Introduction to Criminology lecture.....

CRIMINOLOGY
• Refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and
victims. It also involves the prevention and solution of
crime.
• Criminology was derived form the Latin word crimen,
which means offense, and the Greek word logos, which
means to study.
• The term criminology was coined by the
Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as
criminologia in 1885.

Defined as the body of knowledge regarding crime as a
social phenomenon. (Sutherland & Cressey)
Scope of Criminology:
• the making of laws;
• the breaking of laws;
• the society’s reaction to the breaking
of laws.
CRIMINOLOGY

Republic Act No. 11131, also known as “The Philippine
Criminology Profession Act of 2018,” defined criminology as the
scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims. It also deals with
the prevention and solution of crimes.
Its objective is to develop a body of general
and verified principles and of other types of
knowledge regarding the process of law, crime and
treatment or prevention.
CRIMINOLOGY

CRIME
Crime is an act or omission in violation of a
law committed without defense or justification.
Crime is committed when there is:
• (dolo) malice
• (culpa) fault
There is deceit when the act is
performed with deliberate intent.
There is fault when the wrongful act results
form the imprudence, negligence, lack of
foresight, or lack of skill.

 Consensus View of Crime – the belief that the
majority of citizen in a society share common values
and agree on what behaviors should be defined as
criminal.
 Conflict View of Crime – the belief that
criminal behavior is defined by those in power in
such a way as to protect and advance their own
self-interest.
 Interactionist View of Crime – the belief that those which
social power are able to impose their values on society as a
whole, and these values then define criminal behavior.
Concept of Crime

Concept of Crime Description
Consensus View
• The law defines crime
• Agreement exists on outlawed behavior
• Laws apply to all citizens equally
Conflict view
• The law is the tool of the ruling class
• Crime is a politically defined concepts
• “real crimes” are not outlawed
• The rule is used to control the underclass
Interactionist View
• Moral entrepreneurs define crimes
• Crimes are illegal because society defines
them that way
• Criminal labels are life-transforming events

A criminal is any person who has been convicted by a
final judgement in a court of law of the crime charged
against his/her beyond reasonable doubt.
The offended party or the one who suffers injury caused
by an act of another person is what we call a “victim”.
• Victims of crime
• Natural disaster victims.
Who is a Criminal?
Who is a Victim?

Classical Criminology
It grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of
law, punishment, and justice that existed before the French
Revolution in 1789. Pioneered by Cesare Beccaria.
Principle: “Let the punishment fit the criminal”
• Certain
• Swift
• Severe
Application of punishment.
School of Thought in Criminology

Jeremy Bentham was concerned with achieving “the greatest
happiness of the greatest number.” in his utilitarianism,
it assumes that all human actions are calculated in
accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure
or pain. People weight the probabilities of present
and future pleasures against those of present and
future pain. Hedonism is a doctrine whose
central idea is that pleasure is the main goal
of life.
Classical Criminology

The neo-classical school was a modification of the
classical criminology, where it contend that children and
lunatics cannot calculate pleasure and pain and that they do not
possess free will, thus they should be exempted from criminal
punishments. It introduced the application of mitigating
circumstances in imposing penalties.
Neo - Classical Criminology

In positivist school of criminology applies scientific
methods to explain criminal behavior. It is believed that
criminals are like sick people that need to be treated rather than
punished. It governs the principle “Let the punishments fits the
crime.”
Positivist School of Criminology

1. Born Criminals – those who are born possessing atavistic
stigmata.
2. Insane Criminals – those who possess some stigmata but are
not born criminals and rather became a criminal as a result of
some changes in their brain.
By Cesare Lombroso
Types of Criminals

3. Criminaloid – those with no physical peculiarities like the born or
insane criminals. It is further categorized as:
• Habitual Criminals – those who became criminals by contact
with other criminals.
• Juridical Criminals – those who falls in conflict with the law
by accident
• Criminal by Passion – those who are hot-tempered and
impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked.
By Cesare Lombroso
Types of Criminals

1. Extreme Criminal – are those who commit violent acts who
shows a lack of pity.
2. Impulsive Criminal – alcoholics and the insane
3. Professional Criminal – normal individuals who choose to
commit crime and require elimination by life imprisonment or
transportation to a penal colony.
4. Endemic Criminal – Those who commit crimes peculiar to a
given region and mala prohibita or acts that are prohibited by
law.
By Raffaele Garofalo
Types of Criminals

CRIME, LAW and CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Crime
This is any act or omission in violation or infraction of
existing laws, policies, rules and regulations of the society.
Act – means any bodily movement tending to produce some
effect in the external world.
Omission – means inaction, the failure to perform a positive
duty that one is bound to do. There must be a law requiring the
doing or performance of an act.

Characteristics of crime.
1. An act can be called crime if there is a certain external
consequence or harm.
2. The harm must be forbidden and prescribed under the law.
3. There must be a conduct; there must be an intentional or
reckless action that results to harmful consequence.
4. Mens Rea – a guilt must be present.
5. There must be concurrence of mens rea and conduct.
6. Causation requirement – that is the actor achieves the result
(the harm) through his own effort.
7. There is a legally prescribed punishment of the misconduct.

What is Offense?
Offense refers to any act or omission punishable
whether under special laws or the RPC, as amended (R.A.
No. 9344, sec. 40)
What is Felony?
Felony is any act or omission punishable by RPC.
Felonies are committed not only by means of deceit but also
by mean of fault.

 Freedom
 Intelligence
 Intent
Requisites of Culpa or fault:
 Freedom
 Intelligence
 Imprudence (lack of skill) and Negligence (lack of
foresight)
Requisites of Dolo or malice:

Development of Crime
1. Internal acts – mere ideas in the mind of a person.
2. External acts – this covers:
a.) preparatory acts - ordinarily they are not punishable
b.) acts of execution – they are punishable under the RPC.
• Attempted
• Frustrated
• Consummated

Stages of Acts of Execution
1. Attempted Stage – when the offender begins the commission of
a felony directly by overt acts. He has not performed all the acts
of execution that should produce the felony.
2. Frustrated Stage – when the offender has performed all the acts
of execution that would produce the felony but nonetheless did
not produce it because of causes independence of the
perpetrator’s will.
3. Consummated Stage – when all the elements necessary for the
execution and accomplishment of a crime are present.

1. Actus Reus – (physical act of the crime). The act must be defined
under the law as a constituting a crime and an overt act of the
crime, that is an external act that has direct connection with the
crime intended to be committed.
2. Omissions to Act – it means inaction, the failure to perform a
positive duty that one is bound to do. There must be a law
requiring the doing or performance of an act.
Basic Elements of Crime

*No duty to action on behalf of a stranger in peril; except,
By Law
Sometimes there are duties to act that
are prescribed by law.
By Contract
When a person is contracted by duty
to come to the aid of another.
By Relationship
Relationships may also impose a
duty to act.

3. Mens Rea – (mental intent to do the crime).
4. Concurrence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea – the person must
both have a guilty act and guilty mind that at the time he/she
committed the crime.
5. Punishment Requirement – the last element to
constitute a crime is that of punishment.

Classification of Crime
Crime receives different classification according to its
severity and purpose. The classification of crime influences both
the substances and procedure of a criminal charge, so its important
to understand the different between the classification.
Acts or omissions in violation of the RPC are
called felonies.

1.
According to the
manner of their
commission
Intentional
felonies
Those committed with
deliberate intent.
Culpable
felonies
Those resulting from
negligence, reckless
imprudence, lack of
foresight, or lack of skill.
Classification of Felonies

2.
According
to the
stages of
their
execution
Attempted
felony
When the offender commences the commission
of a felony directly by overt acts and does not
perform all the acts of execution that should
produce the felony by reason of some cause or
accident other than his own spontaneous
desistance.
Frustrated
felony
When the offender commences the commission
of a felony as a consequence but nevertheless
does not produce the felony by reason of causes
independent of the perpetrator.
Consummated
When all elements necessary for its execution
are present.

3.
According
to their
gravity
Grave felonies
Those to which law attaches the capital
punishment or penalties that in any of their
periods are afflictive.
Less grave
felonies
Those to which the law punishes with penalties
that in their maximum period was correccional.
Light felonies
Those infractions of law for the commission of
which the penalty is arresto menor.

Reporting Type
Power point / Handwritten (Manila paper)
Classification of Crimes
(The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines)

• Index Crimes as defined by the PNP, involve crimes against
persons, such as murder, homicide, physical injury and rape,
and crimes against property, such as robbery, theft,
carnapping/carjacking, and cattle rustling.
• Non-Index Crimes, these are violations on special laws, such
as illegal or local ordinances.
Divisions of Crime

Classification of Criminals (Abrahamsen)
Acute Criminals
• Are not really criminals since they do not show persistent
antisocial or criminal attitude and do not frequently violate the
law.
• Criminal activities are usually not serious in nature.

Situational Criminals
• Are characterized by the facts that a particular situation arises that
elicits antisocial feelings and puts them into actions.
• They are those type of persons whom it can be said “opportunity
makes the theif.”

Associational Criminal
• Is influenced by his immediate environment, wherein external
circumstances may arise that mobilize his criminalistic
tendencies.
• Those persons who get involved in a criminal act as a result of
being associated with people who have the same criminal patterns
as them.

Accidental Criminals
• Are people involved in criminal acts by chance or mistake.
• Careless driving or the thoughtless throwing of burning match
may put an otherwise law-abiding man in a serios predicament.

Neurotic Criminals
• Are a group of people who carry out criminal acts as a result of
obsessive-compulsive affliction, such as kleptomania, pyromania,
dipsomania, nymphomania, dromomania, homicidal mania, and
gambling.

Ways in which a person maybe led into criminal activities:
1. When antisocial inclinations are exposed to criminal influences
and are further stimulated by the impact of a precipitating event.
2. When there is a strong unconscious desire for punishment, owing
to unconscious, deep-rooted feelings, developed through past
experiences.
3. As an indirect (or false) expression of aggressiveness. A person
who feels emotionally weak and insecure may develop a
defensive, aggressive emotional attitude as a cover up.
Expressing this aggression through protest and rebelliousness
may lead him to commit antisocial or even criminal acts.

Criminal Behavior Formula
(Abrahamsen)
C = T + S
R
C = Crime (Act)
T = Tendency (Desire/Intent)
S = Situation (Opportunity)
R = Resistance (Control)

The Concept of Crime Mapping and Crime Trends
Crime mapping is considered to be one of the important
perspectives of studying crime and its preventive measures to
control it. Crime mapping involves the identification of areas’ where
crime incidence rate is high. Through crime mapping, law
enforcement authorities will be able to identify the areas where they
should focus their plans activities.
Crime mapping, as used in policing, refers to the process of
conducting spatial analysis. It uses geographical information system
to conduct spatial analysis of crime problem and other police-related
issues. It is a tool used to identify and highlight suspicious incidents
and events that ay require further investigation.

Introduction to Criminology lecture.....

Types of Crime Mapping
Single-Symbol Mapping
In single-symbol
maps, individual uniform
symbols represent
features, such as the
locations of stores, roads
or states.

Buffers
A buffer is a specified
area around on a feature on
a map. Buffers can be set at
small distances, such as 50
ft, or larger distances, such
as 500 miles, depending on
the purpose and scale of the
map. Buffers help in crime
analysis by illustrating the
relative distances between features on a map.

Graduated Mapping
Crime analysts often use
graduated maps – that is, maps
in which different sizes or
colors of features represent
particular values of variables. In
graduated size map the sizes of
the symbols used for point and
line features reflect their value.
This map can account for
multiple incidents at the same
locations.

Chart Mapping
Chart mapping
allows crime analysts
to display several
values within a
particular variable at
the same time. There
are two types of chart
mapping :
a.) Pie Chart Crime Map

Chart Mapping
Chart mapping
allows crime analysts
to display several
values within a
particular variable at
the same time. There
are two types of chart
mapping :
b.) Bar Chart Crime Map

Density Mapping
Analysts use
point data to shade
surfaces that are not
limited to area
boundaries. In their
most basic for,
density maps are
shaded according to
the concentration of incidents in particular areas.

A crime trend is defined as a significant change in the nature
of selected crime types within a defined geographical area and time
period. It is the measurement of significant changes in an area’s
crime pattern over time.
All countries, regions, and cities across the globe are affected
by trends in crime, violence, and insecurity. Safety concerns have a
major effect on people’s quality of life, affecting how they live,
when they feel comfortable going out, how they travel, and where
they go. It affects the work environment, business and industry,
and the willingness of people to invest in housing and
development.
Crime Trend

VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS
What is Victimology?
Victimology is the subfield of criminology
that deals purely on the underlying factors of
victimization and the contributory role of victims
in the commission of crimes.
Victimology, as a science, uses scientific
method to answer questions about victims.
Originally came from the Latin word
“victima”.

VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS
Who is a Victim?
A victim is the person harmed, injured,
or killed as a result of a crime or the one who
suffers the consequences of a crime.
The U.S Federal Law defines a crime
victim as a person, organization, or business
that has been directly harmed (physically,
emotionally, or financially) as a result of the
commission of an offense.

Categories of Victims
According to Hans von Hentig
• Young – those who are weak due to age and immaturity.
• Females – often less physically powerful and easily
dominated by males.
• Old – those who are incapable of physical defense.
• Immigrants – those who are unsure of
the rules of conduct in the
surrounding society.

• Depressed – those who are submissive by virtue of emotional
condition.
• Mentally defective/deranged – those who do not recognize or
appropriately respond to threats in the environment because they
are unable to think clearly.
• The acquisitive – those who want
more than that what is
sufficient; they become
victims because of their greed.

• Minorities – those who are victimized because of their social
status or the unequal treatment by the agency of justice.
• Wanton – those who thoughtlessly seeks pleasure; they are ruled
by passion.
• The lonesome or heartbroken – those
who do not recognize danger
because of their mental state
and their desire for compa-
nionship.

• The blocked, exempted, and fighting – those who are trapped in
poor decisions and unable to defend themselves or seek assistance
if victimized.
• Dull normal – those who have the inability to activate assistance
in the community.
• Tormentor – those who provoke
their victimization through
violence and aggression
towards others.

According to Benjamin Mendelsohn
• Completely innocent victim – a victim who bears no
responsibility at all victimization; victimized simply because his
or her natural such as being a child.
• Victims with minor guilt – a victim who is victimized due to
ignorance; a victim who inadvertently places himself in harm’s
way.
• Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim - a victim who
bears as much responsibility as the offenders; a person who.

According to Benjamin Mendelsohn
• Victim more guilty than offender – a victim who instigates or
provokes his or her own victimization.
• Most guilty victim – a victim who is victimized during the
perpetration of a crime or as a result of crime.
• Simulating or imaginary victim – a victim who is not victimized
at all but, instead, fabricates a victimization event.

According to Stephen Schafer
• Unrelated victims – no responsibility
• Provocative victims – share responsibility
• Precipitative victims – some degree of responsibility
• Biologically weak victims – no responsibility
• Socially weak victims – no responsibility
• Self-victimizing – total responsibility
• Political victims – no responsibility

Theories of Victimization
Victimization happens at any time or place to anyone
without a warning. Victimologists have developed
some theories to explain victimization. These
theories explain why some people
are more likely than others to be
victimized.

 Victim Precipitation Theory
This theory was presented by von Hentig and applies only to
violent victimization. Its basic premise is that by acting in certain
provocative ways some individuals initiate a chain of events that
lead to their deaths.
 Active precipitation
 Passive Precipitation

 Routine Activities Theory
Routine activities theory was first articulated in a series of
papers by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson. It explains the rate
of victimization through three variables:
 Availability of suitable targets;
 Absences of capable guardians; and
 The presence of motivated offender/s

 Lifestyle Theory
An explanation of victimization that emphasizes on certain
lifestyle of individuals that make them to be at risk of being victims.
Lifestyle are the routine patterned activities that people engage in on
a daily basis, both obligatory and optional. A high-risk lifestyle
mean getting involved with deviant peer groups, doing drugs, or
frequenting bars until late at night and drinking heavily.

 Deviant Place Theory
According to the deviant place theory, victims do not
encourage crime but are victim prone because they reside in
socially disorganized high-crime areas where they have greatest
risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, irrespective
of their own behavior or lifestyle.

Concept of Offending Behavior
The transition from adolescence to adulthood involves
major life course, trajectories, including education work,
residence, family formation, and parenthood. It is a time of
opportunity and vulnerability, a time of positive turnaround and
redirection as well as a criminological crossroads. For some who
began their criminal careers during their adolescence, offending
continues and escalates. For others, crime involvement wanes,
and yet others only become seriously involved in crime later in
their transition to adulthood.

Theories of Offending Behavior
 Static Theories
These theories hold that a behavior emerges in a predictable
sequence and unfolds at roughly the same age for all individuals.
According to these theories, the causes of criminal behaviors are
established early in life and are relatively stable and unaffected by
events. Youth who experience poor parenting and have harsh, brittle
relationships with their parents. According to static theories,
individuals tend to maintain their general position relative to others
with respect to their levels of offending. The peak of adolescent
offending is assumed to be the result of normative developmental
changes.

 Dynamic or Life Course Developmental Models
This assumes plasticity to human behavior that persists
throughout life, acknowledge the importance of early individual and
parenting differences, and contend that changing social
environments are the primary drivers of offending behavior.
According to dynamic models, continuing to offend into adulthood
is the outcome of process that was set in motion by earlier
developmental issues. Young offenders who stop committing crimes
are those who re-establish bonds to conventional society and who
engage in prosocial activities, such as school, work, and marriage.

 Social-Psychological Theories
These theories of criminal behavior emphasizes subjective life
experiences, such as the development of one’s identity, cognitive and
emotional processes, and the capacity to make choices. One social
psychological explanation for continuing criminal behavior into
adulthood is hostile attribution bias – the tendency to attribute
negative intentions to others. it is widely recognized that motivation
to change is the first step in behavioral change. Desistance from
crime occurs when young offenders who are motivated to change
redefine themselves so that criminal behavior is no longer
compatible with their new identity.

 The Developmental Psychopathological Perspective
This brings together ideas from several disciplines. In this
perspective, development is a series of dynamic interactions among
an individual’s genetic makeup, life experiences, and social
relationships. Early experiences can be carried forward, while the
possibility of change continues throughout life. Early negative
experiences can have negative biological influences, such as altered
brain development or inappropriate reactions to stress. These are
carried forward and can result in a cascade of subsequent problems.

 The Developmental Psychopathological Perspective
Developmental psychopathology underscores the possibility of
both opportunity and vulnerability during times of change in an
individual’s life. The transition to adulthood, for example, is a period
of concentrated change, which provides possible explanations for
either stopping or reducing involvement in crime or becoming more
involved in it later in life.

 The Biopsychosocial Perspective
This regards behavior as a complex interaction among
biological, psychological, interpersonal, and explanatory framework
is insufficient.

Punishment, Sentencing, and Rehabilitation
Penology is multidisciplinary subject that aims to study and
evaluate the application of penal sanctions to wrongdoers. It focuses
on the justifications, characteristics, and effectiveness of penal
institutions.
Many penologists have conceived of prison in the eighteenth
century, as a place with rehabilitative, potential, the role of which
emphasizes reducing reoffending or instilling moral backbone into
offenders. Penologists also expanded their horizon in examining the
daily lives and culture of prisoners and staff and some of the
inherent dangers of confinement.

The Code of Hammurabi
Banishment

Beheading

Birching

Boiling Alive

Branding

Breaking on
the Wheel

Crucifixion

Drowning

Electric Chair

Firing Squad

Flogging

Garroting

Hard Labor

Goals of Punishment
Punishment is an act that intentionally inflicts pain on another
person. It must conform to the five basic rules:
1) It must create human suffering;
2) It must arise as a direct result of the perpetration of an offense;
3) It must only be directed at the person who undertook the
offender;
4) It must be the intentional creation of other humans in response to
that offense; and
5) It must be inflicted by an authorized body representing the
embodiment of the rules of laws of the society in which the
offense was committed.

 Retribution
Goals of Punishment
The belief that criminals deserve to be punished as
repayment for their misdeeds is one of the oldest reactions to
wrong doing. The modern-day concept of retribution is
considerably more civilized than its early origin. It has been
noted that retribution differs from revenge because it is
personally administered by “disinterested parties” through due
process of law, which is designed to “balance the wrong done to
the victim” rather than “incite retaliation”.

 Deterrence
Goals of Punishment
Deterrence aims to prevent future criminal behavior. That
is, retribution is considered reactive, while deterrence is assumed
to be proactive.
 Specific deterrence
 General Deterrence

 Incapacitation
Goals of Punishment
Incapacitation can be characterized as something in
between or perhaps a combination of both (retribution and
deterrence). As such, incapacitation is probably the most
pragmatic of the correctional goals.

 Rehabilitation
Goals of Punishment
The basis for rehabilitative approach was on the belief that
something positive should be accomplished during the period of
incarceration of an individual. Rehabilitation advocates criminal
sanctions as an opportunity to make a positive change in the
offender. The changes that can happen in rehabilitation is the
need or desire to commit crimes.

 Reintegration
Goals of Punishment
To some extent, the demise of rehabilitation may also be
related to the difficulty of reintegrating ex-offenders back into
community after their long-term confinement.
Successful reintegration can be difficult for all but the most
motivating to achieve. Once an individual is convicted and
incarcerated, offenders lose a number of privileges. They are also
stigmatized or “labeled” as a high risk for personal relationship
and business translations.

 Restoration
Goals of Punishment
The goal under restoration is to make the offender and the
victim whole again by imposing fines, restitution, and
community service.
 Law enforcement agencies and prosecution cooperating in
“weeding out” violent criminals; and
 Public agencies and community-based private organizations
collaborating to “seed” human services and restoration
programs.

Correctional Institutions of the Philippines
The Correctional System of the Philippine is composed of
six (6) agencies under three district and separate departments of
the national government:
 Department of Justice
 Department of Interior and Local Government
 The Department of Social Welfare and Development

a) Parole and Probation Administration – an agency
mandated to administer the parole and probation system in the
Philippines and to exercise supervision over probationers,
parolees and pardonees.
b) Board of Pardons and Parole – an agency under the Office
of the Secretary of Justice mandated to determine who among
the prisoners are eligible for parole and conditional pardon
with parole conditions.

c) The Bureau of Corrections (BuCor) – is an agency
mandated to carry out institutional rehabilitation programs of
the government for national offenders, those sentenced to
more than three (3) years of imprisonment, and to ensure their
safe custody.

The seven (7) operating units of the
Bureau of Corrections located nationwide
 New Bilibid Prison Muntinlupa City
 The Correctional Institution for
Women (CIW)
Mandaluyong City
 Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm Puerto Princessa City, Palawan
 Sablayan Prison and Penal Farm Occidental Mindoro
 San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm Zamboanga City
 Leyte Regional Prison Abuyog, Leyte
 Davao Prison and Penal Farm Panabo, Davao Province

 The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) is an
agency under DILG, mandated to exercise supervision and
control over all city, municipal and district jails. The provincial
jails shall be supervised and controlled by the provincial
government within its jurisdiction.

 The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Under this is the Juvenile and Justice Welfare Council,
which oversees the rehabilitation of young offenders. Children in
conflict with the law are normally sent to youth rehabilitation
centers under the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council pursuant
to Republic Act No. 9344, unless the sentencing judge
specifically orders for them to be confined at the national
penitentiary, as in cases where the child in conflict with the law
convict acted with discernment or the offense committed was
grave.

Classification of Person Deprived of Liberty
Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDL) refers to a detainee,
inmate or prisoner, or other person under confinement or custody
in any other manner.
Inmate refers to a person confined in jails/prisons to serve
his/her sentence or for safekeeping and is officially called PDL.
National inmate refers to an inmate sentenced by court to
serve a term of imprisonment for more than three years or to pay
a fine of more than one thousand pesos; or regardless of the
lenght of sentence imposed by the court.

 Maximum Security Inmates
These include those highly dangerous or high security risk
inmates as determined by the Classification board.
• Those sentenced to death;
• Those whose minimum sentence is 20 years;
• Recidivists, habitual delinquents, and escapees;
• Those confined in Reception & Diagnostic Center;
• Those under disciplinary punishment or safekeeping
• Those who are certified as criminally insane or those with
severe personality/emotional disorder.

 Medium Security Inmates
These include those sentenced below 20 years of
imprisonment.
• Those inmates with two or more records;
• Inmates who are firs-time offenders sentenced to life
imprisonment, if they have served 5 years in maximum
security;
• It does not include those who have served in local jails by way
of detention.

 Minimum Security Inmates
These are those who can be reasonably be trusted to serve
their penalty under less restricted conditions.
• Those with severe physical handicap, as certified by the Chief
Medical Officer of the institution;
• Those who are 65 years old and above, who do not have a
pending case and whose convictions are not on appeal;
• Those who have served one-half of their minimum sentence or 1/3
of their maximum sentence excluding GCTA, and
• Those who have only 6 months more to serve before the expiration
of their maximum sentence.

General categories under BJMP Comprehensive Operations
Manual:
 Prisoner – inmate who is convicted by final judgement.
 Detainee – inmate who is undergoing investigation/trial
or awaiting final judgment.
• undergoing investigation;
• awaiting or undergoing trial; and
• awaiting final judgment

Four main classes of prisoners:
 Insular Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of
three years and one day to reclusion perpetua or life
imprisonment.
 Provincial Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of
six months and one day to three years.
 City Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a person term of one
day to three years;
 Municipal Prisoner – one who is sentenced to a prison term of
one day to six months.

Inmates Security Classification
 High-Profile Inmate
- those who require increased security based on intense
media coverage or public concern as a result of their offense, such
as, but not limited to, those who have been involved in a highly
controversial or sensational crime or those who became prominent
for being a politician, government official, multi-million
entrepreneur, religious or cause-oriented group leader, and movie
or television personality.

 High-Risk Inmate
- those who are considered highly dangerous and who
require a greater degree of security, control, and supervision
because of their deemed capability of escape and of being rescued
and their ability to launch or spearhead acts of violence inside the
jail. This includes those charged with heinous crimes such as
murder, kidnapping for ransom, economic sabotage, syndicated or
organized crime. Also included are inmates with military or police
trainings or those whose life is in danger or under imminent
threat.

 High-Value Target
- a target, either a resource or a person, who may either ne
an enemy combatant, high-ranking official, or a civilian in danger
of capture or death, typically in possession of critical intelligence,
data or authority marked as an objective for a mission and which a
commander requires for the successful completion of the same.

 Security Threat Group
- any formal or informal ongoing inmates’ group, gang,
organization, or association consisting of three or more members
falling into o ne of the following basic categories: street gangs,
prison gangs, outlaw gangs, traditional organized crime,
aboriginal gangs, subversive groups, and terrorist organizations.

 Subversive Group
- a group of persons that adopts or advocates subversive
principles or policies tending to overthrow or undermine an
established government.
 Terrorist Group
- a group of persons that commits any of the following:
piracy and mutiny in the Philippine waters; rebellion or
insurrection; coup d’etat; crime involving destruction; high-way
robbery, and more.

 Violent Extremist Offender
- a person whose political or religious ideologies are
considered far outside the mainstream attitudes of the society or
who violates common moral standards and who has adopted an
increasingly extreme ideals and aspirations resorting to the
employment of violence in the furtherance of his/her beliefs.

 Medium-Risk Inmate
- those who represent a moderate risk to the public and staff.
These inmates still require greater security, control, and
supervision as they might escape from and might commit violence
inside the jail.
 Minimum-Risk Inmate (ordinary inmates)
- those inmates who have lesser tendencies to commit
offenses and generally pose the least risk to public safety.in most
cases, they may be first-time offenders and are charged with light
offenses.

Inmate Treatment and Reintegration Programs
 Paralegal Assistance Service
It shall assist on legal needs of the inmates in order to
expedite their release and decongest jails. A paralegal officer has
to follow-up the cases of the inmates especially those that have
not been scheduled for hearing and overstaying and entertain other
legal concerns of inmates by effecting applicable laws.
 Livelihood and Income-generating Service
It shall engage in identifying livelihood needs of the
inmates. It ensures the inmates’ productivity inside the jails by
teaching them livelihood and entrepreneurial activities.

 Religious and Guidance Counseling Service
It shall identify and monitor the religious affiliation of the
inmates and encourages the to participate on the activities of their
own religion to avoid religious confusion. It shall likewise assist
and guide the inmates in seeking counseling, especially to those
who are troubled and confused.

 Education and Vocational Skills Service
It shall identify the educational attainment and the
vocational inclination of the inmates in order to encourage and
enroll them to finish their elementary and secondary educations.
The vocational skills service shall ensure its sustainability in
getting jobs inside the jail for them to be ready in its reintegration
to the mainstreams of the society.

 Advocacy and Networking on Basic Needs Service
It shall promote and establish linkages and networks with
good hearted individuals, government agencies, government
organizations (GOs), local government units, nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), institutions, civic organizations and tri-
media in the augmentation of basic needs (food, clothing, shelter,
medicines, etc.) of the inmates.

 Sports and Recreation Service
It shall assist in ensuring the fitness and well-being of the
inmates by introducing outdoor and indoor games and
entertainment activities that promote camaraderie and
sportsmanship and enhance their talents and hobbies to make them
busy and to divert and ease out boredom and loneliness.

 Enhancement Through Therapeutic Community
Modality Service
It shall ensure the holistic development of the inmates,
maximizing the community as a venue for transformation and
renewal in shaping of attitudes, behaviors, and personalities
toward the building of basic human communities.

 Medical, Dental, and Optical Service
It shall ensure the total well-being of the inates by
encouraging active participation in health-care management inside
the jail toward “Health in the hands of the inmates” by introducing
health skills training to the inmates as “Jail Paramedics,” equipped
with the skills of applying first aid, herbal medicines, and
alternative healing modalities available in town, iin
complementary with the western modalities.

Ten Principles of Crime Prevention
 Target Hardening Access Control
 Target Removal Surveillance
 Reducing the Means Rule Setting
 Reducing the Pay-off
 Environmental Change
 Increase the Chances of Being Caught
 Deflecting Offenders

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