Introduction to Baroque
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The document provides an overview of the Baroque style across various art forms between 1600-1750. It discusses key characteristics of Baroque painting, sculpture, architecture, and music. For painting, it highlights the use of tenebrism technique with strong contrasts of light and shadow. Baroque sculpture emphasized figura serpentinata and works by Bernini. Architecture featured dramatic lighting effects and ornamentation. Music introduced new instruments and forms like opera.
![Claudio Monteverdi
(1567-1643)
“The [written] text should be the master of the music, not the
servant.”
Opera emerged as a revival of Greek theater
Composed Orfeo (1607), the first full-length opera
libretto—“little book”, text of the opera
overture—orchestral introduction
aria—solos, usually long to develop character emotions
recitatives—longer passages sometimes accompanied with chorus
Queen of the Night aria (Mozart)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/baroquestyleintroductionpc-120828105835-phpapp02/85/Introduction-to-Baroque-38-320.jpg)
Introduction to Baroque
- 2. Baroque is recognized between 1600-1750 from Portuguese barocco, referring to oddly-shaped decorative pearls focused primarily on religious scenes most prominent features of all areas of art: ornate decorations large space, such as height close proximity to the observer bold color strong contrast between shadow and light dramatic movement
- 4. Baroque: Painting Early Baroque High Baroque Late Baroque ca. Rococo ca. 1600-1625 ca. 1625-1675 1675-1725 Ca. 1725-1800 Caravaggio & Rembrandt, Vela No primary Caravaggisti zquez, Rubens, artists— (i.e. Artemisia Poussin a transitional Boucher Gentileschi) period
- 5. Painting: Comparison to High Renaissance Mannerism changed the perception of the human form in painting, which evolved into more realistic bodies in Baroque painting. Renaissance captured environment where Baroque captured single moments in stories. Baroque style shows dark contrasts of color and light with primary light usually coming from one area of a scene.
- 7. The Adoration of the Shepherds Giorgione (c. 1505)
- 8. The Rape of Europa Titian (1562)
- 9. Caravaggio View separate presentation for description of works
- 10. CONSIDERATIONS TO ideas& avenues EXPLORE Comparing the painting style of High Renaissance with that of early Baroque, what primary differences stand out? What effect does the contrasting of light and shadow have on the paintings? Does it improve them? In what way does the dramatic style speak for the cultural/political/religious events occurring during this time? Does this dramatic style relate to any modern-day artistic areas?
- 12. Baroque: Sculpture Mannerist sculpture introduced figura serpentinata, a twisting motion of figures spiraling upward from the base, which continued into early Baroque sculpture. Rape of the Sabine Woman, 1581-1583 Giambologna Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy Baroque sculpture offers a less classical take on themes and styles, with an emphasized effort to show a contrast between beauty and ugliness and darker underlying tales.
- 13. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Aeneas and Anchises Rape of Proserpine Apollo and Daphne
- 14. Blessed Ludovica Albertoni Bernini (1671-1674)
- 15. Fountain of the Four Rivers Fontana dei Quattro Flumi Bernini (1648-1651)
- 16. Moro Fountain Bernini (1653-1654)
- 17. Baldacchino Bernini (1624-1633) Marble, bronze, and gold St. Peter’s, Rome, Italy
- 18. St. Cecilia Maderno (1600) Marble, S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome, Italy
- 19. Tomb of Cardinal Richelieu Girardon(1657-94) Marble, Chapel of the Sorbonne, Paris, France
- 20. CONSIDERATIONS TO ideas& avenues EXPLORE In what way did the technique of figura serpentinata affect how stories were told through sculpture? Does the inclusion of affects outside of the figures within a sculpture, such as a piece of cloth, provide anything further? What effect do you believe Bernini intended with the construction of the Baldacchino? What does this say about the culture, cathedral, and Church? Knowing the story of St. Cecilia, how much artistic license is being taken with representations of religious stories (i.e. compare to the straightforwardness of da Vinci’s The Last Supper)?
- 22. Baroque: Architecture Introduced elements similar to Baroque painting: dramatic and contrasts of light, often with large and multiple windows in large structures large and grand-scale murals and frescos ornamental features (such as marble) Marian or Holy Trinity columns, usually in celebration of the end of an event such as a plague or disease trompe l’oeil : painting technique creating the optical illusion that something exists in 3D Primarily fortified by Bernini, Borromini, and da Cortona.
- 23. Jesuit Church Vienna Andrea Pozzo (1703) Vienna, Austria Escaping Criticism Pere Borrell del Caso (1874) Madrid, Spain
- 24. Salzburg Cathedral Santino Solari, 1614-1628
- 25. Salzburg Cathedral Santino Solari, 1614-1628 interior dome detail
- 26. Schönbrunn Palace Fischer, von Erlach, and Pacassi (began 1696) Vienna, Austria
- 27. Schönbrunn Palace Fischer, von Erlach, and Pacassi (began 1696) Vienna, Austria
- 28. Mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II de Pomis (1614) Graz, Austria
- 29. St. Gall Collegiate Church Moosbrugger, Beer, and Thumb (1721-1770) St. Gallen, Switzerland video
- 30. Zwinger (outer ward/section) Pöppelmann (1697-1716) Dresden, Germany
- 31. Zwinger (outer ward/section) Pöppelmann (1697-1716) Dresden, Germany
- 32. Zwinger (outer ward/section) Pöppelmann (1697-1716) Dresden, Germany
- 33. CONSIDERATIONS TO ideas& avenues EXPLORE Where do we see the technique of trompe l’oeil in our modern society? Does architectural design of the time capture the contrast between light and shadow that is prevalent in paintings? Which elements stand out to you as accomplishing the foreboding or oppressive aim of Baroque architecture?
- 34. Baroque Music
- 35. Baroque: Music Some influence of Catholic Church’s Council of Trent: the use of popular secular music for religious texts was banned. Introduction of multiple tools unique to Baroque period Beginning of the popularity and recognition of opera
- 36. Giovanni di Palestrina (1525-1594) Giovanni di Palestrina (1525-1594) Composed more than 550 pieces in his career Followed the Council of Trent’s suggestions as guidelines Often referred to as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony Palestrina's Pope Marcellus Mass Tomas Luis de Victoria (1548-1611) Spanish contemporary of Palestrina Followed the same Catholic guidelines and wrote solely religious pieces Victoria's Requiem from Officium Defunctorum
- 37. Giovanni Gabrieli (1555-1612) Introduced multiple new resources and styles of composition polychoral—multiple choruses for larger ensembles (type of music) musical dynamics—the positioning of choruses and instruments to take advantage of architecture for contrast between soft and loud (structuring of musicians) concertato—the use of multiple choruses and instruments in a section of a composition (method used to accomplish polychoral music) Accomplished many firsts… assigning one instrument as the primary for a section using terms piano (soft) and forte (loud) tonality—the use of one tone/note as the centerpiece of a composition, now referred to as a key Gabrieli's Magnificat a 14
- 38. Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) “The [written] text should be the master of the music, not the servant.” Opera emerged as a revival of Greek theater Composed Orfeo (1607), the first full-length opera libretto—“little book”, text of the opera overture—orchestral introduction aria—solos, usually long to develop character emotions recitatives—longer passages sometimes accompanied with chorus Queen of the Night aria (Mozart)
- 39. Instrumental Composition Albinoni/Giazotto “Adagio in G Minor” Pachelbel “Canon in D” Rockelbel’s “Canon in D” (acoustic adaptation) “Canon in D” (electric violin)
- 40. CONSIDERATIONS TO ideas& avenues EXPLORE Where do we most commonly hear Baroque-style compositions? Why do you think that is so? Of the pieces discussed in class, how do they communicate the same emotions of the artwork from the time period?