction-to-Artificial-Intelligence-2-320.jpg)
![Course Description
• Knowledge-based agents, propositional logic (PL),
inference in PL and reasoning patterns in PL.
[Chapter 7 (sections 7.1 – 7.5)].
• First-order Logic (FOL), representation, syntax
and semantics. [Chapter 8 (sections 8.1 – 8.2)].
• Forms of learning, inductive and deductive
learning, decision tree learning, and single layer
perceptron’s. [Chapter 18 (sections 18.1 – 18.3),
Chapter 20 (section 20.5)].
.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-250305161022-949f3b83/85/Introduction-to-Artificial-Intelligence-3-320.jpg)
![Math, games
• In 1996, a computer program written by researchers at
Argonne National Laboratory proved a mathematical
supposition unsolved for decades
• NY Times story: The Computers have found proofs of
mathematical conjectures. “[The proof] would have
been called creative if a human had thought of it”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/01-250305161022-949f3b83/85/Introduction-to-Artificial-Intelligence-26-320.jpg)
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.
- 1. Artificial Intelligence Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 2. Course Description • Fundamentals of AI, and basic definitions. Intelligent agents and their environments [Chapters 1 & 2 of textbook]. • Problem solving methodologies, example problems, general purpose search algorithm and its variants for uniformed and informed searches. [Chapter 3 (sections 3.1 – 3.4), and Chapter 4 (sections 4.1 – 4.3) of textbook].
- 3. Course Description • Knowledge-based agents, propositional logic (PL), inference in PL and reasoning patterns in PL. [Chapter 7 (sections 7.1 – 7.5)]. • First-order Logic (FOL), representation, syntax and semantics. [Chapter 8 (sections 8.1 – 8.2)]. • Forms of learning, inductive and deductive learning, decision tree learning, and single layer perceptron’s. [Chapter 18 (sections 18.1 – 18.3), Chapter 20 (section 20.5)]. .
- 4. Learning Outcomes • Comprehend the fundamentals of AI, defining characteristics of intelligent agents w.r.t. their environments, and their use in different domains. • Implementation of an appropriate uninformed/informed search algorithm for a problem and characterize its time and space complexity. • Interpret natural language sentences (e.g., English) into logic statements. Change a logic statement into clause form and apply resolution to a set of logic statements to answer a query. • Describe the differences among different styles of learning, and explain the difference between inductive and deductive learning with examples (Decision Trees and Single Layer Perceptrons).
- 5. Required Material • Text Book: – Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall. 2nd ed. • Reference Books: – Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, George F. Luger, Addison Wesley Publisher.
- 6. Today’s Lecture • What is intelligence? • What is artificial intelligence? • Modern successes • Sentience AI
- 7. Let’s begin • Introduction Artificial Intelligence? – AI is one of the newest disciplines – Formally initiated in 1956 – But the study of intelligence is also one of the oldest discipline. • For over 2,000 years philosophers have tried to understand how • Seeing • Learning • Remembering • And reasoning could or should be done?????
- 8. What is Intelligence? “Ability to learn, understand and think” (Oxford dictionary)
- 9. What is Intelligence??? • Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn from, to understand about, and interact with one’s environment. • Intelligence is the faculty of understanding • Intelligence is not to make no mistakes but quickly to understand how to make them good
- 10. What is Intelligence??? • Capacity to learn from experience • Ability to adapt to different contexts • The use of analyses ability to enhance learning • Capacity of mind, especially to understand principles, truths, facts or meanings, acquire knowledge, and apply it to practice; the ability to learn and comprehend.
- 11. What is artificial intelligence? • There is no agreed definition of the term artificial intelligence. However, there are various definitions that have been proposed. Some will be considered below.
- 12. What is artificial intelligence? American Association for Artificial Intelligence The scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines.
- 13. What is artificial intelligence? • It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. • It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. (John McCarthy)
- 14. What is artificial intelligence? (ctd.) • The use of computers to solve problems that previously could only be solved by applying human intelligence Thus something can fit this definition today, but, once we see how the program works and understand the problem, we will not think of it as AI anymore (David Parnas)
- 15. What is artificial intelligence? (ctd.) AI is a study in which computer systems are made that think like human beings. Haugeland, 1985 & Bellman, 1978. AI is a study in which computer systems are made that act like people. AI is the art of creating computers that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people. Kurzweil, 1990.
- 16. What is artificial intelligence? (ctd.) AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people are better at. Rich & Knight, 1991 AI is a study in which computers that rationally think are made. Charniac & McDermott, 1985. AI is the study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act. Winston, 1992.
- 17. What is artificial intelligence? (ctd.) AI is the study in which systems that rationally act are made. AI is considered to be a study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behaviour in terms of computational processes. Schalkeoff, 1990. AI is considered to be a branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. Luger & Stubblefield, 1993.
- 18. Academic Disciplines relevant to AI • Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality. • Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability • Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data • Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents • Neuroscience Neurons as information processing units. • Psychology/ how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive Cognitive Science Information, represent knowledge. • Computer engineering building fast computers • Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars
- 19. V.I.K.I: from the movie I Robot 2004 • V.I.K.I. part of the story centers around an intelligent computer V.I.K.I. is the “brains” of an intelligent – in the movie, V.I.K.I. can • speak easily • see and understand the emotions • navigate the automatically • Diagnose problems • make life-and-death decisions • display emotions • Predict • Planning • In 1969 this was science fiction: is it still science fiction?
- 20. Consider what might be involved in building a computer like Hal (computer system designed to run space stations) • What are the components that might be useful? – Fast hardware? – Chess-playing at grandmaster level? – Speech interaction? • speech synthesis • speech recognition • speech understanding – Image recognition and understanding? – Learning? – Planning and decision-making?
- 21. Successes of AI today IBM Watson • Watson is an artificially intelligent computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's Deep QA project by a research team.
- 22. • The computer system was specifically developed to answer questions on the quiz show Jeopardy!. • In 2011, Watson competed on Jeopardy! Against former winners Brad Rutter andKen Jennings. Watson received the first prize of $1 million
- 23. Vision • OCR, handwriting recognition • Face detection/recognition: many consumer cameras, Apple iPhoto
- 24. • Visual search: Google Goggles • Vehicle safety systems: Mobileye Google self-driving cars
- 25. • Google’s self-driving car passes 300,000 miles ( 8/15/2012) Natural Language • Speech technologies • Google voice search • Apple Siri Machine translation • translate.com • Comparison google of several translation systems
- 26. Math, games • In 1996, a computer program written by researchers at Argonne National Laboratory proved a mathematical supposition unsolved for decades • NY Times story: The Computers have found proofs of mathematical conjectures. “[The proof] would have been called creative if a human had thought of it”
- 27. • IBM’s Deep Blue defeated the world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 Logistics, scheduling, planning • During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people • NASA’s Remote Agent software operated the Deep Space 1 spacecraft during two experiments in May 1999 • In 2004, NASA introduced the MAPGEN system to plan the daily operations for the Mars Exploration Rovers
- 28. Information agents Agent: a software program that uses artificial intelligence to perform tasks or make decisions • Search engines • Recommendation systems • Spam filtering • Automated helpdesks • Fraud detection • Automated trading • Medical diagnosis
- 29. Robotics • Mars rovers • Autonomous vehicles – DARPA Grand Challenge – Google self-driving cars • Autonomous helicopters • Robot soccer – RoboCup • Personal robotics – Humanoid robots – – Robotic pets
- 30. ASIMO • ASIMO, an acronym for Advanced Step in Innovative MObility, ▪ Is a humanoid robot designed and developed by Honda. ▪ Introduced on 21 October 2000, ASIMO was designed to be a multi-functional mobile assistant. With aspirations of helping those who lack full mobility
- 31. ASIMO Revolution
- 32. RoboCup • Robocup is an international robotics competition founded in 1997. • The aim is to promote robotics and AI research, by offering a publicly appealing, but formidable challenge. • The name RoboCup is a contraction of the competition's full name, "Robot Soccer World Cup“.
- 33. RoboCup
- 34. Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence
- 35. Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence Pros Human Intelligence • Intuition, Common sense, Judgement, Creativity, Beliefs etc • The ability to demonstrate their intelligence by communicating effectively • Reasoning and Critical thinking Artificial Intelligence • Ability to simulate human behavior and cognitive processes • Capture and preserve human expertise • Fast Response. The ability to comprehend large amounts of data quickly.
- 36. – Humans are fallible – They have limited knowledge bases – Information processing of serial nature proceed very slowly in the brain as compared to computers • No “common sense” • Cannot deal with “mixed” knowledge • May have high development costs • Raise legal and ethical concerns Human Intelligence VS Artificial Intelligence Cons Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence
- 37. Artificial Intelligence • AI software uses the techniques of search and pattern matching • Programmers design AI software to give the computer only the Conventional Computing • Conventional computer Software follow a logical series of steps to reach a conclusion • Computer programmers Originally designed software that accomplished tasks by completing algorithms Artificial Intelligence VS Conventional Computing